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IoT-based weather station with air quality measurement using ESP32 for
environmental aerial condition study

Article in TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) · August 2021

DOI: 10.12928/telkomnika.v19i4.18990

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 19, No. 4, August 2021, pp. 1316~1325
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v19i4.18990  1316

IoT-based weather station with air quality measurement using

ESP32 for environmental aerial condition study

Prisma Megantoro1, Shofa Aulia Aldhama2, Gunawan Setia Prihandana3, P. Vigneshwaran4

1,2,3Faculty
of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga
4
Department of CSE, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This article discusses the design of a weather station device that also functions
to measure the concentration of gases in the air. This real-time telemetry
Received Sep 16, 2020 device based on the internet of things (IoT) uses the ESP32 board to process
Revised Mar 1, 2021 measurement data. Some of the weather parameters measured are wind speed,
Accepted Mar 20, 2021 wind direction, humidity, ambient air temperature, air pressure, rainfall, and
ultraviolet (UV) index. Meanwhile, the gas concentration parameters in the air
Keywords: are ozone, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and carbon
dioxide. The readings from all sensors are processed by the ESP32 board and
Air pollution uploaded to the server. Then a client device will receive the data set and then
Air quality processed, displayed on the monitor, and stored in the form of a text file.
Internet of things Furthermore, the monitor and the data are used for the analysis of the
Telemetry surrounding air quality and weather conditions.
Weather condition This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Weather station

Corresponding Author:
Prisma Megantoro
Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline
Universitas Airlangga
Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Knowing the air condition in the open environment is important thing to determine the effect of
pollution in an area. Especially during a pandemic of airborne diseases, such as COVID-19, everyone needs to
pay attention to the surrounding air quality. Whereas, the concentration of various gases contained in the air is
a determining factor for the value of air quality [1]. The more pollutant gases, the air in the area can be said to
be more polluting.
Weather is a factor that also affects the quality of air condition [2]. The weather itself is an air
conditioner that includes temperature, humidity, and air pressure which are included as main parameters [3].
Changes in weather conditions can be measured and observed with a device commonly called a weather
station [4]. The implementation of this weather station has also been very wide in various kind of research for
agriculture [5], analysis of photovoltaic power forecasting [6] and [7], measurement of weather and light
intensity [8], measurement of weather and relative altitude [9], redundancy data on the internet of things (IoT)
based systems [10], and analysis of the potential for wind energy [11]. On the other hand, research on the use
of backscatter sensors for remote measurements was also carried out by Darsena et al. [12] and [13]. The
weather station device designed in this article is used to measure weather conditions and air quality in an open
area. With an IoT-based topology, this device can be used telemetry and also for remote observation [14], [15],
and [16]. With this IoT technology, devices in the field can connect with other electronic devices wherever
they are [17]-[22]. With this also, an environmental observer does not need to come directly to the field and

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  1317

measure all parameters for his study needs. Observations can be made from in front of a computer screen and
as long as it is connected to the internet network [23]-[25].
Weather station application device on this research featured with air quality measurement. It was
because the important need to measure the air pollutant gasses. The core of this device is a microcontroller
board specifically used for internet network applications. The ESP32 can act s a complete standalone system
or a slave device to hosting an MCU, decreasing communication stack overhead on the main application
processor [26]-[28]. Unlike its sibling ESP8266 [29]-[34], the ESP32 board has more features, especially pins
that can be used for reading analog signals or analog to digital converter (ADC). This of course will be very
beneficial for applications that use many analog sensors. This board is used to read all-weather and gas sensors
and then send the data to the server in real-time. On the user side, an application software based on visual basic
programming is designed for the purposes of observation, processing, and data storage. Visual basic
programming is currently the most popular language [35] and [36]. This weather station application software
is made in an informative and practical way which is suitable for both laptops and computers. It is hoped that
from good interface design, the process of observing or studying weather and air conditions can proceed with
focus.

2. METHOD
This research consists of several parts, such as; sensor technology, microcontroller, internet of things
(IoT), and user interface (UI). Sensor technology is used to read the parameters which can be measured. The
embedded system using is a microcontroller used in specific control applications. IoT is used as a means of
data communication between instruments and users. Visual basic-based programming is used for user
operation, data display, data process, data storage.

2.1. System design

This device is shown in Figure 1 is including of 2 designs, namely the field station and the base station.
The field station consists of sensors and an ESP32. This device is placed on the roof of the Nanizar Zaman
Joenoes Building of Universitas Airlangga. Meanwhile, the base station which consists of a PC is placed in
operator room in the building for real-time observation. Apart from being displayed on the monitor screen, the
processed data from the sensor is also stored in PC memory. Both field stations and base stations are connected
to the same wifi network provided by the building.

Figure 1. System block diagram of the weather station

2.2. Hardware design

The firmware for the ESP32 was built according to the workflow in Figure 2 (a). Based on the ESP32
workflow installed in the field station together with all these sensors starts with the initialization of the pins
used, the library, the connection to the sensor, and the connection to Wi-fi. After that, the device is connected
to a local Wi-fi network with the SSID and password that has been previously set. After a successful
connection, the device will activate the server.
Get into the main program, that runs in an infinite loop to read all sensor data, combine all readings
into one string, then send it to the server if there any request from client device. Then Figure 2 (b) shows the
harware design of the system. It uses ESP 32 development kit C as the main processor. Both processor and all
sensors supplied by 2 DC/DC step down converters. The system uses 16x2 LCD to show the connected wi-fi
ssid and its IP address on local connection. As mentioned before, Figure 2 is clearly explain both the firmware
of the ESP32 and hardware design of the system on the field.

IoT-based weather ststion with air quality measurement using ESP32… (Peisma Megantoro)
1318  ISSN: 1693-6930

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. ESP32 hardware design: (a) firmware work flow, (b) hardware schematic diagram

2.3. Software system

The communication with field device uses mDNS protocol. The field device will read sensor and send
them to server only when there is a connection request come from client, which called as the base station
software. On Figure 3, the software workflow created in visual basic, starting with the initialization of all the
variables used, date and time, also the wi-fi connection. Then the software will send data request to server and
and get a line of text as the feedback. Data obtained from server is still in the form of a comma-separated line
of text, it is necessary to separate it for each parameter. After each parameter has got its own data, all data is
displayed in the user interface software, along with chart and windrose charts. After that, all data is saved to
Excel.

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 19, No. 4, August 2021: 1316 - 1325
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  1319

Figure 3. Weather station desktop application software work flow

2.4. Sensor characterization

The characterization process for the whole sensors needs to be done to measure the performance,
which is accuracy and precision. The first test is done for each accuracy of the sensor. In terms of measurement,
accuracy is the main factor affecting the performance of a measuring instrument. Accuracy shows how precise
an instrument or measuring instrument is given a certain value. This test was done by comparing the sensor
with a standardized instrument. The comparison will result in the error calculated by (1).
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | (1)
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The second test is to measure the precision that shows how consistent a measuring instrument gives a certain
scale value at many times. This can be calculated from the standard deviation obtained from each
measurement. Standard deviation can be calculated by the following formula.

√∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥)
𝜎𝑥 = (2)
(𝑛−1)

In this study, the third characterization was only carried out on gas sensors. This characterization
process refers to the sensor data from each of the MQ-135, MQ-131, MQ-8, MQ-4, MQ-9, and MQ-811
sensors. This process is used to convert the 12 bit ADC value received by the ESP32 analog input pins to the
gas concentration value in ppm units. The first thing to calculate is the sensor module output resistance (𝑅𝑠 ).
𝑉𝑅𝐿 𝑥 𝑅𝐿 𝑥 𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑟
𝑅𝑠 = ( ) − 𝑅𝐿 (3)
𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝑥 𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑅𝐿 is the maximum output voltage from sensor which is 3.3V, 𝑅𝐿 is the resistance in the sensor which
is 1000Ω, 𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑟 is the maximum value that can be read by by the analog input pin which is 4096, 𝐴𝐷𝐶 is
integer given by the analog pin, 𝑉𝐶 is the board circuit voltage which is 5V. Then the comparison value of
𝑅𝑠 dan 𝑅𝑜 This is entered into each of the regression formulas from each sensor to calculate the value of the
gas content in the air (ppm). On the other hand, the R_oini value is the sensor output resistance obtained in the
standard test condition (STC) measurement which has a gas content in the air of 100 ppm.

3. IMPLEMENTATION.
3.1. Field station
The field station consists of sensors and an ESP32 microcontroller board which is used to read the
sensors, process the data, then send them to the server simultaneously in a row of strings. Measurement of
weather conditions uses a set of weather station equipment consisting of a vertical axis anemometer, wind
direction arrows with a rotary encoder, rain gauge, barometric sensors, and DHT 11. The barometric sensor
uses shield BMP280, while DHT11 is used to measure ambient temperature and humidity.The anemometer,
wind vane, and rain gauge devices as shown in Figure 4 (a) are placed on the roof of the building that is free
from everything around it. The weather controller shown in Figure 2 (b) is used to process the initial data from

IoT-based weather ststion with air quality measurement using ESP32… (Peisma Megantoro)
1320  ISSN: 1693-6930

the anemometer, wind vane, and rain gauge. Coupled with data from the DHT11 and BMP280 sensors, the
data is processed and then sent via serial communication as output to the main microcontroller or the ESP32
board. Measurement of air quality parameters is carried out by reading gas sensors such as; MQ-135 for
ammonia, MQ-131 for ozone, MQ-4 for methane, MQ-131 for ozone, MQ-9 for carbon monoxide, MQ-8 for
hydrogen, and MQ-811 for carbon dioxide. Apart from the gas sensor, this device also measures UV ray index.
As shown in Figure 5, all gas sensors are placed in one board which is integrated with the ESP32
board and the power supply. Given that there are 8 gas sensor modules used, of course, 2 DC power supplies
will be very capable of meeting the power needs of each component. This is done so that there is no reading
error on the sensors.

(a) (b)

Figure 4. These figures are: (a) a set of weather station, Figure 5. A set wiring of the
(b) weather station shield electrical device

3.2. Base station

The tasks of UI software are to obtain data from the server, process, display on the screen in actual
time, and store data on PC memory for further data analysis purposes. Sampel of a dataset presented in the UI
software showed in Figure 6 are windrose, wind speed chart, and other sensors mentioned before. Each reading
panel is featured with a label and a level indicator. The indicator is green if the value is in the lower limit, the
indicator is orange if the value is in the middle limit, and the indicator is red if the value is in the upper limit.
The limitation value of each weather measurement sensor is obtained from BMKG’s (Meteorology
Climatology and Geophysics Council of Indonesia) standard data. while the limit value for each gas sensor is
obtained from the permissible exposure limit (PEL) table. Each gas measurement is also presented in real-time
chart to analyze the change over a day. Date and time data are also presented in real-time. This becomes
important for analyzing further weather data. Each data visualizations in the application are also expected to
make it easier for users to analyze and predict weather change parameters where the field station device is
placed. This is also useful for media education for students and lecturers for academic purposes.

Figure 6. User interface of weather station application software

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 19, No. 4, August 2021: 1316 - 1325
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  1321

3.3. Gas sensors reading conversion

By looking at the graph of the sensitivity characteristics of each gas sensor, an equation is obtained
𝑅
by regression method to convert the comparison value between the actual output and the STC output ( 𝑠 ) into
𝑅𝑜
ppm unit. The 𝑅𝑜 value are obtained by reverse-calculating the equation below for PEL value of each measured
gas. Please note that PEL for ammonia is 50 ppm, PEL for Ozone is 0.05 ppm, PEL for Hydrogen is 10 ppm,
PEL for methane is 200 ppm, PEL for CO is 50 ppm, and PEL for CO2 is 5000 ppm.

𝑅 −2.189
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−135 = 101.37 ( 𝑠 ) , for 𝑅𝑜 = 721Ω (4)
𝑅𝑜

𝑅 −2.445
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−131 = 20.34 ( 𝑠 ) , for 𝑅𝑜 = 12.7 Ω (5)
𝑅𝑜

𝑅 −0.681
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−8 = 995.95 ( 𝑠 ) , for 𝑅𝑜 = 3.4 Ω (6)
𝑅𝑜

𝑅 −4.293
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−4 = 479.77 ( 𝑠 ) , for 𝑅𝑜 = 22.3k Ω (7)
𝑅𝑜

𝑅 −2.056
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−9 = 603.59 ( 𝑠 ) , for 𝑅𝑜 = 790Ω (8)
𝑅𝑜

For calculation of concentration value of CO2 using MG-811, it more aplicable if uses polynomial equation.
𝑉𝑐 𝑥 4096
𝑉𝑜 = (9)
𝐴𝐷𝐶

𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑀𝑄−811 = 8820 ( 𝑠 ) − 36219 ( 𝑠 ) + 26742 (10)
𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑜

𝑉𝑜 is output voltage of the sensor which ranged from 0V to 3.3V. With these equations, each ADC value can
be converted into units of ppm.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Sensor characteristic analysis
Characterization process used in this research are accuracy and precision. The method used for
calculating precision is repeatability. Tests are carried out under the identical physical conditions, the identical
sensor device, the identical standard measuring instrument, and by the same measurement operator. The results
of testing all the sensors above are presented in Table 1.
In the data summarized in Table 1, all sensors available to do an accuracy test have good accuracy.
Wind vane has good accuracy because it has a good pulse per rotation resolution specifications and linear input-
output. Likewise, temperature measurements by DHT 11 and UV index by the sensor have high accuracy
because of the good linearity of input and output. Otherwise, all sensors tested with repeatability methods have
a good level of precision, except the wind vane. The lack of precision that happened to the wind vane is because
it has a rotation resolution of 45 degrees, which is too large.

Table 1. Accuracy and precision test result

Sensor Average error Accuracy (%) Standart deviation Precision (%)
Wind direction 0.8 99.2 48 52
Wind speed 5.6 94.4 0.5 99.5
Temperatur DHT 11 2.8 97.2 4.7 95.3
Humidity DHT11 1.2 98.8 4.8 95.2
UV index 8.3 91.7 0.2 99.8
Barometric pres. BMP280 Not available Not available 2.1 97.9

4.2. User interface (UI) and visualization

In the view of Figure 7, the chart for wind observation is emphasized because these two parameters
are the most important ones to be visualized on a graph. To test the quality of the UI software, in this research
a survey was carried out on application users who were considered in terms of visualization. The visualization
in question is the level of informative and comfort design.

IoT-based weather ststion with air quality measurement using ESP32… (Peisma Megantoro)
1322  ISSN: 1693-6930

Figure 5 shows that 62.5% percent of 32 respondents stated that the display of this UI software was
informative. A quarter said it was not very informative. This is because the background color and placement
of windrose charts and charts are much larger with other parameter displays. From this survey, it was also
found that 75% of respondents stated that the application design was rigid, not too elegant.

4.3. Data observation

Data that has been read and displayed are stored in computer memory in excel form. Data reading was
carried out in 15-minute intervals. Test data was taken on September 14, 2020, from 9 am to 9 pm, with location
coordinates (-7.266502, 112.784395). Figure 8 shows all gas sensor measurements in ppm. Based on PELs
mentioned in the previous section, only ammonia, and ozone are measured always under each PEL. It describes
low air quality in the area.
The Windrose chart showed in Figure 9 indicates that mostly wind on the area blew from North,
sometimes from East and South. This is due to the west monsoon that blow from the Indian Ocean. Figures 10
and 11 are the measurements form DHT11 which are showing an almost steady reading throughout the
measurement time. Barometric pressure data throughout the measurement time showed in Figure 12 also
describes a stable reading. The temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure are applicable because the
weather is also stable during the dry season in the area.

Figure 7. Informativeness graph of the weather station application software

ppm

time

Figure 8. Data of all gas sensors taken from excel file.

Figure 9. Windrose of the wind measurement taken from excel file

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 19, No. 4, August 2021: 1316 - 1325
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  1323

Figure 10. Data of temperature measurement taken Figure 11. Data of humidity measurement taken
from excel file from excel file

Figure 12. Data of barometric pressure measurement taken from excel file

5. CONCLUSION
The conclusion from the research in this article shows that the design of a weather station device that
is integrated with measuring gas levels in the air has been successfully carried out using IoT technology. All
sensors for weather measurement have an accuracy of more than 90%, and only wind direction measurements
have a precision of less than 90%. Likewise, all gas sensors that can only be tested for precision, have a
precision level of more than 80%. With the characteristics of these sensors, a capable telemetry network, and
a desktop application UI with high informativeness, it is hoped that it can help observe weather and air
conditions properly. On the other hand, a designed weather station device can also be used as a medium for
research and education in related fields.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the Lembaga Penelitian dan Inovasi (LPI), Universitas Airlangga for providing this
internal research grant program in 2020. We also thank all colleagues and students of Electrical Engineering
and Industrial Engineering from the Faculty of Advance Technology and Multidiscipline, Airlangga University
for their support for this research.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Prisma Megantoro is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering, School of Advanced Technology,
and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga since 2020. He received a bachelor's degree and
master's degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2014 and 2018. His
current research is focused on solar photovoltaic technology, embedded system, and the
internet of things.

Shofa Aulia Aldhama is a lecturer in Industrial Engineering, School of Advanced

Technology, and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga since 2020. He received a bachelor's
degree from Universitas Brawijaya and a master's degree from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia in 2015 and 2018. His current research is focused on
ergonomic design.

Gunawan Setia Prihandana is a lecturer in Industrial Engineering, School of Advanced

Technology, and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga since 2018. He received a bachelor's
degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, a master's degree from the University of
Malaya in 2006, and a doctoral degree from Keio Univesity in 2011. His current research is
focused on material science.

P. Vigneshwaran has obtained his Doctoral Degree in Anna University Chennai during 2016
and Master of Engineering under Anna University Chennai during June 2005. He is having
18.4 years of experience and specialization in Cybersecurity. Presently, He is working as
Associate Professor in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai. His area of interest
includes Security, Routing, and Intelligent Data Analysis.

IoT-based weather ststion with air quality measurement using ESP32… (Peisma Megantoro)

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