Chapter-3 GraphicalRepresentation Definition

Graphical representation refers to the use of charts and graphs to visually display, analyze,
clarify, and interpret numerical data, functions, and other qualitative structures.

What is Graphical Representation?

Graphical representation refers to the use of intuitive charts to clearly visualize and simplify
data sets. Data is ingested into graphical representation of data software and then represented
by a variety of symbols, such as lines on a line chart, bars on a bar chart, or slices on a pie chart,
from which users can gain greater insight than by numerical analysis alone.

Representational graphics can quickly illustrate general behavior and highlight phenomenons,
anomalies, and relationships between data points that may otherwise be overlooked, and may
contribute to predictions and better, data-driven decisions. The types of representational
graphics used will depend on the type of data being explored.

Types of Graphical Representation

Data charts are available in a wide variety of maps, diagrams, and graphs that typically include
textual titles and legends to denote the purpose, measurement units, and variables of the chart.
Choosing the most appropriate chart depends on a variety of different factors - the nature of

the data, the purpose of the chart, and whethera graphical representation of qualitative data or
a graphical representation of quantitative data is being depicted. There are dozens of different
formats for graphical representation of data. Some of the most popular charts include:

Line Graph - displays continuous data; ideal for predicting future events over time; a useful

visual aid for marketing purposes

Bar Graph - contains a vertical axis and horizontal axis and displays data as rectangular bars

with lengths proportional to the values that they represent; a useful visual aid for marketing
purposess

Histogram - frequency distribution and graphical representation uses adjacent vertical bars

erected over discrete intervals to represent the data frequency within a given interval; a useful
visual aid for meteorology and environment purposes

Flow Chart diagram that depicts a workflow graphical representation with the use of arrows
and geometric shapes; a useful visual aid for business and finance purposes

Choropleth - thematic map in which an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic

within an area is represented by patterns of shading proportionate to a statistical variable.

Pie Chart -A pie chart (or a sectoral diagram) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided
into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and
consequetly its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.

Pointmap- CAD & GIS contract mapping and drafting solution that visualizes the location of
data on a map by plotting geographic latitude and longitude data

Tree Diagram a hierarchical genealogical tree that illustrates a family structure; a useful visual
aid for history charting purposes

Venn Diagram consists of multiple overlapping usually circles, each representing a set; the
default inner join graphical representation

Advantages and Disadvantages of Graphical Representation of Data

Tabular and graphical representation of data are a vital component in analyzing and
understanding large quantities of numerical data and the relationship between data points. Data
visualization is one of the most fundamental approaches to data analysis, providing an intuitive
and universal means to visualize, abstract, and share complex data patterns. The primary
advantages of graphical representation of data are:

i.Facilitates and improves learning: graphics make data easy to understand and eliminate
language and literacy barriers

i. Understanding content: visuals are more effective than text in human understanding.

ii.Flexibility of use: graphical representation can be leveraged in nearly every field involving data

Iv. Increases structured thinking: users can make quick, data-driven decisions at a glance With
visual aids

V. Supports creative, personalized reports for more engaging and stimulating visual
presentations

Disadvantages of graphical representation of data typicaly concern the cost of human effort
and resources, the process of selecting the most appropriate graphical and tabular
representation of data, greater design complexity of visualizing data, and the potential for
human bias.
Why Graphical Representation of Data is Important

Graphic visual representation of information is a crucial component in understanding and

identifying patterns and trends in the ever increasing flow of data. Graphical representation
enables the quick analysis of large amounts of data at one time and can aid in making
predictions and informed decisions. Data visualizations also make collaboration significantly
more efficient by using familiar visual metaphors to illustrate relationships and highlight
meaning, eliminating complex, long-winded explanations of an othewise chaotic-looking array
of figures.

Data only has value once its significance has been revealed and consumed, and itss
consumption is best facilitated with graphical representation tools that are designed with
human cognition and perception in mind. Human visual processing is very efficient at detecting
relationships and changes between sizes, shapes, colors, and quantities. Attempting to gain
insight from numerical data alone, especially in big data instances in which there may be billions
of rows of data, is exceedingly cumbersome and inefficiet.

SIMPLE BAR GRAPH

Bar graph is the simplest way to represent a data.

In consists of rectangular bars of equal width.

The space between the two consecutive bars must be the same.

Bars can be marked both vertically and horizontally but normally we use vertical bars.

The height of bar represents the frequency of the corresponding observation.

Advantages
L. show each data category in a frequency distribution.

Il. display relative numbers or proportions of multiple categories

II. summarize a large data set in visual form.

V. clarify trends better than do tables

V.estimate key values at a glance.

VIpermit a visual check of the accuracy and reasonableness of calculations.

Disadvantages
I.Requireadditional explanation.
II. Be easily manipulated to yield false impressions.

I1. Fail to reveal key assumptions, causes, effects, or patterns.

How to Construct a Bar Graph?

Steps in construction of bar graphs/column graph:

On a graph, draw two lines perpendicular to each other, intersecting at 0.

The horizontal line is x-axis and vertical line is y-axis.

Along the horizontal axis, choose the uniform width of bars and uniform gap between the bars
and write the names of the data items whose values are to be marked.

Along the vertical axis, choose a suitable scale in order to determine the heights of the bars
for the given values. (Frequency is taken along y-axis).

Calculate the heights of the bars according to the scale chosen and draw the bars.

Bar graph gives the information of the number of children involved in different activities.

Importance of bar diagram: A bar diagram makes it easy to compare sets of data between
different groups at a glance. The graph represents categories on one axis and a discrete value
in the other. The goal is to show the relationship between the two axes. Bar charts can also
show big changes in data over time.
Q.1) Draw a simple bar graph by using this table no.1.1 which represent the literacy rate of
India from 1921 to 2011.

Table No. 1.1: Census wise Literacy rate of India (1931-2011)

Serial number Decadal /census Year Literacy Rate (%) of India

1921 7.16

1931 9.50

3 1941 16.10
4 1951 18.33

5 1961 28.30

1971 34.45

1981 43.57

8 1991 52.21

2001 64.83
10 2011 74.04

Source: Census of India

MULTIPLE BAR GRAPH

Multiple bar charts are extremely useful if you want to present a large amount of information in
a small amount of space. Sometimes there are more than two sets of data to be compared in a
bar graph. In that case, a multiple bar graph can be used. A multiple bar graph compares as
many sets of data you want. The process for creating a multiple bar graph is just like creating
any other bar graph, only you will have more colors to represent different sets of data.

How to Construct a Multiple Bar Graph?

) Draw the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axis.

I) Give the graph a title.

)Label the horizontal x axis and vertical y axis.

) Look at the range in data and decide how the units on the vertical axis (y) should be labeled.

V) For each item on the horizontal (x) axis, draw a vertical column to the appropriate value
however many times as you have sets of data. For example, if you are looking at 3 days worth of
data, you will have 3 bars per item.

VI) Choose three colors to represent each different data set. Make sure to label the data sets in
a key alongside the graph.

Sometimes comparing data can also be done by comparing data sets across multiple different
bar graphs. The difference is the data is split versus all being compared in one graph. Either
method allows you to analyze and compare the data being displayed.
Q.2 Draw a Multiple bar graph by using this table no.1.2 which represent the Male and Female
literacy rate of India from 1921 to 2011.

Table No. 1.2: Census wise Male and Female Literacy rate of India (1931-2011)

Serial Number Decadal/ Census Year Male Literacy rate(%) FemalelLiteracyRate()

1921 12.21 1.83

1931 15.59 2.93

1941 24.90 7.30

1951
24.16 8.96

1961 40.40 15.35

6 1971 45.96 21.97

1981 56.38 29.77
8 1991 64.13 39.29

2001 75.26 50.37

2011 82.14 65.46

Source: Census of India

 COMPOUND BAR GRAPH
A compound bar chart is a graph which combines two or more types of information in one chart.
It can also compare different quantities. A compound bar chart is a type of bar chart where
columns can be split into sections to show breakdown of data.

Advantages
Its easy to construct

I. It has good visual impression

I. There is easy comparison for the same component in different bars because of uniform
shading
V. Easy to interpret because bars are shaded differently.
Disadvantages
L. It doesn't show the trend of components (change over time).
1. Cant be used to show many components as there is limited space upwards

I1. Tedious as there is a lot of calculation work involved.

IV. Not easy to trace individual contribution made by members of the same bar

V. Poor choice of vertical scale causes exaggeration of bars length leading to wrong
conclusions.

How to Construct a Compound Bar Graph?

1.Set the totals for the data for each year.

2.Draw vertical axis(Y) to represent dependent variable

3.Draw horizontal axis(x) to represent independent variable

4.Label both axis using suitable scale

5.Plot the cumulative values for each year

6.Use values for components to subdivide the cumulative bar

7.The subdivisions are placed in descending order with the longest at the bottom(coffee)
8.Shade each component differently

9.Put title and key.

 Q.3. Draw a Compound bar graph by using this table no.1.3 which represent Gross Generation
of Electricity in India (in Billion KWh)in different sectors of electrlcity.

Table no.1.3: Gross Generation of Electricity in India (in Billion KWh}in different sectors of
electricity.
Year Thermal Energy Hydro Energy Nuclear Energy Total Energy
2007-2008 596.7 97.5 10.9 705.1

2008-2009 616.2 110.1 14.9 741.2

2009-2010 677.1 104.1 18.6 799.8

2010-2011 704.3 114.2 26.3 844.8

Source: Economic Survey, 2011-12

SIMPLE LINE GRAPH:

Simple line graphs are used for showing the relationship between two variables. One of these
variables is usually time but they can also show other factors. For example, the relationship
between temperature and altitude.

Advantages:
) Show relationships between 2 or more variables

2) Good visual impression of trends and changes

3) Can show positive and negative values

4) It is simple to construct and read.

Disadvantages:
1)Plotting too many bars makes it appear cluttered less easy to interpret

2 ) If there is a wide range of data it is difficult to read accurately

3) Becomes more complicated if there are uneven class intervals

4) Using too many or too few classes can mask important patterns in the data
How to construct simple line graph:

1)Create a table. Draw the x- and y-axes on the page.

) Label each axis. If time is one of the factors, it should go along the horizontal (x) axis.

) Add data. Data for aline graph is usually contained in a two-column table corresponding to
the x- and y-axes. ..

I) Create a key.( title, and proper scale)

a.4 Draw a simple line graph to represent Decadal population growth rate of India from 1921
2011 according to census.

Table No. 1.4 Showing Decadal population growth rate of India from 1921-2011

SI. No. Decadal year/ census year Population growth rate (%)

1921 0.31

1931 11.60

1941 14.22

1951 13.31

1961 21.51
23.85
6 1971 24.80

7 1981 24.66

1991

9 2001 21.54

2011 17.64
 Polygraph
Polygraph is a line graph in which two or more than two variables are shown by an equal
number of lines for an immediate comparison, such as the growth rate of different crops like
rice, wheat, pulses or the birth rates, death rates and life expectancy or sex ratio in different
states or countries. A different line pattern such as straight line ( - ) , broken line (-), dotted
line (.) or a combination of dotted and broken line ( ) or line of different colours may be
used to indicate the value of different variables.

Q.5 Draw, a polygraph to represent the sex-Ratio (Female per 1000 male) of Selected Sates -
1961-2011 in table
no. 1.5.
Table no. 1.5 :sex-Ratio (Female per 1000 male) of Selected Sates - 1961-2011

876

State/UT 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Delhi 785 801 808 827 821 866

Haryana
868 867 870 860 846 877

Uttar
pradesh
907 882 876 898 908
 Pie Diagram
Pie diagram is another graphical method of the representation of data. It is drawn to depict the
total value of the given attribute using a circle. Dividing the circle into corresponding degrees of
angle then represent the sub-sets of the data. Hence, it is also called Divided Circle Diagram.

The angle of each variableis calculated using the following formulae.

Value of given variable/individual entity x 360

Total Value of All variables/all entities

If data are given in percentage form, the angles are calculated using the given formula.

Percentage of individual variables x 360

100

For example, a pie diagram may be drawn to show the total population of India along with the
proportion of the rural and urban population. In this case, the circle of an appropriate radius is
drawn to represent the total population and its sub-divisions into rural and urban population are
shown by corresponding degrees of angle.

Q.6 Draw a pie Diagram to represent state wise production of iron ore in India in 2011.

Table No. 1.6: percentage of production of iron ore in different states.

SI. No. State Name Percentage of iron ore production

Odisha 33

2 Jharkhand 28

3 Chhattisgarh 9

4 Karnataka

5 Others

Total 100
A.6:

Step 1: calculate the angle of each state production rate to represent the
sectoral proportion.
Formula:
Percentage of individual state iron ore production x 360
100

That means, the angle value of iron ore production in the state Odisha will be

33 *360

100

118.8
Percentage of Angle of the pie
11
ironore
(Percentage of individual
production
SI. No. State Name
variablesx 360°/100)

Odisha 33 118.8

2 Jharkhand 28 ?

3 Chhattisgarh 19 ?

4 Karnataka ?

Others

Total 100 360

Steps to draw pie diagram:

Various observations of the data are represented by the sectors of the

circle.

The total angle formed at the centre is 360°.

The whole circle represents the sum ofthe values of all the components.
The angle at the centre corresponding to the particular observation
component is given by Pie Chart.

Value of the component x 360

Total value

I f the values of observation/components are expressed in percentage,

then the centre angle corresponding to particular observation/component
is given by
15%
Percentage value of component 360
100

Percentage of water usage Percentage of water usage

India T7%
USA 227%
India
China
Japan USA
Sri Lanka 97% 347 2 IChina
West Indies 5% Japan
Others 34% Sri Lanka

West Indies
5% Others

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