208 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

5.1 Exercises

Which of these curves are functions?

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9. ^ 1, 3 h, ^ 2, -1 h, ^ 3, 3 h, ^ 4, 0 h

10. ^ 1, 3 h, ^ 2, -1 h, ^ 2, 7 h, ^ 4, 0 h

11.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
5.
12.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

13.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
 Chapter 5 Functions and Graphs 211

Solution

g (1 ) = 2 ( 1) - 1 since -1 # 1 # 2
=1
g (- 2) = 5 since - 2 1 - 1
g (3) = 3 2
since 3 2 2
=9
So g (1) + g (- 2) - g (3) = 1 + 5 - 9
= -3

DID YOU KNOW?

Leonhard Euler (1707–83), from Switzerland, studied functions and invented the term
f (x) for function notation. He studied theology, astronomy, medicine, physics and oriental
languages as well as mathematics, and wrote more than 500 books and articles on
mathematics. He found time between books to marry and have 13 children, and even when
he went blind he kept on having books published.

5.2 Exercises

1. Given f ] x g = x + 3, find f ] 1 g and 10. If f ] x g = 2x - 9, find f ^ p h and

f ]-3 g. f ]x + h g.

2. If h ] x g = x 2 - 2, find h ] 0 g, h ] 2 g 11. Find g ] x - 1 g when We can use pronumerals

and h ] - 4 g . g ] x g = x 2 + 2x + 3. other than f for functions.

3. If f ] x g = - x 2, find f ] 5 g, f ] - 1 g, f ] 3 g 12. If f ] x g = x 3 - 1, find f ] k g as a

and f ] - 2 g . product of factors.

4. Find the value of f ] 0 g + f ] - 2 g if 13. Given f ] t g = t 2 + 2t + 1, find

f ] x g = x 4 - x 2 + 1. t when f ] t g = 0. Also find any
values of t for which f ] t g = 9.
5. Find f ] - 3 g if f ] x g = 2x 3 - 5x + 4.
14. Given f ] t g = t 4 + t 2 - 5, find the
6. If f ] x g = 2x - 5, find x when
value of f ] b g - f ] - b g .
f ] x g = 13.
x3 for x 2 1
7. Given f ] x g = x + 3, find any
2 15. f ] x g = )
x for x # 1
values of x for which f ] x g = 28.
Find f ] 5 g, f ] 1 g and ] - 1 g .
8. If f ] x g = 3 x, find x when Z 2x - 4 if x $ 1
f ]x g =
1
. ]
27 16. f ] x g = [x + 3 if -1 1 x 1 1
] 2
9. Find values of z for which x if x # -1
\
f ] z g = 5 given f ] z g = 2z + 3 . Find the values of
f ] 2 g - f ] - 2 g + f ] -1 g .
212 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

17. Find g ] 3 g + g ] 0 g + g ] - 2 g if 21. If f ] x g = x 2 – 5x + 4, find

x+1 when x $ 0 f ] x + h g - f ] x g in its simplest
g ]x g = )
- 2x + 1 when x 1 0 form.
f ]x + h g - f ]x g
18. Find the value of 22. Simplify where
h
f ] 3 g - f ] 2 g + 2f ] - 3 g when f ] x g = 2x 2 + x
x for x 2 2 23. If f ] x g = 5x - 4, find f ] x g - f ] c g
f ]x g = * x 2
for -2 # x # 2 in its simplest form.
4 for x 1 -2
24. Find the value of f ^ k 2 h if
19. Find the value of f ] - 1 g - f ] 3 g 3x + 5 for x $ 0
f ]x g = * 2
x3 - 1 for x $ 2 x for x 1 0
if f (x) = *
2x 2 + 3x - 1 for x 1 2 Z 3
25. If ]x when x $ 3
x 2 - 2x - 3 f ] x g = [5 when 0 1 x 1 3
20. If f ] x g =
x-3 ] 2
x - x + 2 when x # 0
\
(a) evaluate f (2) evaluate
(b) explain why the function (a) f (0)
does not exist for x = 3 (b) f ] 2 g - f ] 1 g
(c) by taking several x values
(c) f ^ - n 2 h
close to 3, find the value of y that
the function is moving towards
as x moves towards 3.

Graphing Techniques
You may have previously learned how to draw graphs by completing a table
of values and then plotting points. In this course, you will learn some other
techniques that will allow you to sketch graphs by showing their important
features.

Intercepts

One of the most useful techniques is to find the x- and y-intercepts.

Everywhere on the x-axis, For x-intercept, y = 0

y = 0 and everywhere on For y-intercept, x = 0
the y-axis x = 0 .
 Chapter 5 Functions and Graphs 229

Since a 1 0, the quadratic function is concave downwards and has a

maximum value halfway between the x-intercepts x = - 1 and x = 5.
-1 + 5
=2
2
f ]2 g = -]2 g 2+ 4 ]2 g + 5
=9
So the maximum value is 9.
(b) Sketching the quadratic function gives a concave downward parabola.
y

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-3
-4
-5

From the graph, the function can take on all real numbers for x, but the
maximum value for y is 9.
Domain: " all real x ,
Range: " y: y # 9 ,
(c) From the graph, the function is increasing on the left of the
maximum point and decreasing on the right.
So the function is increasing when x 1 2.

5.5 Exercises

1. Find the x- and y-intercepts of 2. Sketch

each function. (a) y = x 2 + 2
(a) y = x 2 + 2x (b) y = - x 2 + 1
(b) y = - x 2 + 3x (c) f ] x g = x 2 - 4
(c) f ] x g = x 2 - 1 (d) y = x + 2x
2

(d) y = x 2 - x - 2 (e) y = - x 2 - x
(e) y = x 2 - 9x + 8 (f) f ] x g = ] x - 3 g 2
230 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

(g) f ] x g = ] x + 1 g2 6. Find the domain over which each

(h) y = x 2 + 3x - 4 function is
(i) y = 2x 2 - 5 x + 3 (i) increasing
(j) f ] x g = - x 2 + 3x - 2 (ii) decreasing
(a) y = x 2
3. For each parabola, find (b) y = - x 2
(i) the x- and y-intercepts (c) f ] x g = x 2 - 9
(ii) the domain and range (d) y = - x 2 + 4x
(a) y = x 2 – 7x + 12 (e) f ] x g = ] x + 5 g2
(b) f ] x g = x 2 + 4x
(c) y = x 2 - 2x - 8 7. Show that f ] x g = - x 2 is an even
(d) y = x 2 - 6x + 9 function.
(e) f ] t g = 4 - t 2
8. State whether these functions are
4. Find the domain and range of even or odd or neither.
(a) y = x 2 - 5 (a) y = x 2 + 1
(b) f ] x g = x 2 - 6x (b) f ] x g = x 2 - 3
(c) f ] x g = x 2 - x - 2 (c) y = -2x 2
(d) y = - x 2 (d) f ] x g = x 2 - 3x
(e) f ] x g = ] x - 7 g 2 (e) f ] x g = x 2 + x
(f) y = x 2 - 4
5. Find the range of each function (g) y = x 2 - 2x - 3
over the given domain. (h) y = x 2 - 5x + 4
(a) y = x 2 for 0 # x # 3 (i) p ] x g = ] x + 1 g 2
(b) y = - x 2 + 4 for -1 # x # 2 (j) y = ] x - 2 g 2
(c) f ] x g = x 2 - 1 for -2 # x # 5
(d) y = x 2 + 2x - 3 for -2 # x # 4
(e) y = - x 2 - x + 2 for 0 # x # 4

Absolute Value Function

You may not have seen the graphs of absolute functions before. If you are not
sure about what they look like, you can use a table of values or look at the
definition of absolute value.

EXAMPLES

1. Sketch f ] x g = x - 1 and state its domain and range.

Solution
Method 1: Table of values
When sketching any new graph for the first time, you can use a table of
values. A good selection of values is -3 # x # 3 but if these don’t give
enough information, you can find other values.
558 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

1 3 Exercises 5.3
64. - 1 #x 15
8 4 2
1. (a) x-intercept , y-intercept -2
65. BC < AD (ABCD is a < gram) 3
(b) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4
BC < FE (BCEF is a < gram)
(c) x-intercept 12, y-intercept 4
` AD < FE
(d) x-intercepts 0, -3, y-intercept 0
Also BC = AD ^ opposite sides of < gram h
(e) x-intercepts !2, y-intercept -4
BC = FE ^ similarly h
(f) x-intercepts -2, -3, y-intercept 6
` AD = FE
(g) x-intercepts 3, 5, y-intercept 15
Since AD and FE are both parallel and equal, AFED is a
parallelogram. (h) x-intercept - 3 5 , y-intercept 5
(i) x-intercept -3, no y-intercept
66. b = 11.95 m 67. (a) 34 cm (b) 30 cm2 (j) x-intercept !3, y-intercept 9

18 3 + 31 2 - 25 5 2. f ] -x g = ] -x g 2- 2
68. 69. 20 70. 32 m
75 = x2 - 2
= f (x)
71. BD bisects AC ` even function
So AD = DC
+BDC = +BDA = 90c (given) 3. (a) f ^ x 2 h = x 6 + 1 (b) 7 f ] x g A 2 = x 6 + 2x 3 + 1
BD is common (c) f ] - x g = - x + 1
3
(d) Neither odd nor even
` DBAD / DBCD (SAS)
4. g ] - x g = ] - x g8 + 3 ] - x g4 - 2 ] - x g 2
` AB = CB (corresponding sides in congruent
= x 8 + 3x 4 - 2x 2
triangles)
= g (x)
So triangle ABC is isosceles
` even function
x2 + y2
72. 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 5. f ] - x g = - x = -f ] x g
2 ` odd function
78. (d) 79. (d)
6. f ] - x g = ] - x g2 - 1 7. f ] - x g = 4 ] - x g - ] - x g 3
= x2 - 1 = - 4x + x 3
Chapter 5: Functions and graphs = f (x) = - ^ 4x - x 3 h
` even function = - f ]xg
Exercises 5.1 ` odd function

1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. Yes 7. No 8. f ] -x g = ] -x g 4 + ] -x g 2

= x4 + x2
8. Yes 9. Yes 10. No 11. Yes 12. No 13. Yes = f ]xg
` even function
14. No 15. Yes f ]xg - f ]- xg = 0
Exercises 5.2 9. (a) Odd (b) Neither (c) Even (d) Neither (e) Neither
1. f ] 1 g = 4, f ] -3 g = 0 2. h ] 0 g = -2, h ] 2 g = 2, h ] -4 g = 14 10. (a) Even values i.e. n = 2, 4, 6, f
(b) Odd values i.e. n = 1, 3, 5, f
3. f ] 5 g = -25, f ] -1 g = -1, f ] 3 g = -9, f ] -2 g = -4 4. 14
11. (a) No value of n
5. -35 6. x = 9 7. x = !5 8. x = -3 9. z = 1, -4
(b) Yes, when n is odd (1, 3, 5, …)
10. f ^ p h = 2p - 9, f ] x + h g = 2x + 2h - 9
12. (a) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (iii) Even
11. g ] x - 1 g = x 2 + 2 12. f ] k g = ] k - 1 g ^ k 2 + k + 1 h (b) (i) x 1 2 (ii) x 2 2 (iii) Neither

13. t = -1; t = 2, -4 14. 0 (c) (i) -2 1 x 1 2 (ii) x 1 -2, x 2 2 (iii) Neither

(d) (i) All real x ! 0 (ii) None (iii) Odd
15. f ] 5 g = 125, f ] 1 g = 1, f ] -1 g = -1
(e) (i) None (ii) All real x (iii) Neither
16. f ] 2 g - f ] -2 g + f ] -1 g = 0 - 4 + 1 = -3
Exercises 5.4
17. 10 18. 7 19. -28 1. (a) x-intercept 2, y-intercept -2
1
20. (a) 3 (b) x - 3 = 3 - 3 = 0 (b) x-intercept -1 , y-intercept 3
2
Denominator cannot be 0 so the function doesn’t exist 1
(c) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
for x = 3. (c) 4 2
(d) x-intercept -3, y-intercept 3
21. f ] x + h g - f ] x g = 2xh + h 2 - 5h 22. 4x + 2h + 1 2 1
(e) x-intercept , y-intercept -
3 3
23. 5] x - c g 24. 3k 2 + 5 25. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) n 4 + n 2 + 2
560 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

(i) y Exercises 5.5

5 1. (a) x-intercepts 0, -2, y-intercept 0

(b) x-intercepts 0, 3, y-intercept 0
4
(c) x-intercepts !1, y-intercept -1
3
(d) x-intercepts -1, 2, y-intercept -2
2 (e) x-intercepts 1, 8, y-intercept 8
1
x 2. (a) y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
6
-2 5
-3 4
-4 3
-5 2
1
(j) y x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
5
-2
4
-3
3 -4
2 -5
1
(b) y
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 111 2 3 4
-1 2 6
-2 5
-3 4
-4 3
-5 2
1
3. (a) " all real x ,, " all real y , (b) " all real x ,, " y: y = 2 , x
(c) ! x: x = -4 +, " all real y , (d) ! x: x = 2 +, " all real y , -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(e) ! all real x +, " y: y = 3 ,
-2
4. (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither (d) Odd (e) Odd -3
-4
5. y -5

5 (c) y
4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
x 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 111 2 3 4 1
-1 2
x
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-3
-2
-4 -3
-5 -4
-5

(3, -1)
 ANSWERS 561

(d) y (h) y

6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -2
-2 -3
-3 -4
-4 -5
-5 -6

(e) y (i) y

6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1112 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-1
-2 -3
-3 -4
-4 -5
-5 -6

(f) y (j) y

12 5
10 4
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-2
-4 -3
-6 -4
-8 -5
-10 -6

(g) y 3. (a) (i) x-intercepts 3, 4, y-intercept 12 (ii) {all real x},

1
( y: y $ - 2
5 4
4 (b) (i) x-intercepts 0, -4, y-intercept 0 (ii) {all real x},
3 " y: y $ -4 ,
2 (c) (i) x-intercepts -2, 4, y-intercept -8 (ii) {all real x},
1 " y: y $ - 9 ,
x (d) (i) x-intercept 3, y-intercept 9 (ii) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 (e) (i) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept 4 (ii) {all real x},
-2 " y: y # 4 ,
-3
-4 4. (a) {all real x}, " y: y $ -5 , (b) {all real x}, " y: y $ - 9 ,
-5
-6
562 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

1 (c) y
(c) {all real x}, ( y: y $ -2 2 (d) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,
4
5
(e) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
4
5. (a) 0 # y # 9 (b) 0 # y # 4 (c) -1 # y # 24 3
1 2
(d) -4 # y # 21 (e) -18 # y # 2
4 1
6. (a) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (b) (i) x 1 0 (ii) x 2 0
(c) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (d) (i) x 1 2 (ii) x 2 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(e) (i) x 2 -5 (ii) x 1 -5 -2
7. f ] -x g = - ] -x g 2 -3
= -x2 -4
= f (x) -5
` even
(d) y
8. (a) Even (b) Even (c) Even (d) Neither
(e) Neither (f) Even (g) Neither 5
(h) Neither (i) Neither (j) Neither 4
3
Exercises 5.6 2
1. (a) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0 1
(b) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 7 x
(c) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept -2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(d) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0
-2
(e) x-intercepts ! 3, y-intercept 3
(f) x-intercept -6, y-intercept 6 -3
2 -4
(g) x-intercept , y-intercept 2
3 -5
4
(h) x-intercept - , y-intercept 4
5
(e) y
1
(i) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
7
5
(j) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 9
4
2. (a) y 3
2
5
1
4
x
3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
2 -2
1 -3
x -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -5
-2
(f) y
-3
-4 5
-5 4

(b) y 3
2
5
1
4
x
3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
2
-2
1
x -3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -4
-1
-2 -5
-3
-4
-5