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Saksham 69th BPSC 2024 /Aakrosh Batch
MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Lecture – 03
Delhi Sultanate Part I

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Delhi Sultanate Part I

Rise of Islam
❖ Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century AD and spread

throughout the world through a vast empire.

❖ The word "Islam" means "submission" to God.

❖ Muslims are those who submit to God and follow the teachings of Prophet

Muhammad.

❖ Islam was founded in the Arabian city of Mecca (in the seventh century). Prophet

Muhammad was its founder.

❖ Muhammad (who later became Prophet Muhammad) was born in 610 AD in the

powerful Quraysh tribe of Mecca. It is said that he had a vision of God and the angel

Jibril, which led him to preach a new religion believing in only one God, Allah.

❖ It is believed that the period of Prophet Muhammad is between 570 to 632 AD.

❖ According to the Hijri calendar, the migration of the Prophet and his followers from

Mecca to Medina took place in 622 CE.

❖ After the death of the Prophet, the religious and political heads of Islam (ummah)

came to be known as caliphs.

Important Islamic Caliphs: -

1. The Umayyad Caliph (632–661) is considered the earliest guiding caliph.

2. Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali are included under the Umayyad Caliph.

3. The Umayyad Caliph (661–750) ruled from Damascus.

4. The Abbasid Caliph (750–1251) ruled from Baghdad.

5. The Ottoman Caliph (1517–1924) ruled from Istanbul, which disintegrated after

World War I.

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Arab invasion
❖ Arabs were the first Muslim invaders who attacked India.

❖ The source of information about the Arab invasion of India is the book "Chachnama"

written in Arabic by Ali Ahmed.

❖ In 712 AD, the Arabs started the first Muslim invasion of India.

❖ Muhammad bin Qasim invaded India (Sindh) in 712 AD on the instructions of Arab

Subedar Al-Hajjaj.

❖ When Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh, the king of Sindh was Dahir at that

time.

❖ Dahir's father's name was Chach.

❖ Dahir was a follower of Brahminism and his capital was Eloor (Sindh) while the

majority of the subjects were Buddhists.

❖ In 712 AD between Dahir and Qasim there was "War of Roar" (on the banks of

Indus River) in which Dahir was defeated and Dahir was killed.

❖ During his invasion, Bin Qasim first wanted to control the port of Deval (center of

trade) near Thatta (Sindh).

❖ Muhammad bin Qasim was an Arab military commander in the service of the

Umayyad Caliphate, who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh during the Umayyad

campaigns in India.

❖ His military exploits resulted in the establishment of Arab Sindh, and the region was

wrested from the Sindhi Brahmin dynasty and its ruler, Raja Dahir.

❖ The Arab invaders came to India via the Makran Coast via the Bolan Pass.

❖ The last victory of the Arabs was of Multan and after winning Multan they named

it the city of gold.

❖ Bin Qasim returned to Arabia after appointing Junaid as the governor of Sindh in

715 AD.

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Cause of Arab invasion :-

❖ Propagation of Islam. Because a completely different culture existed in India from

Islam.

❖ Looting the economic wealth of India.

❖ To expand the empire.

❖ Note - Even before the Arab invasion, there were trade relations between Arab and

India. Arabs used to come to the coastal regions of India in connection with trade

and commerce.

Reason for Dahir's failure :-

1. Brahmin-Buddhist conflict

2. Dahir's shortsightedness

Effect of Arab invasion: -

❖ Arabs had brought the knowledge of zero from Indians to Arabs.

❖ The Arabs started the practice of camel in India and got the date palm cultivated.

❖ Jizya tax was first introduced in India by Muhammad bin Qasim. (Jizya was a

religious tax collected from non-Muslims.)

❖ Arab scholars took Indian books with them, in which Brahmagupta's Brahmagupta

Siddhanta and Khandakhadya are prominent. Along with that he also took

Panchatantra with him and got it translated into Arabic language which was called

"Kalila wa Dimna". (Narrated by Alberuni.)

Turkish invasion

Invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi

❖ The first Turkish attack on India was done by the kings of the Yamini dynasty.

❖ The independent Yamini dynasty was established by Alpatgin in 962 AD in the

Ghazni region of Afghanistan.

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❖ The Yamini dynasty became famous as the Ghazni Empire. Ghazni was the capital of

the Yamini kingdom.

❖ Alpatgin's son Subuktgin was the first Turkish invader who invaded India and this

attack was against the Hindu Shahi ruler Jaipal.

❖ Subuktgin's son was Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi was the ruler of

Khorasan (Afghanistan) during his father's reign.

❖ At the age of 27, Mahmud became the Sultan of Ghazni region in 998 AD.

❖ He obtained a certificate from the Khalifa and assumed the titles of Yamin-ud-

Daula and Amin-ul-Millah.

❖ Mahmud Ghaznavi is considered the first Sultan of Azam (world). (Because he had

obtained the certificate of Khalifa)

❖ Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded India 17 times between 1000 AD and 1027 AD, which

is mentioned by Henry Elliot.

❖ Mahmud's first attack on India was against the Hindu Shahi ruler Jaipal in 1001

AD. Mahmud left Jaipal after taking the money. But feeling humiliated, Jayapala

committed suicide by handing over the kingdom to his son Anandapala.

❖ In 1006 AD Mahmud attacked Multan and on the way defeated Anand Pal, son of

Jaipal, near Bhera.

❖ In 1008 Mahmud again attacked Multan and annexed it to his kingdom.

❖ In 1008 AD, Mahmud campaigned for Nagarkot (Himachal Pradesh). This campaign

is considered to be the first victory of Mahmud against idolatry.

❖ In 1008 Mahmud had a war with the Hindu Shahi king Anandpal near Baihand, in

which Anandpal was again defeated.

❖ In 1014 AD, Mahmud attacked Thaneshwar and sent the idol of Chakraswami to

Ghazni.

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❖ In 1018, Mahmud attacked Kannauj. On the way, King Hardatta of

Bulandshahr/Baran surrendered and Kulchand, the ruler of Mathura, was killed on

the battlefield.

❖ In 1019, Mahmud defeated the Hindu Shahi king Trilochan Pal.

❖ In 1020-1021, Mahmud defeated Vidyadhar's army on the border of Bundelkhand.

Vidyadhar fled away from the capital.

❖ In 1021-1022 Mahmud besieged the fort of Kalinjar to defeat King Kirtiraj of

Gwalior but could not win it. So Mahmud made a treaty with Kirtiraj and gave him

15 forts as a gift.

❖ Mahmud Ghaznavi's most famous attack on India was in 1025 AD on the Somnath

temple (temple of Lord Shiva located in Gujarat). (16th invasion) At this time the

ruler there was Bhima I.

❖ During the attack on Somnath, Mahmud received property worth 20 lakh dinars.

❖ Mahmud's last attack was against the Jats in 1027 AD because Jat robbers looted

Mahmud's soldiers while leaving Somnath.

❖ Mahmud died in 1030 AD.

❖ Hindus like Sanved and Tilakram held high positions in Mahmud's army.

❖ Scholars like Alberuni, Firdausi, Utbi, and Farukhi lived in the court of Ghaznavi.

❖ Firdausi composed a book named "Shahnama". This book mentions the royal dynasty

of Iran.

❖ Utbi wrote a book named "Tarikh-ul-Yamini".

❖ Alberuni is also known as Munniyam (Astrologer + Astronomer).

❖ Alberuni composed a book named "Tahqiq-e-Hind" or "Kitab-ul-Hind" in Arabic

language.

❖ The English translator of "Kitab-ul-Hind '' is Edward C. Sakhau.

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❖ The Hindi translation of Kitab-ul-Hind was done by Shantaram and Rajnikant

Sharma.

❖ Alberuni came to India with Mahmud Ghaznavi.

❖ Note - Rani Didda was a contemporary of Mahmood Ghaznavi.

Invasion of Muhammad Ghori

❖ Ghori belonged to the Shasbani clan.

❖ The Shasabani dynasty was founded by Ilauddin in the Ghor region of north-west

Afghanistan.

❖ In 1173 AD, Muhammad Ghori Shihabuddin alias Muizuddin sat on the throne of

Gaur region by the name of Muhammad Ghori.

❖ Muhammad Ghori established the Ottoman Empire in India.

❖ Muhammad Ghori's first attack on India was in 1175 AD on Multan.

❖ In 1178 AD, Ghori attacked Patan in Gujarat but initially he faced strong

resistance from Mulraj II and Mulraj II defeated Ghori. This was Ghori's first defeat

in India.

❖ Muhammad Ghori's Bengal and Bihar conquest campaign was led by Bakhtiyar

Khilji.

First war of Tarain: - in 1191 AD

❖ Between Ghori and Prithviraj III

❖ Ghori was defeated in this.

Second Battle of Tarain: - In 1192 AD

❖ Between Ghori and Prithviraj III

❖ Prithviraj was defeated in this and he was killed.

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Battle of Chandawar - 1194 AD

❖ Between Ghori and Jaichand

❖ Result :- Jaichand's defeat and death

Conquest of Bihar and Bengal

❖ Bakhtiyar Khalji led Ghori's Bihar and Bengal campaigns and conquered both.

During these invasions, he attacked and destroyed some of the famous Buddhist

monasteries of Bihar, Nalanda and Vikramshila.

❖ Bakhtiyar Khalji marched towards Nadia in Bengal with an army.

❖ Nadia was a pilgrimage center where the Sena ruler Lakshman Sen built a palace.

Other facts related to Ghori

❖ On his way back to Ghazni region in 1206, Ghori was killed by the Khokhar rebels

of the Jat tribe at a place called Damyak (on the banks of Jhelum river in Pakistan).

❖ Muhammad Ghori handed over the control or ownership of his Indian state to

Qutbuddin Aibak before leaving India.

❖ On the coins named 'Dihli' of Mohammad Ghori, Kalma was engraved on one side

and Lakshmi's figure was inscribed on the other side.

   

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