Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

Lonere,Dist.Raigad,Maharashtra,India
Internship Report
on
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

B. Tech (Civil Engineering)

Submitted by

AMAANALI AKBARALI SHAIKH

(PRN: T2121381191512)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. AVHAD SIR

Department of Civil Engineering,

Matsyodari Shikshan Sanstha's Collage Of Engineering And Technology,
Jalna,Maharashtra,India
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship Report entitled “INTERNSHIP TRAINING AT
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING which is being submitted herewith for the award of the
'B.Tech in Civil Engineering of Matsyodari Shikshan Sanstha’s College Of
Engineering And Technology, Nagewadi, Jalna . This is the contribution by
AMAANALI AKBARALI SHAIKH (PRN: T2121381191512) under my supervision
and guidance.

This report is being submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements of the

degree in Civil Engineering.

Prof.Avhad sir Prof.krishna kharjule sir

(Guide) ( HOD)
Prof. S.K Biradar sir
(Principal)

MSS’s College of Engineering and Technology Jalna

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure in presenting this Internship Report “INTERNSHIP

TRAINING AT RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” for partial fulfilment of the
degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude tow ardsmy guide Prof.krishna
kharjule sir, Civil Engineering Department, Matsyodari Shikshan
Sanstha's College Of Engineering And Technology, Nagewadi, Jalna for
his/her well-formulated and indispensable guidance in the
accomplishment of this report, without which this would not have
been possible.
I am also thankful to NATHANI AND COMPANY. For providing all
necessary facilities and constant encouragement towards completion
of this work.
I am also thankful to all faculty members of civil department for their
knowledge, assistance, motivation and care throughout the study
period.
I am also thankful to S.K. Biradar sir, Principal, Matsyodari Shikshan
Sanstha’s College Of Engineering And Technology, Nagewadi, Jalna for
providing all necessary facilities at the college Level and many helpful
suggestions.
Lastly I am thankful to all those who directly or indirectly contributed
to complete this project work.

Mr. AMAANALI AKBARALI SHAIKH

Date: 28/05/2024
Place: Matsyodari Shikshan Sanstha's College Of Engineering And
Technology, Nagewadi, Jalna

3
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This report provides a detailed overview of my internship experience at

NATHANI AND COMPANY, where I had the opportunity to apply my
academic knowledge in Civil Engineering to real-world projects. Over the course
of 6 month, I was involved in a variety of tasks, from drafting and design to field
work, estimation, obtaining government permissions, and RCC design. This
internship was instrumental in enhancing my practical skills and understanding
the day-to-day responsibilities of a civil engineer.
Aim: The internship aims to develop our skills to implement theoretical
knowledge into practical Field.

Objectives:
❖ To orient us with the practical CE works.
❖ To allow us to apply our theoretical knowledge into practical fields.
❖ To let us gaining practical experience.
❖ To let us understand the planning, design, drawing of
construction
❖ Plan should include construction methods to be adopted for
different Construction activities.
❖ To get exposure with the management and communication
functions Performed with in a construction project.
❖ Construction projects are executed based on the drawing and
specifications

4
 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION OF FIRM

NATHANI AND COMPANY is a construction management consultancy. In

Our firm planning, RCC designing & valuation of the project can be done.
Manage Construction project management information, Estimation and costing
of various Civil Engineering projects in one place i.e. NATHANI AND

COMPANY We have depth of experience in programmatic and conceptual

cost engineering Services, often involved in preparing cost plans and feasibility
studies at project Inceptions. We are able to produce estimates in a variety of
formats. as independent Cost specialists, we are able to provide accurate
,unbiased cost advice and Estimating support leaving our clients free to
concentrate on other critical areas. It Is not always possible for the parties to
reach agreement on a construction project. The contract makes provision of
this and will generally set out the means by which Differences are to be
resolved. There are several alternatives depending upon the Contract, For
example arbitration, adjudication. These processes are meant to be Negate the
requirement for full legal proceedings if possible, thus saving both time And
money.
Till now about more than 40 successful have bee handed over to clients with the
sophisticated and genuine feedback and appreciation from clients.
we, at NATHANI AND COMPANY are committed to build the "DREAMS OF
PEOPLE

5
 Chapter 3

Detailed Information of Project

Name of project RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Started JAN 2024
Location of project :- GOLDEN CITY AURANGABAD ROAD JALNA
Client Name :- SHAIKH SIR
Area :- 1100 Sq.ft
Approximate Total cost :- 28 lakhs

Brief Information about project

In mr. Shaikh sir Residential building project, she wanted 2 bed rooms, hall,
kitchen, Parking. All her requirements were met by producing the plan (below fig
mentioned )by provision of 2 bed room one of theme master bed room and hall
and kitchen too were provided

6
3.1 Drafting and Design of Building:-

1) Software Utilized
During my internship, I worked extensively with industry-standard
software such as AutoCAD, Revit, and SketchUp. These tools were
crucial in creating precise architectural and structural drawings. I
developed detailed floor plans, elevations, sections, and 3D models.

2) Design Process
The design process began with interpreting the client’s requirements
and translating them into feasible designs. I collaborated with senior
engineers to ensure that designs met both functional needs and
aesthetic considerations.
This phase included:
• Conducting site analysis to understand constraints and opportunities.
• Preparing preliminary sketches and refining them based on feedback.
• Ensuring compliance with local building codes and standards.
• Producing final drawings for client approval and construction use.

7
Fig. no. 1 plan

8
Fig. no. 2 plan

9
3.2 Field Work

1) Site Surveys
I participated in site surveys to gather essential data for planning and design.
This involved:
• Using surveying equipment like theodolites, total stations, and GPS devices.
• Mapping the topography and identifying site-specific challenges.
• Documenting existing site conditions.

2) Soil Testing
Understanding soil properties is crucial for any construction project. I assisted in:
• Collecting soil samples for laboratory analysis.
• Conducting field tests such as Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) and Plate Load
Tests.
• Interpreting soil test results to determine load-bearing capacity and suitability
for construction.

3) Construction Inspection
Regular site inspections ensured that construction activities adhered to design
specifications and safety standards. My responsibilities included:
• Monitoring daily construction activities.
• Ensuring compliance with safety protocols.
• Reporting any deviations or issues to the project manager.
• Verifying that materials used on-site met specified quality standards.

3.2 What is a Building ?

A building is a structure surrounded by walls and ceilings in which people live,
work, more.
Different Types of Buildings Structures:
The buildings are classified into several types which as follows:
Residential Buildings.
Educational Buildings.
Institutional Buildings.

10
3.3 Substructure
• The substructure consists of all of the parts that support the
Superstructure.
• The main components are piers or interior bents, footings, and piling.
• Footings also serve to transmit loads borne by the substructure to the
Underlying foundation material.
• When the soils beneath a footing are not capable of supporting the
Weight of the structure above the soil, bearing failure occurs. The
Foundation shifts or sinks under the load, causing structure Movement and
damage

3.4 Superstructure
• The superstructure consists of the components that actually Takes
the load and transfer to substructure.
• It consist frame of columns, beam, and slab.
• Improper concrete placement, such as failure to consolidate the Mix
as the concrete is placed, pouring the concrete so slowly That the concrete
begins the initial set, or not maintaining a Placement rate.

3.5. Sab
One way slab
One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite
sides to carry theLoad along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to
shorter span (b) is equal or greater Than 2, considered as One way slab
because this slab will bend in one direction i.e inThe direction along its
shorter span.
Two way slab
Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the
loads are carriedBy the supports along with both directions, it is known as
two way slab. In two way slab,The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b)
is less than 2
3.6 Estimation
1 Quantity Takeoff

11
 Accurate estimation of material quantities is vital for project
budgeting. I was involved in: Performing quantity takeoffs from
construction drawings. Using software tools like MS Excel and
specialized estimation software to streamline the process.
2 Cost Estimation
I assisted in preparing detailed cost estimates, which included:
Calculating the costs of materials, labor, and equipment.
Considering contingencies and potential cost variations.
Presenting estimates in a clear and comprehensive format for
stakeholders. Assisting in the preparation of bills of quantities
(BOQs).
3.7 Government House Permission
1 Documentation
Obtaining government permissions involved extensive
documentation. I learned to prepare and submit:
Site plans, building plans, and structural drawings.
Environmental impact assessments and safety reports.
Applications for zoning variances and building permits.
2 Liaison with Authorities
I gained experience in communicating with local authorities to
ensure compliance with regulations. This included:
Attending meetings with municipal officials.
Addressing queries and providing additional information as
required.
Following up on application statuses to expedite approvals.
3.8 RCC Design

1 Structural Analysis

12
RCC design requires a thorough understanding of structural behavior. I
worked on:

Analyzing loads and stresses on structural elements using software like STAAD
Pro and ETABS.
Designing beams, columns, and slabs to ensure they could safely bear
anticipated loads.
Ensuring that the designs were economical and met safety standards.

3.9 Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) in Reinforced Cement Concrete

(RCC) Design

A Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) is a comprehensive list that provides details

about the reinforcement bars (rebar) used in reinforced concrete
construction. It is a critical part of the construction process as it ensures that
the right amount and type of rebar are used, facilitating the structural
integrity and stability of the concrete structure.

Purpose of BBS
1. Accuracy: Provides precise details of the reinforcement, including size,
shape, length, and quantity, which helps in minimizing wastage.
2. Quality Control: Ensures that the reinforcement is placed correctly
according to the design specifications, maintaining the quality of the
construction.
3. Cost Management: Helps in estimating the cost of reinforcement
steel, aiding in budget control and procurement planning.
4. Efficiency: Streamlines the construction process by providing clear
instructions for cutting and bending the rebar, reducing delays.

Components of a Bar Bending Schedule

1. Bar Mark: Unique identifier for each type of rebar.
2. Bar Shape: The shape code or diagram of the rebar, indicating its
bending requirements.
3. Bar Diameter: Diameter of the rebar, typically in millimeters.
4. Bar Length: Total length of each type of rebar.
13
5. Number of Bars: Total quantity of each type of rebar required.
6. Weight: The weight of the rebar, calculated using the formula:
Weight (kg)=Length (m)×(Diameter (mm)2162)Weight (kg)=Length (m)×(162Di
ameter (mm)2)
7. Bending Details: Specific instructions for bending the rebar, including
angles and lengths of each segment.

Sample Bar Bending Schedule Format

Diameter Shape Total Number of Total Bending
Bar Mark (mm) Code Length (m) Bars Weight (kg) Details
90° bend at
A1 12 2 6.0 20 90 1m
A2 16 1 12.0 10 120 Straight
135° bend
A3 10 3 8.0 15 75 at 2m

Steps to Prepare a Bar Bending Schedule

1. Interpret Structural Drawings: Carefully review the structural
drawings to understand the reinforcement requirements.
2. Identify Bar Marks and Types: Assign unique bar marks to each type
of rebar.
3. Determine Bending Shapes: Refer to standard bending shapes and
codes.
4. Calculate Lengths and Quantities: Measure the required lengths from
the drawings and calculate the total quantity needed.
5. Calculate Weights: Use the formula provided to calculate the weight
of each type of rebar.

Chapter 4

Construction of building

14
4.1 Site Clearance

The process of site clearance is generally undertaken as part of enabling works, carried
out to prepare a site for construction. It involves the clearing the site to allow other
remedial, treatment or demolition works to take place before the actual construction
works can begin. It involves clearing a site of any machinery or equipment, unwanted
surplus materials, rubbish, and so on. Site clearance may also involve clearing away
vegetation and surface soil, and levelling and preparing the ground for the planned
construction works.

The construction site is usually prepared in two steps: first the vegetation is cleared,
and then the surface soil layer is removed.

It is very important factor to be considered in the job layout plane, before

commencement of project work. There should be not any obstruction like trees,
plants, shrubs, bigger size stones etc. Approach road should be wide so as to allow the
vehicle loading and unloading the constructional material. If site ground is uneven
then it should be made up to plane.

This helps in obtaining the correct measurement without obstruction. In short, site
should be cleaned property by all the way otherwise no any other obstruction
processed carried out further.

4.2 Site arrangements

A plan is which arrangement of placing site office store room, labor quarter medical
aid store, go down for keeping Construction materials and other facilities is properly
prepared of chalk out, is called as Job Layout or site layout.

15
The arrangement of processes should be such that the work is done smoothly and in
orderly manner. In Job Layout plan, there should be properly co- relation and among
different unit in such a way that site office and Ware house are placed closed to the
entrance of site so as to have better contact to visitor.

The area should be properly allotted in such a way that time require in carrying
material is minimum which Reflects on increasing of efficiency.

4.3 Mark out / Lay Out

A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the
centre line of the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly according to
the plan. The centre line method of setting out is generally preferred and adopted.

Setting out a building is the process of transferring architectural proposals from

drawings into the ground. It establishes the location points for site boundaries,
foundations, columns, centrelines of walls and other necessary structural parts. Also, it
establishes the buiding's correct extent, angle and level. The whole structure will be
located and erected according to the initial setting out.

Accurate setting out is therefore a fundamental part of the construction works, and
errors can be very expensive and time consuming to correct. It should only be
undertaken by competent persons, and all work should be thoroughly checked,
preferably by different personnel.

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Fig.no. 3 SUBMISSION DRAWING

17
 FIG. NO. 4 SUBMISSSION

Excavation :
18
There are two types of excavation preferably done for foundation:

1. Shallow excavation

2. Deep excavation

4.4.1 Shallow Excavation:-

It can be done without supporting the surrounding materials of trench if the soil of
side work of trench can be Stand as it was after excavation without falling.

No need of timbering instructing for Shallow of excavation. In some of cases is very

loose soil exist in

Shallow excavation, it need timbering strutting.

4.4.2 Deep excavation:

All deep excavation need support like timbering & strutting because soil cannot stand
without support except of Small depth of excavation.

For small buildings, excavation is carried out manually by means of pick axes, crow
bars. Spades etc. In case of large buildings and deep excavation, mechanical earth
cutting equipment can be used.

For hard soils when the depth of excavation is less than 1.5 m, the sides of the trench
do not need any external support. If the soil is loose or the excavation is deeper, some
sort of shoring is required to support the sides from falling.

19
 Fig.no.5 foundation

Footing

A footing is the part of the foundation which supports it and transfers the load to the
larger area on soil, so it safe the foundation from the settlement. It is generally
provided with reinforcement and cast with concrete. Footings are majorly used in
conjunction with shallow foundations commonly. The width and depth of any footing
mainly depend on the type of soil and the size and type of foundation.

It is the portion of Structure which transmit the load to the soil. The footing provided was

20
 Column

At Sites Generally Columns of sizes 230mm *350mm and 230* 400 mm with 6 bars of
12mm diameter with spacing of about 75mm c/c are provided with M20 grade of
Concrete where Aggregate of size 20 mm and Cement of grade 53 generally used.

Fig.no.6 column

4.7.1Precautions and checks made during Casting of Column on Site

As a Site Engineer it us totally responsible for the work to be smoothly executed

on site
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 When the column was being casted on site, its form Work needed to check its
verticality
To check for leakege if any
To check if properly installed
To take dimensions in place as per design obtained as per Senior Engineer.
Number of works required to execute the piece of work are on site or not.
All the tools needed to are in place
Material of Construction i.e. Cement, Sand, Aggregate, water etc.

4.8 Plinth beam

Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks
from the foundation into the wall above when the foundation suffers from settlement.
Plinth beams distributes the load of the wall over the foundation evenly.

Application of Plinth Beam

It is mandatory to provide plinth beam in areas that prone to earthquake.

Construction of plinth beam above the natural ground is another application of this
type of beam.

Strength of plinth beam concrete shall not be smaller than 20MPa. If concrete is mixed
manually, then an extra of 20% cement need to be added to the mixture. Figure 3
show plinth beam concrete preparation placement.

4.8.1 Formwork for Plinth Beam

Formwork used for plinth beam construction should be properly installed and
adequately secured prior to concrete placement as shown in Figure-4. The concrete
needs to be compacted sufficiently to prevent steel bars from aggressive elements.

Grade beam / Splander

22
That part of the foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the
superstructure.

Commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footings.

All column loads are distributed by grade beam.

All columns are joined together by grade beam.

If grade beam is not given,

floor column and short column are become free, which reduces the ability of
earthquake

Resisting.

load is not distributed properly.

2-inch clear cover is given in grade beam. (to resist moisture from soil)

23
FIG.NO.7 SITE

24
4.9. Precautions s and checks made during P.C.C laying on Site
Before laying P.C.C, to Check whether the surface has been levelled and
compacted properly
Tools like (randa ) free from any sticked material usually if already used may have
material like cement concrete over resulted if not washed properly after use.
Above mentioned point may lead to improper finishing of supposed P.C.C floor
laying
To see mentioned Grade of Cement being added for Concrete
prepration To see proper Grade of Concrete being followed by workers
on site.

M15 grade on sire means in forms of pan for sand is 12 pans of sand
While the flooring is being done the level of surface maintained properly.

Fig.no. 8 CONSTRUCTION

25
 Fig.no. 9 slab casting

4.10 Brick Masonry

Brick masonry is a highly durable form of construction. It is built by placing bricks in
mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted loads.
There are several types of bricks and number of mortars which can be used to
construct brick masonry.

The bond in brick masonry, which adheres bricks together, is produced by filling joints
between bricks with suitable mortar. Special cautions shall be practiced while mortar
is mixed and placed since it greatly affect the performance and durability of masonry
structure.

4.10.1 Types of Brick Masonry Work

1. Brick Work in Mud

The mud is used to fill up various joints brick masonry work.
Thickness of the mortar joint is 12 mm.
It is the cheapest type of brick masonry
Employed for construction of walls with maximum height of 4 m.

26
 2. Brick Work in Cement
This type of brick masonry is construction by laying bricks in cement mortar
rather than mud which is used in brick work in mud. There are three major
classes of brick work in cement which are summarized below as
First Class
Cement of lime mortar is used,
The surface and edges of bricks are sharp,
And the thickness of mortar joints doesn't exceed 1 Omm
Second Class
Ground moulded bricks are used,
Bricks are rough and shape is slightly irregular,
The thickness of mortar joint is 12 mm.
Third Class
Bricks are not hard ,rough surface with distorted shape,
Used for temporary structures,
Used in places where rainfall is not heavy.

Generally, Nowadays only brickwork in Cement can be seen around , as framed

structures are being all around so their function has been just confined to act as
PARTITION WALL. It became thing of past where the Brickwork in mud was used to be
witnessed.

4.10.2 Precaution during Brick work

Brick must saturate 24 hours and confirm fungus & salinity free before use.

Check for absorption capacity (maximum 1/6 of the weight of brick)

Prepare maximum quantity of mortar at a time so as to consume within 45 minutes. D

Make mortar as per ratio for outer side & 1:5 for inner side work.

27
During brick work vertical lining check with plum bob and also check for horizontal
lining.

Maximum vertical 3' 6" brick work complete in a day.

Brick work must leakage free. Check mortar plashing between the bricks.

After rubbing C.C and R.C.C surface then apply brick work in case of in contact with C.C
or R.C.C
4.11 Chipping / Hacking
Cheeping is mainly used to rough the surface.
Minimum of 2- no. Of cheep exist per squar inch
Depth of cheep nearer 2 mm

Fig.no. 10 CHIPPING / HATCHING

4.12 Plastering
Plastering is present all around us; there are various types of plastering, with each of
them has different mixing techniques and applications. Hence, it is essential to be able

28
to identify which type is best suitable for us. This step-by-step guide will give you
detailed information on how to perform the Plastering process.

Plastering in construction is the process of covering masonry/blockwork walls in the

construction of houses and other structures with a mixture of Cement and sand along
with the required quantity of water. The requirement of the good mortar are as
follows:

It should be adhered to during climatic changes and to the background.

It should be economical.
It should be hard and durable.
Plastering should be made used in all weather conditions.
It should effectively avoid penetration of moisture from the outer
surfaces to the internal block/structure.
It should possess good workability.

Plastering means plastering done for internal walls in which the work procedure
provides a finished Surface that is firm and smooth. The plaster acts as a thermal
insulating layer to an extent. It acts as a layer for fire protection.

Preparation of Surface forl Plastering

The mortar joints of the wall are kept rough to give a good bonding to hold plaster.

Excess amount of mortar should be removed after block work masonry/block work,
and pointing is to be done for all the joints.

Finishing of mortar joints in block work/masonry, be it stone or brick, is called

pointing.

Clean all the surfaces and joints of the wall with a wire brush; there should be no
grease or oil etc., left on the wall surface.

If there are any holes or cavities on the surface, fill it in advance with concrete and dry
for at least a day.

Plaster the entire wall and wash the mortar joints, and keep it wet for at least 6 hours
before applying cement plaster.
29
To reduce the consumption of mortar, if the projection on the wall surface is more
than 12 mm, then knock it off to obtain a uniform surface of the wall.

Hacking/ Chipping must be made on all concrete surfaces such as columns, beams,
ceiling, and retaining wall before plastering to ensure proper bonding between mortar
and surface.
Ensure all the electrical conducting work is complete.

Cover groove cutting by chicken mesh to avoid cracks developed by groves in the
future.

In the case of brick masonry/block work, the thickness of plaster is generally 12 mm,
and in the case of concrete masonry/block work, this thickness varies from 9 to 15
mm.

The ratio of cement and sand for plaster varies from 1:3 to 1:6.

Engineers should closely monitor the mortar mix ratio on-site.

The only required amount of dry mortar (cement-sand mixture) is prepared.

The supervisor should ensure that water is mixed to dry mortar for the quantity of dry
mortar used or consumed within 30 min.

Apply plaster between the spaces formed by the screeds on the wall surface, using the
trowel.

Before starting external plaster, ensure that masonry/block work is complete in all
respects.

Chapter 5
BUILDING MATERIALS

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these

materials are either called as building material. The material use in the building
on basis of the availability and cost. For construct a building the essential
building material are as follow:

30
5.1 Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of
compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste
which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to
form a durable mass called the Concrete.

Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play
the most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building.

Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of three types.

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS:455 A combination
of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry) with clinker (which
makes the OPC) and gypsum.

Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolonacement (PCC) conforming to IS: 1489 A

combination of flyash (from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum.pozzolana
cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type of
cement is largely used in marine structure.

Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS:
269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269 A
combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement is
manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the
calcined product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known
as ordinary Portland cement.

5.1.1Good quality cement has the following features

Reduced water requirement

Improve Workability

Less permissible to moisture

31
Improved resistance to acid and chlorides

Reduced heat of hydration

Easier to finish

Reduced shrinkage

Reduced leaching problems because it is low as Free lime.

5.1.2Cement brand available in our Udgir City are..

1. Ambuja Cement

2. Ultratech Cement

3. Deccan Cement

4. ACC Cement

5. Shree Cement

Sand
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded,
angular, sub angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of
minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and
less than 2 mm.

Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica

derived from the disintegration of rock.

5.2.1 These are of three types

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6
mm and less than 2 mm.

32
 Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater
than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm.

Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm
and less than 0.2 mm.

Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete

mixture.

It should be: Clear, angular and hard Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material
Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand Fee from
contaminates like sea salt Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not
exceed 7%. When mixing concrete the moisture Content must be taken in to
consideration.

The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost, Transportation,
handling and number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk Directly from the
source will be cheaper.

33
 Fig.no.11 sand

Fig.no. 12 Course aggregate

34
 FIG.NO.13 SIDE VIEW

Aggregate

35
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) Material,
which when bounded together by cement, form concrete.

Most Aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand
crushed rock and gravel.

5.3.1 Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories

l . Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve And retained
on 150 micron.

2. Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve And retained on
4.75 micron.
3. All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed.
It is sometimes used for unimportant work without separating into different
Sizes.

5.3.2Properties of Natural Aggregates

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970
Specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete.

Aggregates Should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited

porosity (water Absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours should
not be more than 10% .),

Free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and coal residues and should
Contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the
reinforcement Or impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The
shape

36
 (rounded,

Irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to
the
Strength and workability requirements.
5.3.3 Uses of the Aggregates

1) Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing Any type of

good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.

2) Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not suitable For R.C.C.

which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.

3) Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron, Forms

a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high

BRICKS
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt clay

bricks come in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used because they

are not easily available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm x 100mm

(including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks, sometimes also come in modular

form.

Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the

larger surface bearing the Manufacturer's brand. These also provide a good

mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar.

The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly ash bricks exhibit almost

similar mechanical properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork with

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precise pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect.

5.4.1 Classification and Characteristics of Bricks as per IS 1077-1973

Tests for the acceptance of bricks for building construction are:

1. Compressive strength test
2. Water absorption test
3. Efflorescence test

1. Compressive Strength Test on Bricks

The compressive strength of a common brick should be 50 kg/sq.cm
2 . Water Absorption Test on Bricks
If the water absorption capacity of a brick is more, its strength will be comparatively
low. For first class Bricks, the water absorption capacity should not be more than 20%
by weight.

3 . Efflorescence Test on Bricks

This test is performed to know the presence of any alkaline matter in the bricks.

5.5 Steel reinforcement

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity

of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an

appropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars

are called the reinforcement. These bars are provided at various locations to

resist the internal forces, which are developed due to the loads acting on the

structure.

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5.5.1 Precautions selecting bars
Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted
Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

5.6 Water

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water
mixed With it. Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of
concrete. After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so that the temperature
is Controlled and concrete matures slowly.
It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete production.
Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will produce
Concrete mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics and
inconsistent Colour.

THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES ON CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of Cementitious material, aggregate and water. Aggregate

Is commonly considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80% of the volume
And 70 to 85% of the weight of the concrete. Although aggregate is considered
Inert filler, it is a necessary component that defines the concrete s thermal and
Elastic properties and dimensional stability.
Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be known before mixing
Concrete to obtain a desirable mixture. These properties include shape and
Texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness,
And bulk unit weight. These properties along with water /cementitious material
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 Ratio determine the strength, workability and durability of the concrete.
The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the properties of fresh Concrete
more than hardened concrete. Concrete ids more workable when Smooth and
rounded aggregate is used instead of rough angular or elongated Aggregate

. Crushed stone produces much more angular and elongated aggregate, Which
have a higher surface to volume ratio better bond characteristics but Require
more cement paste to produce a workable mixture.
The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth
Surface can improve workability yet a rougher surface generates a stronger
bond Between the paste and the aggregate creating a higher strength.
The grading or size distribution of aggregate is an important characteristic
Because it determines the paste requirement for workable concrete. The
required Amount of the concrete paste is dependent upon the amount of void
space that must be filled and the total surface area that must be covered. When
the particlesare of uniform size the spacing is the greatest but when a range of
sizes is used the void spaces are filled, the less workable the concrete becomes,
therefore, a compromise between workability and economy is necessary.

The moisture content of an aggregate is an important factor when developing The

proper water/cementitious material ratio. The density of the aggregate is
Required in mixture proportioning to establish weight- volume relationships

5.7 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is only About
1/10 of the strength in the compression. So, the use of the plain concrete Is
limited to the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally strong in
Compression and tension, is, therefore, used to reinforce the concrete in a
suitable Way so that it can be used to build supporting structure where tension
also Develops . Concrete, thus reinforced is known as reinforced concrete .
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 This combination is made because long steel bars can develops its full Strength
where it cannot carry equal amount of compressive force due to its Buckling
which is caused by the slenderness. Thus, the combination of concrete And steel
bars has proved to be ideal, as the two material are used to resist the Stresses
for which they are most suitable.

Chapter 6
Design philosophy

R.C.C. design of building is being carried out mainly by three methods of design.
They are namely:

1. Working stress method

2. Ultimate load method and

3. Limit state method.

The Limit state method is now is vogue in all government design offices And premier
private
Consulting firms. The B.I.S. have published I.S.: 456-2000 incorporating the Use of the
Limit state method of Design. The designer should therefore get well versed with the
theory of Limit State method.

6.1 Limit State Method is a judicious amalgamation of Working Stress Method and

Ultimate Stress Method, removing the drawback of both of the method but retaining

their good points. It is also based on sound scientific principles and backed by 25 year
of

research.
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The Limit State Method has proved to have an edge over the Working Stress Method

from the economic point of view. Consequently we need no stick to Working Stress

Method any more.

Besides analytical part of the structural design, following factors should also be kept in

mind while designing the structure.

a) Strength of structure.

b) Durability of structure.

c) Serviceability of structure during construction as well as during design

lifetime of structure.

d) Economy in building material and ease of constructions.

e) Economy in centering and formwork.

f) Aesthetics of structure

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 Chapter 7
Cement concrete

Cement concrete is a composite material used for construction of various civil

Engineering structures. It is obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as Cement,
Fine aggregate (normally sand) and coarse aggregate (normally stone Pieces) in
required proportions. Water is added in the required measure and the Mixture is put
into a mechanical mixer to achieve concrete.Concrete is poured Into the formwork
(mould made up of plywood, steel plates and timber) to get the Desired shape. It is
then vibrated to achieve proper compaction (uniform Denseness). High temperature is
generated through chemical reaction in this Process. Curing (control of temperature)
with water is essential to achieve the Desired strength of the concrete.

Concrete gains compressive strength progressively with time. The strength Achieved
at the end of the 28 days is called the Characteristics Compressive Strength of the
concrete and is designed as a Grade. About 60% of this strength is Achieved at the end
of the 7 days from the date of casting. Concrete continues to Gain strength even
beyond 28 days, albeit marginally.

The form is subsequently Removed.

Different compressive strength of the concrete can be achieved by Mixing the basic
ingredients in different proportions.

Being a material Moulded at site, the durability of the concrete over a long period of
time depends On its mixing, placement, vibration and curing which together
contribute to Its workmanship .

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7.1 Properties of Cement concrete

7.1.1 Strength of concrete

It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile and shear strengths are
Generally about 8 to 12% and 8 To 10% of their compressive strength respectively.

The compressive strength of concrete is affected by several factors such as

Quality of the material and grading of the aggregates

Water
Water cement ratio
Cement content
Age of the concrete
Method of mixing placing compacting and curing

7.1.2 Workability of concrete

The concrete should have sufficient workability. The workability of the concrete

Indicates the ease with which it can be mixed, placed and compacted. Generally

The strength decreases with increases of the workability.

7.1.3 Durability of concrete

The concrete possess a high durability value, as it is not much affected by
Atmospheric action. On the contrary, with the age, the concrete goes on Hardening,
thereby increase in the strength. It is this property, which gives

This material a distinct place among the building material.

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7.1.4 Elasticity of concrete
The concrete is not a truly elastic material and elastic modulus is effect by The
strength, age, and moisture content of the concrete and the type of the Aggregate
used. The concrete undergoes an extra strain in addition to instantaneous Strain on
application of a load or stress, sufficient time. This extra strain is called Creep of
concrete and is permanent in character not recovered on the removal of Load.

7.1.5 Shrinkage of concrete

The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following conditions

A. There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete, which is mainly due to loss of

Water through forms, absorption by surface of forms.

B. The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it is hardened. This tendency Of

shrinkage on one-hand causes cracks in concrete, while on the other, it grips The
reinforcement tightly and hence proper bond between concrete and
Reinforcement when used in
R.C.C. work

7.1.6 Fire resistance of concrete

Concrete is good insulator and has a fairly good fire resistance owing to the Presence
of pores and also water.

7.2 Manufacture of the concrete

In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a Concrete of
predetermined proportion is continuously placed in position in such A way that each
batch almost like the other batches as far as possible.

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7.2.1 Batching of the concrete
After fixing the proportion of different ingredients of concrete for a particular Work,
the material C.A., F.A., cement and water measured out in batches for Mixing. The
process is known as Batching. This process of batching may be Carried out by weight or
by volume.

a) Weight batching: - The unit of weight, for material of concrete, is usually Kilogram.

The batching of material by weight is absolutely straightforward, The cement,

sand and coarse aggregate being all weighed directly in Kilogram.

b) Volume batching: - In batching by volume, all ingredient i.e. water, cement, Sand

and coarse aggregate are measured in litres, where the resulting concrete (being)
solid measured in cubic meters.

7.3. Transporting the concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the
Mixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is Mixed on
the actual construction site and could require some significant travel. This is most
common for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in transporting Concrete is to
ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or consistency, air Content, homogeneity
are not modified from there intended states. The concrete transport commonly by the
steel pipes

7.5 Compaction

In some types of construction, the concrete is placed in forms, and then Consolidated.
The consolidation compacts fresh concrete to mold it within the Forms and around
embedded items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone Pockets, honeycomb and
entrapped air. It should not remove significant amount Of intentionally entrained air.

46
Vibration either internal or external is the most widely used method for Consolidating
concrete. When concrete is vibrated, the internal friction between The aggregate
particles is temporarily destroyed and the concrete behave like A liquid; it settles in
the forms under the action of gravity and the large Entrapped air voids rise more easily
to the surface. Internal friction is Re-established as soon as vibration stops.

Fig.no.11 compaction

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7.6 Finishing

Concrete that will be visible, such as slab like driveway, highway or patios often Need
finishing. Concrete slabs can be finished in many ways, depending on the Intended
service use. Options include various colours and textures, such as exposed Aggregate
or a patterned stamped surface. Some surface may require only Strike off and
screendingto proper contour and elevation, while for other Surface a broomed,
floated, or trowelled finish may be specified. In slab Construction screeding or strike
off is the process of cutting off excess concrete to Bring the top surface of the slab to
proper grade.

A straight edge is moved across The concrete with a sawing motion and advanced
forward a short distance with Each movement. Bull floating eliminates high and low
spots and embeds large aggregate particles Immediately after strike off.

This look like a long handled straight edge pulled across the concrete. Joining is
Required to eliminate unsightly random cracks. Construction joints are made With a
groover or by inserting strips of plastic, wood, metal, or performed joints Material into
the unhardened concrete. Saw cut joints can be made after the Concrete is sufficiently
hard or strong enough to prevent the reveling.

After The concrete has been jointed it should be floated with a wood or metal hand
Float or with a finishing machine using float blades. This embeds aggregate Particles
just beneath the surface; removes slight imperfections, humps, and Voids; and
compacts the mortar at the surface in preparation for addition finishing Operations.

Where a smooth, hard, dense surface is desired, floating should Be followed by steel
troweling. Troweling should not be done on a Surface that has not been floated;
troweling after only bull floating is not an Adequate finish procedure.

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Fig.no.12 certificate

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 CONCLUSION

My internship at NATHANI & COMPANY was an enriching experience that bridged the
gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. I developed a deeper
understanding of various civil engineering disciplines and improved my technical and
professional skills. This experience has prepared me to take on future challenges in the
field of Civil Engineering with confidence and competence.

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