AIR POLLUTION - THE GLOBAL CRISES

SRM
__Andhra Pradesh

Submitted by:
AP24110011334-DENDUKURI SRIVALLI
AP24110011335-GANDIKOTA SRUTHI
AP24110011336-BYSANI ATHARV
AP24110011338-PADAVALA KHABHILASH
APU110011339-POLNATI VAISHNAVI
AP24110011340-KOTHA KIRAN

Submitted to:
Dr PANKAJ PATHAK
Subject - VAC-101
 S. no contents pg.no

1. Introduction 3

2. Types of air pollution 4-6

3. Causes of air pollution 7-9

4. Health impacts 10-11

5. Mitigation processes 12-12

6. Graph analysis 14-16

7. Prevention methods 17-18

8. conclusion 19

INTRODUCTION

Air pollution a global environmental crisis, has far-reaching consequences for human
health and the planet. It occurs when harmful substances are released into the
atmosphere, compromising air quality. The increasing levels of pollutants in the air,
primarily resulting from human activities such as industrialization, transportation, and
energy production, pose significant risks to human health, ecosystems, and the
economy. the Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nine out of ten people
worldwide breathe polluted air, resulting in approximately seven million premature
deaths annually.

WHO Air pollution Report Highlights:

-9/10 people breathe polluted air
-7 million premature deaths annually
-93% of children breathe polluted air
- Top causes: heart disease, stroke, COP D
- Guidelines: PM2.5 (5mg/m3), N02 03 (100mg/m3)

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION:

Primary Air Pollutants:

1. Particulate Matter (PM): tiny particles that cause respiratory issues
2. Nitrogen Dioxide (N02): contributes to respiratory problems and ozone formation
3. Sulphur Dioxide (S02): causes acid rain and respiratory issues
4. Carbon Monoxide (CO): reduces oxygen delivery organs and tissues
5.Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs}: contribute to ozone formation and health
issues
6.Ozone (03): ground. level ozone harms respiratory health
7.Lead: neurotoxin that affects brain development and function
8.Ammonia (NH3): contributes to particulate matter formation

Secondary Air Pollutants:

1.Ground-Level Ozone(O3): formed from N02, V OCS, and
sunlight.
2. Acid Rain: formed from S02 and N02 reactions
3. Smog: combination of smoke and fog caused VOCs and N02
4.Haze: visibility-reducing particles, often from wildfires or industrial
activities

Indoor Air Pollutants:

1. Radon: radioactive gas that causes lung cancer
2. Mold: allergenic and toxic microorganisms
3. Second hand Sr-nuke: tobacco smoke that harms non-smokers
4. Asbestos: carcinogenic fibres from building materials
5. Formaldehyde: VOC from furniture, adhesives. and other products
6. Pesticides: chemical residues from pest control
Outdoor Air Pollutants:
1.Vehicle Emissions: NOZ PM, CO, and VOC> from transportation
2.Industrial Emissions: Stu N02, and PM from factories and power plants
3.Agricultural Emissions: ammonia and particulate matter from farming
4.Natural Sources: wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and dust storms

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION:

Natural Causes:
1. Volcanic eruptions: release sulfur dioxide, ash and particulate matter
2. Wildfires: emit particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds
3.Dust storms: lift particulate matter into the air
4. Natural gas seeps: release methane and Other hydrocarbons

Human Activities:
1. Fossil fuel combustion: power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes
emit pollutants
2. Industrial processes: chemical manufacturing mining, and smelting
release pollutants
3. Transportation: vehicles, airplanes, and ships emit pollutants
4. Agriculture: farming practices, livestock, and pesticides release
ammonia and particulate matter
5. Waste management: landfills and incinerators release pollutants
6. Construction and demolition: release particulate matter and Other pollutants
Effects Of Air Pollution:
1. Respiratory issues
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Neurological damage
4. Cancer
5. Birth defects
6. Environmental damage
 The health harms of air pollution

Short-Term Health Impacts:

1.Respiratory issues: coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath

2. irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and lungs

3. Headaches, dizziness, and nausea
4- Cardiovascular problems: heart attacks, strokes
5. Neurological issues: confusion, disorientation

Long-Term Health Impacts:

1. Chronic respiratory diseases: asthma, COPD
2. Lung cancer
3. Cardiovascular disease: heart failure, arrhythmias
4. Neurological damage: cognitive impairment,
S. Birth defects and low birth weigh
6. increased risk of infections: pneumonia, bronchitis
Emission Reduction:
1. Transition to clean energy sources (solar, wind, hydro)
2. Improve energy efficiency in industries and buildings
3. Implement emission controls (scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators)
a. Promote sustainable transportation (electric/hybraid vehicles, public transport)
5. Enhance fuel efficiency standards

Industrial Mitigation:
1. implement Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
2.use pollution-reducing technologies (catalvtic
converters)
3. Optimize production processes to minimize emissions
4. Implement waste reduction and recycling programs
5. Conduct regular emissions monitoring

Transportation Mitigation:
1.Promote electric/hybrid vehicles
2.Improve public transportation infrastructure
3. Encourage carpooling, cycling, and walking
4. Implement congestion pricing
S. Enhance fuel efficiency standards

6. Air purification systems

7. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure
8.Carbon capture and storage technologies

Education and Awareness:

1. Public awareness campaigns
2- Education programs for
schools
3. Community outreach initiatives
4. Training programs for industries
S. Research and development initiatives

GRAPH ALALSYS:
1. Line Graph:
Purpose: Tracks changes in a specific pollutant's concentration over
time.
interpretation:
Upward trend: increasing pollution levels.

Downward trend: Decreasing pollution levels.

Steep slope: Rapid change in pollution levels.

Gentle Slope: Gradual change in pollution levels.

line graph showing air pollution levels over a decade

2. Bar Graph:
Purpose: Compares pollution levels across different locations or time
periods.

Interpretation
Taller bars: Higher pollution levels.

Shorter bars: Lower pollution levels.

Color-coding: Can be used to differentiate between different

pollutants or regions.
bar graph comparing air pollution levels in different cities

3. Pie Chart:
Purpose: Shows the relative contribution of different pollutants to the overall
air pollution.

Interpretation:
Larger Slices: Higher contribution to pollution.
Smaller slices: Lower contribution to pollution.

pie chart showing the percentage contribution gf different pollutants to air pollution

4. Map-Based Visualization:
Purpose: Visualizes spatial patterns of air pollution.
Interpretation:
Darker colours: Higher pollution levels.

Lighter colours: Lower pollution levels.

 .
map showing air pollution levels across a country or region

Key Considerations for Analysis:

Data Quality and Reliability: Ensure that the data used is accurate and
consistent.

Pollutant Selection: Choose pollutants relevant to the specific analysis (e

PM2.S, NOR, SQ).

Time Scale: Consider the appropriate time frame for analysis (e.g., daily,
monthly, annual).

Spatial Scale: Analyse pollution trends at different spatial scales (local,

regional, global).

Contextual Factors: Account for factors like industrial activity, population

density, and meteorological conditions

EFFECTIVE PREVENTATION METHODS : Individual Actions:

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Minimize waste to reduce the need for manufacturing
and disposal processes
Conserve Energy: Turn off lights and appliances when not in use.

Choose Eco-friendly Transportation: Opt for walking, cycling, or public

transportation. If driving, carpool or use electric vehicles.

Plant Trees: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, improving air
quality,

Avoid Burning: Refrain from burning leaves, trash, or other materials.

Community and Government Initiatives:
Stricter Regulations: Enforce stricter regulations on industries to reduce
emissions.

Promote Renewable Energy: Invest in renewable energy sources like solar,

wind, and hydro power.

Improve Public Transportation: Develop efficient and affordable public

transportation on systems.
Promote Green Spaces: Create more parks and green areas to improve air
quality,

Entourage Sustainable Practices: Promote sustainable practices in industries

and households-

Monitor Air Quality: Regularly monitor air quality to identify pollution

hotspots and take corrective actions.

international Cooperation: Collaborate with other countries to address global

air pollution issues.

Technological Solutions:
Clean Technologies: Develop and implement cleaner technologies in
industries.

Emission Control Devices: use advanced emission control devices to reduce

pollutants from vehicles and industries.

Carbon Capture and Storage: Capture and store carbon dioxide emissions
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
CONCLUSION:
in conclusion, ambient air pollution is a health hazard. it La global challenge, as
evidence shows that adverse effects still exist even at low air pollution concentrations.
Air pollution remains a critical environmental and public health concern in
[City/Regian/Countrv]. The evidence presented in this report underscores the urgent
need for collective action to mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution on human
health, ecosystem, and the economy.

REFERENCE:
https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient