CHAPTER TWO

1.0. GENERAL AND SPECIAL FACTORY DRIVES

When choosing a motor for a particular operation and installation, the following points

have to be taken into consideration:

(a) The types of supply available.

(b) The nature of the load.

(c) The special adverse condition such as excessive heat, moisture, explosive or

inflammable atmosphere.

Below are the examples of Electric drives (motors) and their areas of operations and

applications.

2.1. MOTORS FOR USE ON D.C SUPPLIES

2.1.1 THE D.C SERIES MOTOR

This provides a high starting torque but is liable to race if disconnected from its load. This

makes the motor suitable for direct-coupled loads such as fans, and for other purposes, but this

types of motor is NOT suitable for belt drives.

This provides a reasonable starting torque and a fairly constant speed and the speed can be

easily controlled by means of a field regulator. Its characteristics make the shunt motor suitable

for most general purpose drives.

2.1.3 THE COMPOUND MOTOR [CUMMULATIVE TYPE]

This can provide a high starting torque together with a safe no-load speed; it is particularly

suitable for heavy intermittent loads such as fly pressers .It is also suitable for load requiring a

high starting torque and a fairly constant speed drive such as compressors and hoists. A

further application is for loads processing a high inertia and subject to sudden overload such as

rolling mills.
2.2 MOTORS FOR USE ON THREE-PHASE A.C. SUPPLIES

(i) The Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor: This is the least expensive type of motor and is

suitable for most general-purpose drives. Its only real disadvantage being that the starting

torque is somewhat limited and the speed cannot easily be varied. However, double and

triple cage motor machines are available for use where a high starting torque is important.

(ii) The Slip-Ring Induction Motor: This provides a high starting torque but is more

expensive than the squirrel-cage type.

(i) The Synchronous Motor: This can be used to provide an absolutely constant speed

drive. A feature of this motor is that it can be designed to operate with a leading power

factor, so providing power factor correction for other equipment in the installation.

(ii) There are various types of VARIABLE SPEED A.C MOTOR e.g. the commutator motor.

These types of motor are comparatively expensive and so they are only used where

variable speed operation is essential.

2.3 MOTORS FOR USE ON SINGLE-PHASE A.C. SUPPLIES

(i) Single-Phase Induction Motor: These can be used to provide constant speed drives for

the smaller loads. As they are not so efficient as three-phase motors, they are seldomly

recommended for use with loads requiring much more than one horse-power.

(ii) Series Connected [Universal] Motors: This can be used on either A.C. or D.C. supplies;

they are commonly used in vacuum cleaners, small electric drills,etc.

1 Recommendations for good practice when installing electric motors are given in code of

practice C.P.321, 102; also in IEE wiring Regulations and factories Act must be

observed.

2 Every electric motor must be provided with efficient means of starting and stopping. The

means of stopping the motor must be within the reach of operator of the machine driven

by the motor and in many cases,this means that remote stop buttons must be provided.

3. (a) Protection against excess current.See IEE Wiring Regulations and Factories Act.

(b) The supply cables must be rated to carry at least the full-load current of the motor.

(c) Efficient means of isolating the motor and its control gear from the supply.

(d) No-Volt release, to prevent restarting after failure of supply.

(e) The frame and all exposed non-conducting metal parts must be efficiently

earthed.This however does not in itself provide efficient earth continuity and a

separate earth continuity conductor must always be used.

2.5 FAULT-FINDING IN DRIVES

The location and nature of a fault in an electrical machine can usually be quickly

determined by systematic tests. The tests to be carried out obviously depend upon the symptoms

of the fault. For example: if a motor shows no sign of life at all, it is advisable to check the supply

first. Most of the tests which are required can be carried-out using:

(i) Continuity tester (ii) Insulation tester

(iii) Voltage indicator, test lamp, or voltmeter for checking the supply.
2.6(a) VOLTAGE/LOAD EQUATION

Let P = Pairs of poles.

=Flux per poles in webers

N =Rotational speed of armature in rev/min.

Z = Number of parallel paths through armature between brushes of opposite

polarity =2 for WAVE and 2P for LAP winding

𝑍
 =Number of armature conductors in series for each parallel path.
𝐶

2𝑃𝛷𝑁 𝑍
Total E.M.F, E = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
60 𝐶

V = E - 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 Where V =Terminal voltage

E = Voltage generated

𝐼𝑎 = Armature current

𝑅𝑎 = Armature Resistance [including interlopes]

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼⬚ − 𝐼𝑓

Note: FOR MOTOR E = V - 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 ; 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼⬚ − 𝐼𝑓

(a) MOTOR POWER AND TORQUE

Work done/minute = 2πNT

where T = Torque in Newton metre

N = Speed in rev/min
 2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Power Exerted = Newton metre/second (Nm/s)
60

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐼𝑎 𝐸 = 60
Watts, Since 1Nm = 1Joule.

2.7 SPEED CONTROL OF A D.C. MOTOR

The two major ways by which speed of a dc motor can be varied are by varying the flux or

the armature voltage or both. The methods most commonly employed are:

(a) A variable resistor, termed a field regulator in series with the shunt winding

(b) A resistor, termed a controller, (as in cranes, hoists, train etc) in series with the armature

(c) Exciting the field winding of a constant-voltage system and supplying the armature from

a separate generator .This method is often referred to as the WARD-LEONARD system

and is used for controlling the speed of motors driving colliery winders, rolling mills etc.

(d) When A.C supply is available, the voltage applied to the armature can be controlled by

thyristor.

(e) By the used of six thyristors where three-phase A.C. supply is involved.

2.8 IMPORTANCE OF STARTER IN A D.C MOTOR

A starting resistance usually arranged to be variable is necessary with the armature circuit

of D.C motor to help limit the initially higher starting current, which could otherwise burn the

armature windings usually of a very low resistance .When the motor runs, it build-up a back-EMF,

which limit this current.

(i) Variable Resistor: To limit current through the armature until back EMF is build-up.

(ii) Fuse on both lines: To open the circuit in the effect of excess current due to fault and

failure of overloading or no-voltage, overload coil failing to operate.

(iii) Overload coil: When excess current due to overloading exists in the circuit it will

energize the overloading coil and its flux short-circuit the holder on coil. This coil will

loose its flux, which will release the arm of its variable resistance to the off position.

(iv) No-Volt Coil: It is for protection against restarting in the event of failure of the supply,

either due to a fault or on purpose.