#2 Atomic Structure
#2 Atomic Structure
Electron Isotopes
- Negatively charged particles - Are atoms of the same element
- Orbit around nucleus - Have the same number of protons and electrons
- Discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897) - Different number of neutrons
- Have same atomic number (same element) but
different mass number
Protons Neutrons Electrons
- They have different physical properties (due to
relative charge relative charge relative charge different mass numbers)
of +1 of 0 of -1 - Have same chemical properties since they have
the same number of electrons
p n e
Radioisotopes
- Unstable isotopes emit high-energy radiation
- Stable isotopes do not emit radiation
- The emission is dangerous because it can
damage living cells and cause cancer
Electron Configuration
s
2 subshell
1 shell level
Quantum Numbers
Orbitals
- Used to describe the location and energy of the
- Each one can hold a maximum of 2 electrons,
electron in an atom
with opposite spins
- Tells where the electron is and how it moves
- “Clouds” where an atom is most likely found
inside the atom
- The denser the cloud, the higher probability
- These numbers are solutions to the Schrodinger
- 3-dimensional
equation (which predicts electron behavior)
- Have different shapes and sizes depending on the
- Each electron has a unique set
energy level and type
- Used to describe ionization energy and atomic
radius
- Used to determine electron configuration
Xe 54
❑ −4
❑21 S c = 3 d5
Rn 86
n=3 l=2