Medha Patkar

Medha Patkar (born 1 December 1954) is an Indian Social activist working on social issues for
tribals, dalits, farmers, labourers and women facing injustice in India. She is an alumna of TISS, a
premier institute of social science research in India.[1][2]

Patkar is a founding member of Narmada Bachao Andolan with afnan ahmed in Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Gujarat. She is also one of the founders of the National Alliance of People's
Movements (NAPM), an alliance of hundreds of progressive people's organizations.[3] In addition to
the above, Patkar was a commissioner on the World Commission on Dams, which did thorough
research on the environmental, social, political and economic aspects and impacts of the
development of large dams globally and their alternatives.[4] She was the national co-ordinator and
then convenor of National Alliance of People's Movements for many years and now continues to be
an advisor to NAPM. Under the banner of NAPM, she has participated in and supported various
mass struggles across India against inequity, non-sustainability, displacement, and injustice in the
name of development. She challenges Casteism, Communalism, and all forms of discrimination in
her work.[5] She has been a part of numerous teams and panels that work on initiating and
formulating various national policies and enactments including those related to land acquisition,
unorganized sector workers, hawkers, slum-dwellers and forest-dweller Adivasis. NAPM filed
several public interest litigations including those against Adarsh society, Lavasa Megacity,
Hiranandani(Powai) and as well as other builders.

In 2000, Medha Patkar was included in the 100 heroes of the 20th century by Time.[6] However,
noted Economist Swaminathan has criticized Medha Patkar in hindsight, saying she was wrong on
the Narmada project. The Then Prime Minister Modi said that Medha Patkar and her “urban Naxal”
friends had opposed and delayed the Narmada project that had greatly benefited Gujarat.”[7]
Expansion of the project in subsequent years has further brought further benefits from the dam,
with irrigation water now available throughout the year to farmers across the states of Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.[8]

In July 2024, Medha Patkar was sentenced to five months jail and was ordered to pay 10 lakh
rupees compensation in a defamation case filed by the then Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Vinai
Kumar Saxena by a Delhi court.[9] The sentence was also suspended by the court for one month.[10]
Early and personal life Medha Patkar

Medha Patkar was born as Medha Khanolkar on 1

December 1954 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, the
daughter of Vasant Khanolkar, a freedom fighter,
and labour union leader,[11] and his wife Indumati
Khanolkar, a gazetted officer in the Post and
Telegraphs Department.[12] She has one brother,
Mahesh Khanolkar, an architect.

Medha Khanolkar earned an MA in Social Work

from Tata Institute of Social Sciences. She was
married for seven years (hence her surname Patkar in 2002
[11]
Patkar) but the marriage ended in divorce.
Born 1 December 1954
Bombay, Bombay
Career as an activist State (present-day
Maharashtra), India
Medha Patkar worked with voluntary
Other names Medha tai
organizations in Mumbai's slums for 5 years and
tribal districts of North-East districts of Gujarat Education MA in Social work
for three years. She worked as a member of the
Alma mater Tata Institute of
faculty at Tata Institute of Social Sciences but left
Social Sciences
her position to take up the fieldwork. She was a
Ph.D. scholar at TISS, studying Economics Organization National Alliance of

development and its impact on traditional People's Movements

societies. After working up to M.Phil. level she left (NAPM)

her unfinished Ph.D. when she became immersed Movement Narmada Bachao
in her work with the tribal and peasant Andolan (NBA)
communities in the Narmada valley spread over
Awards Right Livelihood
three states.
Award
 Medha Patkar speaking at the Bhopal Jan Utsav
2017 organized by All India People's Science
Network

Medha Patkar at the Right Livelihood Award

foundation.

About Narmada Bachao Andolan

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement protesting against the dam on river
Narmada which began in 1985 consisting of Adivasis, farmers, fish workers, labourers, and others in
the Narmada valley along with the intellectuals including environmentalists, human rights activists,
Scientists, academics, artists who stand for just and sustainable development. Sardar Sarovar Dam
in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on Narmada where the non-violent people's struggle has
questioned social and environmental costs, undemocratic planning, and unjust distribution of
benefits. The struggle is still on in the Sardar Sarovar affected areas and also other large and
medium dams on Narmada and its tributaries. It has led to thousands of project-affected families
receiving land-based rehabilitation and continues to fight against submergence and displacement
without rehabilitation of more than 40,000 families residing in these submergence areas of Sardar
Sarovar to date. Few of the claims and critique on economic, social, and environmental aspects of
the Sardar Sarovar and Narmada valley development project stand vindicated today. Patkar has also
questioned the wisdom of the currently popular developmental strategy of linking rivers in India as a
means to address issues of water shortage.[13]
NBA has been running Jeevan shalas- schools of life, since 1992.[14] NBA also successfully
established and managed a micro-hydro projects which got submerged due to the flood in the
Narmada Valley.[14]

Critics argue that dam's benefits include provision of drinking water, power generation and irrigation
facilities. However, it is believed that the campaign, led by the NBA activists, has held up the
project's completion, and NBA supporters have attacked on local people who accepted
compensation for moving.[15] Others have argued that the Narmada Dam protesters are little more
than environmental extremists, who use pseudoscientific agitprop to scuttle the development of the
region and that the dam will provide agricultural benefits to millions of poor in India.[16] There had
also been instances of the NBA activists turning violent and attacking rehabilitation officer from
Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA), which caused damage to the contractor's
machinery.[17]

The NBA has been accused of lying under oath in court about land ownership in areas affected by
the dam.[18] The Supreme Court has mulled perjury charges against the group.[19]

Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan

It is a struggle for housing rights in Mumbai, started in 2005, and continues to fight for the rights of
slum-dwellers and those created by the builders in various rehabilitation and re-development
projects. It all began when the government of Maharashtra demolished 75,000 houses of the poor in
2005, against its promises before the election. Strong people's movement was founded by Medha
Patkar and others when she gave the slogan in a large public meeting at Azaad Maidaan Mumbai. It
was through mass action that the communities were rebuilt on the same sites and continued to
assert and attain their right to shelter water, electricity, sanitation, and livelihood. As members of
working-class GBGBA respect the slum-dwellers for contribution to the life of the city and involve
them inequitable and inclusive planning for urban development.

National Alliance of People's Movements

The National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM) is an alliance of people's movements in India,
with the stated aim of working on a range of issues related to socio-economic justice, political
justice, and equity.[3] Medha Patkar founded the National Alliance of People's Movements with the
objective of "facilitating unity and providing strength to peoples' movements in India, fighting
against oppression, further questioning the current development model to work towards a just
alternative". She is the national convener of the NAPM.[20]

Tata Nano Plant Singur

Tata Motors started constructing a factory to manufacture their $2,500 car, the Tata Nano at
Singur.[21] She protested against the setting up of the plant at Singur, West Bengal. Patkar's convoy
was assaulted, allegedly by CPI(M) activists, at Kapaseberia in East Midnapore district while on her
way to strife-torn Nandigram.[22] At the height of the agitation, Ratan Tata had made remarks
questioning the source of funds of the agitators.[23] In October 2008 Tata announced that the
factory would not be completed and that the production of the Nano will be set up in Sanand,
Gujarat.

Nandigram land grab resistance (2007)

She participated in and initiated various supportive actions including a fast during Diwali in Kolkata,
mass-mobilization, complaints at various national fora, and building support of intellectuals and
various citizens across the country. The battle was ultimately won in favor of the local people who
had to lay their lives in large numbers during state violence.

Lavasa

Lavasa is a project by Hindustan Construction Corporation, in Maharashtra. It is a yet-to-be-

completed city. Lavasa Project is criticized by P. Sainath for unjust use of water in a worst-hit farmer
suicide state.[24] Medha Patkar with villagers of Lavasa protested for the environmental damage in
Nagpur.[25] She also filed a PIL in Supreme Court against the Lavasa project.

Golibar Demolition

Demolition took place on 2 and 3 April 2013 in the Golibar area, Mumbai, Maharashtra evicting 43
houses and displacing more than 200 people. the whole project is to displace thousands of families
and 50–100 years old communities that are demanding in-situ and participatory housing rights.
Medha Patkar with more than 500 slum dwellers set on indefinite fast to protest against any further
demolition until the inquiry into the matter is completed.[26] Patkar has alleged corruption and
"atrocities" by builders in the city's slum rehabilitation scheme and called for the halting of six
projects by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority until a proper inquiry is conducted. The inquiry was
conducted giving partial solutions hence communities continue with their struggle.[27]

Save Sugar-Cooperatives Mission

To save the Sugar-Cooperative sector in Maharashtra from falling into the hands of politicians
including tens of ministers in the Maharashtra cabinet till 2014, Medha Patkar organized protests.
She explained that "the politicians are interested in the prime plots of land, old equipment, and
machinery," of sugar co-operatives and accused the state government of selling assets of the
industry at throw-away rates. A case against Girna Sugar factory at Malegaon, Nasik, Maharashtra
and members of Chhagan Bhujbal Family pending before the Supreme court of India and the unused
land of the factory is re-occupied and cultivated by the local farmers who were the donors of the
cooperative that was privatized by the former minister purchasing it at a throwaway price.[28]

Powai land scam

Medha Patkar along with other activists registered in PIL in the High Court of Mumbai, alleging
violations by property tycoon Niranjan Hiranandani in building luxury flats instead of affordable
houses. Hiranandani had signed a lease for the 230 acres of land in 1986 at a rate of Re 1 per
hectare in a tripartite agreement with the state and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development
Authority.[29] Responding to PIL Maharashtra High Court judges say that" we appreciate the
elegance of the construction and the intent on creating an architectural marvel for the city of
Mumbai, we see the specific intent of wholly ignoring the most vital, and perhaps the only, condition
in tripartite agreement (to create affordable houses of 40 and 80 sq m)".[30] If calculated according
to the current market price, the quantum of the scam will be around Rs. 450 billion.[31] The
judgment of 2012 directed Hirandani to build 3,144 houses for the low-income groups before any
other construction at Hiranandani gardens which is yet to happen. The case is at the stage of final
hearing at HC of Mumbai as of March 2021.[32]

Kovvada Nuclear project

Patkar expressed strong opposition to the land acquisition in Kovvada of Ranasthalam Mandal in
Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh saying that the nuclear plant would be a disaster for ecology as
well as people of the region.[33]
K-Rail (SilverLine) Project

Patkar said what the state needed was development not destruction. She was speaking at a protest
meet against the CPM-led Kerala government's ambitious SilverLine semi high speed rail corridor
project on 24 March 2022. "This has become an internal war. This is not Ukraine, this is Kerala. This
is to save our country from the high speed development tragedy," she said.[34]

JSW Steel project

Patkar has been opposing the JSW steel project in Odisha citing environmental reasons. However in
June 2022, when she tried to meet her aide at Dhinsukia village in Odisha, the villagers opposed her
presence and protested following which police intervened and Patkar had to go back.[35][36]

Medha Patkar in March 2012

Career in politics

In January 2004 during the World Social Forum held in Mumbai. Medha Patkar and other members
of National Alliance of People's Movement initiated a Political Party 'People's Political Front[37]' also
called as 'Lok Rajniti Manch'. However, Medha did not participate as an active politician but adhered
herself to creating an atmosphere and environment by organizing a fifteen days Maharashtra state-
level campaign. She was accompanied by two young activists, Maju Varghese and journalist Jaspal
Singh Naol (Jal). Meetings were organized under her leadership in each district of Maharashtra.
Most of the members had asked Patkar to stand for election, but she denied it.

In January 2014, Medha Patkar joined the Aam Aadmi Party, a political party led by Arvind Kejriwal.
She and her organization, National Alliance of People's Movement, provided support to the Aam
Aadmi Party during the Lok Sabha campaign.[38]

Patkar also contested the 2014 Lok Sabha election for the Mumbai North East Mumbai
constituency as an Aam Aadmi Party candidate.[39] She lost, receiving 8.9%[40] of the vote cast in
North East Mumbai constituency, trailing at third position behind Kirit Somaiya (BJP candidate,
winner) and Sanjay Patil (NCP candidate).[41] She resigned from Aam Aadmi Party's primary
membership on 28 March 2015.[42]

On 16 November 2022, she participated in the Bharat Jodo Yatra led by Congress party leader Rahul
Gandhi in Washim, Maharashtra.[43]

Conviction

On 1 July 2024, a Delhi court sentenced Patkar to five months of imprisonment in a criminal
defamation case lodged over two decades ago by the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Vinai Kumar
Saxena. The case stemmed from an incident in 2001 when Saxena, then president of the National
Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), filed a defamation suit against Patkar.[44]

Background

In 2000, the NCCL published an advertisement criticizing Patkar's opposition to the construction of
a dam on the Narmada River. In response, In response, Patkar issued a press statement in which
she made derogatory remarks about Saxena. She also approached the court alleging that Saxena
published newspaper advertisement against her and Narmada Bachao Andolan.[45] Feeling
aggrieved by Patkar's comments, Saxena filed a criminal defamation suit against her in a local court
in Ahmedabad, which later transferred the case to the Saket Court in Delhi in 2003 following a
Supreme Court order.

Court Proceedings

On 24 May 2024, Metropolitan Magistrate Raghav Sharma of the Saket Court convicted Patkar of
criminal defamation under Section 500 of the Indian Penal Code. The court ruled that Patkar's
actions were deliberate and malicious, asserting that her statements directly attacked Saxena's
personal character and loyalty to the nation. The court also noted that Patkar had failed to provide
evidence countering the claims of intended or foreseeable harm caused by her imputations.[46][47]

Sentencing

Despite rejecting Patkar's request for release on probation, the court considered her age and health
conditions and chose not to impose the maximum punishment of one to two years of
imprisonment. Instead, Patkar was sentenced to five months of simple imprisonment and
mandated Patkar to pay ₹10 lakh in compensation to Saxena.[48]

Awards and honours

1991: Livelihood ward[49]

1992: Goldman Environment Award[50]

1995: Green Ribbon Award for Best International Political Campaigner by BBC, England

1999: Human Rights Defender's Award from Amnesty International, Germany

1999: M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award from Vigil India Movement[51]

1999: Person of The Year BBC

1999: Deena Nath Mangeshkar Award[52]

1999: Kundal Lal Award for Peace

1999: Mahatma Phule Award[53]

2001: Basavashree Award[54]

2013: Matoshree Bhimabai Ambedkar Award[55]

2014: Mother Teresa Award for Social Justice.[56]

Controversies

In April 2022, the Government of India's law enforcement agency The Directorate of Enforcement
(ED) filed an FIR against activist Medha Patkar over money laundering during Narmada Bachao
Andolan.[57]
 In June 2022, Medha Patkar faced massive protests at Dhinkia village in Odisha's Jagatsinghpur
district, where a stir over a JSW steel project had broken out recently, with locals asking her to "go
back" as she apparently tried to make her way to the residence of a jailed agitator.[58]

In July 2022, an FIR was registered at the Barwani police station on the complaint of one
Pritamraj Badole, a resident of Temla Bujurg village. Mr. Badole has alleged that Narmada
Navnirman Abhiyan (NNA), a trust registered in Mumbai, misused funds collected for running
residential educational facilities for tribal students of the Narmada Valley in Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra, as per the FIR.[59] During the preliminary investigation, the police discovered that the
Narmada Navnirman Abhiyan trust had collected Rs 13 crores in the last 14 years,whose source
and expenditure were unknown. Cash worth more than Rs 1.5 crore, whose audit for withdrawal
and expenditure remained unclear, was also recovered during the probe.[60] British human rights
activist William Gomes wrote to Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi condemning the FIR
against Medha Patkar as malicious.[61][62]

Medha Patkar was sentenced to five months jail and was ordered to pay 10 lakh rupees
compensation in a defamation case filed by the then Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Vinai Kumar
Saxena by a Delhi court in July 2024.[9] The sentence was also suspended by the court for one
month.[10]

See also

List of peace activists

References

1. "TISS official website – About TISS" (https://www.tiss.edu/) . Tiss.edu. TISS. Retrieved 25 July
2017.

2. Patkar, Medha (18 September 2013). " 'The unprotected class of workers is the real India" (htt
p://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-india-independence-day-special-medha-pat
kar/20130918.htm) . Rediff. Retrieved 25 July 2017.

3. "National Alliance of People's Movement Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922064

439/http://napm-india.org/) . Napm-india.org. Archived from the original (http://www.napm-in
dia.org/) on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2014.