NOVEMBER 4

November 19-25, 2022

COVERAGE
PM Gati Shakti-National Master Plan
Group of Twenty (G20)
Tzield: The First Disease Modifying Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes
NASA’s Artemis 1: A Step Towards Moon

(Mains Practice Questions)

DELHI CENTRE OUTSIDE DELHI CENTRE

09873643487 09643368580
7
 INDEX
POLITY 1-3

• Vice Chancellors

ECONOMY 4–6

• PM Gati Shakti-National Master Plan

• Regional Rural Banks

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 7 – 10

• ‘No Money for Terror’

• Group of Twenty (G20)

SOCIAL ISSUES 11 – 12

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)

TECHNOLOGY AFFAIRS 13-15

• Tzield: The First Disease Modifying Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes

• NASA’s Artemis 1: A Step Towards Moon

ART and CULTURE 16 – 18

• Prime Minister’s gifts for G20 leaders

 Vice Chancellors Supreme Court Judgements:
According to the SC, any appointment as a vice-
chancellor contrary to the regulations of
Supreme Court's two recent
University Grants Commission are the violation
judgments on the appointment
of statutory provision, warranting a quo-
of vice chancellors (VC) in State
warranto writ.
universities are significant in
the context of higher education in a federal
1. Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi v/s The State Of
country such as India.
Gujarat Case (March 2022)
Syllabus: GS-II; Functions and responsibilities o The Supreme Court overruled the
of the Union and the States, issues and appointment of the incumbent VC on the
challenges pertaining to the federal structure. grounds that the “search committee”
failed to set up a panel for the
appointment of VC in accordance with
Vice Chancellors:
the University Grants Commission (UGC)
• Universities are autonomous and the Vice-
Regulations of 2018.
Chancellor is the leader of a higher education
o The court held that since the State law
institution.
with respect to the appointment of VC
• As head of the University, the Vice-Chancellor
had violated the UGC regulations, the
is expected to function as a ‘bridge’ between
the executive and the academic wing of the UGC regulations would prevail.
university.
• A VC is appointed by the Chancellor as per the 2. Professor (Dr) Sreejith P.S vs Dr. Rajasree
provisions of the respective University Act. M.S. (October 2022)
o In this case, the appointment of the VC
was challenged on the ground that the
Appointment of Vice-Chancellor:
search committee had only
In Central University:
recommended one name.
• As per the Central University Act 2009, the
✓ This again violated the UGC
President of India shall act as a visitor of
regulations which require three to five
central universities.
➢ The President in his capacity as a visitor, names.
appoints the chancellor who acts as a o The Supreme Court upheld the challenge
titular head with limited powers and the and quashed the appointment of the VC
vice-chancellor of the central university as it was repugnant to the UGC
from among the names suggested by the regulations, and was hence declared
search and select committee constituted by void.
the union government.
This development has intensified the existing
In State University: tussle between the incumbent Kerala State
• As a chancellor, the Governor appoints the Government and the Governor.
vice-chancellors of the state universities.
➢ Governor's power to appoint vice- The Core Issue in the Appointment of
chancellor varies from state to state, in VCs:
some states even after being a chancellor, • The issue framed by the Supreme Court, in
he has no power in the appointment of vice- these cases, is whether the appointment of
chancellors while in some states he has to VCs should be made as per the UGC
appoint VCs from among the names as Regulations or the provisions of the State
suggested by the state government. University Act.

1 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

• Education was shifted to the Concurrent list from the State list through the 42nd Constitutional
Amendment, 1976.
• As VC is appointed under the relevant University Act, the Supreme Court has used Article 254 to
decide if any provision in the State university law is in conflict with the UGC Regulations.
➢ Article 254 of the Constitution deals with inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and
laws made by the Legislatures of States. It talks about the doctrine of repugnancy.

Repugnancy is when two pieces of legislation have a conflict between them and when applied to the
same facts produce different outcomes or results.

➢ Article 254(1): If any legislation enacted by the state legislature is repugnant to the legislation
enacted by the Parliament, then the state legislation will be declared void, and the legislation
enacted by the Parliament will prevail.
➢ Article 254(2): In case of repugnant legislation passed by the state against the Parliament, the
state can enforce the legislation if they receive assent from the President.
• The apex Court concluded that if any provision in the State university law is repugnant to the UGC
Regulations, the latter will prevail and the former will become void.

Criticism on the judgement of the Supreme Court

• Experts opinion- The provisions of Article 254 apply to State law and a substantive law made by
Parliament.
➢ It excludes the rules or regulations framed by subordinate authorities such as UGC.
➢ The repugnancy can only occur between the provisions of the University Acts and the UGC Act.
• Rules and regulations made by subordinate authorities- Although they are laid before the
Parliament, they usually do not require the President's assent or approval.
➢ Thus, these have an inferior status and cannot be equated with Acts or Laws.
• Article 13(2)- The definition of “Law” mentioned under Article 13(2) is applicable only to that Article.
➢ It does not include the rules, regulations, etc. for the purpose of Article 254.
• Violation of federalism- A subordinate authorities of the Unions rules and regulations, overriding a
Law formulated by a State legislature is the violation of principles of federalism
➢ It is a negation of the concurrent legislative power granted to the State.
• Outside the purview of the UGC Act- Regulations are not independent legislations. They should be
within the scope of the parent Act as otherwise they will be ultra vires the Act.
➢ An examination of the UGC Act, shows that the appointment of a VC is not a matter on which the
UGC can make regulations.

Way forward
• Re-examine Legal Authority of UGC- Since the matter of VC is outside the purview of the UGC
Act, UGC’s legal authority to make mandatory regulations on the appointment of VCs of State
universities needs to be re-examined urgently.
• Analysis of Article 254- An in depth analysis of Article 254 must be made before passing of such
judgements.

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• Federal principles must be upheld- Issues which affect the rights of States and the federal principles
must be accorded the highest priority.
• Re-examining the Judgement- Such judgments that have accorded higher status to regulations in
place of law must be re-examined urgently.
• S. Satyapal Reddy v/s Govt. of A.P. case 1994: The Supreme Court held that “the court has to make
every attempt to reconcile the provisions of the apparently conflicting laws and the court would
endeavour to give harmonious construction…The proper test would be whether effect can be given to
the provisions of both the laws or whether both the laws can stand together”.

Q1. Discuss the essentials of the UGC Act and anomalies, if any, that have led to recent reported
conflicts between the elected state legislature and the UGC which is a subordinate authority of the
Union. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian Federal
Politics?
(250 Words/10 Marks)

Q2. In the context of disputes arising out of the Governor’s authority to appoint Vice-Chancellors of
State-universities. Analyse the Governor’s role as a chancellor of a state university and suggest
ways to keep the office of Governor from the controversies arising out of his statutory powers.
(150 Words/10 Marks)

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 PM Gati Shakti-National Master
Plan

Recently, to boost
infrastructure connectivity
projects, Department of
Animal Husbandry and
Dairying, initiated the process for
integration of various infrastructures of the
department with PM Gati Shakti-National
Master Plan.

Syllabus: GS III; Infrastructure.

More About the News

• The department has integrated its 12 breed
improvement institutions located at various
locations of the country with PM Gati Shakti
National Master Plan.
• This step will facilitate effective management
of infrastructures available in the animal
husbandry and dairy sector in the country.
• It will also facilitate the last mile connectivity
of these institutions with the public.
• The integration of other Institutions such as
Regional Fodder Stations (RFS), Central
Poultry Development Organizations (CPDO)
with PM Gati Shakti NMP is under progress.

6 Pillars of PM Gati Shakti:

About Gati Shakti National Master Plan
• Comprehensiveness: It will include all the
• Traditionally, there was a lack of coordination
existing and planned initiatives of various
between different Departments.PM GatiShakti
Ministries and Departments with one
was planned to address such issues through
centralized portal.
institutionalizing holistic planning for
• Prioritization: Different Departments will be
stakeholders for major infrastructure
able to prioritize their projects through cross-
projects.
sectoral interactions.
• It incorporates the infrastructure schemes
• Optimization: It will assist different
of various Ministries as well as State
ministries in planning for projects after
Governments.
identification of critical gaps. The plan will
• It is a digital platform to bring 16 Ministries
help in selecting the most optimum route in
including Railways and Roadways together for
terms of time and cost for the transportation
integrated planning and coordinated
of the goods.
implementation of infrastructure connectivity
projects. • Synchronization: It will help in
• The multi-modal connectivity will provide synchronizing the activities of each
integrated and seamless connectivity for department, as well as of different layers of
movement of people, goods and services from governance, in a holistic manner by ensuring
one mode of transport to another. coordination between them.

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• Analytical: The plan will provide the entire The Current status of RRBs:
data at one place with GIS based spatial • Since 1970’s many of the RRBs have either
planning and analytical tools having 200+ collapsed or got merged with their parent
layers, enabling better visibility to the banks.
executing agency. • Several of the RRBs are now facing an
• Dynamic: It will help all Ministries and existential crisis due to dwindling business
Departments to visualize, review and monitor and soaring bad assets.
the progress of cross-sectoral projects, • Although the overall business of RRBs has
through the GIS platform. generally gone up as indicated by the surge in
the share of commercial banks in agricultural
Q3. The logistics costs in India are about 13- loans from 65% in 2010-11 to 76% in 2021-
14% of GDP as against about 7-8% of GDP 22.
in developed economies. In this context • The performance of RRB has, however, not
highlight the significance of the PM Gati gone up. For instance,
Shakti mission in cutting down the ➢ The number of RRBs has nearly halved
logistics costs of India. from 82 to 43,
(10 Marks/150 words) ➢ RRBs non-performing assets have more
than doubled from 2.05% to 4.68%,
Regional Rural Banks ➢ The volume of the credit disbursed by the
RRBs has shrunk from 13% to 11%.
Several of the regional rural ➢ The number of profit-making RRBs
banks (RRBs), are presently declined from 75 in FY11 to 34 in FY22.
facing an existential crisis Only 20 have made a profit of over Rs 15
due to dwindling business crore in the past three years.
and soaring bad assets. • All this, evidently indicates the growing
irrelevance of the RRBs.
Syllabus: GS-III; Inclusive growth and
issues arising from it. Steps taken by the Government to improve
RRBs
About Regional Rural Banks: • Merged some stand-alone RRBs with larger
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were set up in units to cut their overhead costs and scale up
the mid-1970s (1975) to provide financial the business volumes.
services to agricultural workers and • Inducted funds to expand their capital base,
labourers, and other rural communities. ➢ Over Rs 4,000 crore has been provided
➢ However, RRBs may have branches set up towards recapitalising the RRBs in the last
for urban operations and their area of fiscal year.
operation may include urban areas too. Though the impact of these steps are yet to be
• It was set up on the recommendations of the seen, the outlook is far from inspiring.
Narasimham Committee, as government-
sponsored, regional based rural lending Why are RRBs becoming irrelevant?
institutions under the Regional Rural Banks • Most people in rural areas prefer to deal with
Act, 1976. commercial banks due to certain deficiencies
• The Prathama Grameen Bank was the first in RRBs.
RRB established on 02nd October 1975. • Some of the basic deficiencies of the RRBs are,
➢ The Syndicate Bank became the first they have
commercial bank to sponsor the Prathama ➢ Limited business activity,
Grameen Bank RRB. ➢ Swelling operational costs,
• The area of operation of Regional Rural ➢ Lack of internet banking facilities,
Banks is limited to the area notified by the • The RRBs are consequently, left primarily
government of India covering one or more with the government-sponsored business of
districts in the State. servicing the official schemes involving direct
• The equity of the Regional Rural Banks is benefit transfers.
held by Central Government, State • Most of the RRBs are ineligible for being listed
Government and Sponsor Bank in on the stock exchanges because they do not
proportion of 50%-35%- 15% respectively. meet the required pre-conditions.

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 ➢ This is because, the RRBs need to have Way Forward:
earned an operational profit of over Rs 15 • The best course for most RRBs is:
crore in three out of the previous five ➢ To either merge with their sponsoring
financial years, besides a net worth of at banks, which is possible only in the case of
least Rs 300 crore and a capital adequacy economically viable entities, or else close
ratio of above 9 per cent to qualify for down.
listing on the stock exchange. • The RRB should be permitted to lend up to
• Some of the RRBs, even today, have not fully 25% of their total advances to the richer
digitised their operations. section apart from specified sections.
• Moreover, RRBs have not expanded their • Local people should be encouraged to
business operations beyond farm-related participate in the equity share capital of
activities by reaching out to micro, small and RRBs.
medium enterprises located in the rural belt
to offer them banking services. Q4. Regional rural banks (RRBs)are necessary
to provide financial services to rural
Because of this, even as the overall business of communities. Do you agree with this?
rural financial institutions has generally been Give arguments to justify your option.
looking up, they are struggling to scale up (150 Words/10 Marks)
business volumes, diminishing their scope of
survival.

6 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

 create sympathy for terrorists must also be
‘No Money for Terror’ isolated.
• Organised Crime: India stressed that action
Recently, third ‘No Money for
against organised crime is extremely
Terror’ (NMFT) Ministerial
important in the fight against terror.
Conference on Counter-
➢ At times, even activities like money
Terrorism Financing was held
laundering and financial crimes have been
in India.
known to help terror funding. Fighting it
Syllabus: GS-III- Role of External State & needs global collaboration.
Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to • Permanent Secretariat: India has proposed
Internal Security a permanent secretariat for ‘No Money for
Terror’ (NMFT) ministerial conference, in
No Money for Terror Conference: order to sustain the global focus on
• The “No Money for Terror” conference was countering the financing of terrorism.
started in 2018, as an initiative of France. • Common Definition: India stressed that all
• Objective: To share expertise and good countries need to agree on one common
practice in combating terror financing that definition of ‘terrorism’ and ‘terror financing’,
can be implemented internationally. adding that it “should not become a political
• In 2019, the conference was held in Australia issue.”
and assessed terror financing risks, especially • Threats from regime change in
in the context of the Indo-Pacific. Afghanistan: India urged the international
• It was to be held in India in 2020 but was community to take cognisance of threats
postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. emerging from regime change in Afghanistan,
as the last one had led to 9/11 attacks.
2022 Conference: • International cooperation: India called for
• It was attended by about 450 delegates from the strong cooperation between the United
across the world, including Ministers, Heads Nations Security Council, Financial Action
of Multilateral organisations and Financial Task Force, Financial Intelligence Units, and
Action Task Force (FATF) Heads of the Egmont Group in the prevention,
Delegations. detection and prosecution of illegal fund flow.
• During the Conference, deliberations were • Misuse of Legal Principle: India alerted that
held in four sessions with focus on: terrorists should not be allowed to misuse
➢ Global Trends in Terrorism and Terrorist differences in legal principles, procedures and
processes in different countries.
Financing.
• Financing: India also stressed the need for a
➢ Use of Formal and Informal Channels of
uniform understanding the “Mode - Medium
Funds for Terrorism.
- Method” of terror financing and adopt the
➢ Emerging Technologies and Terrorist
principle of ‘One Mind, One Approach’ in
Financing. cracking down on them.
➢ International Co-operation to Address • Emerging Technologies: India also raised
Challenges in Combating Terrorist concerns about transformation of terrorism
Financing. from “Dynamite to Metaverse” and “AK-47
to Virtual Assets” and also highlighted the
India’s stand in 2022 Conference: need to understand the patterns of Dark Net
• Foreign policy: Terrorism should not be used activities of terrorism and find their solutions.
as a tool for making of foreign policy. • Development of databases: Government of
Organisations and individuals that try to India has also decided to develop national and
global databases on crimes such as terrorism,
narcotics, and economic offenses.

7 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

Initiatives by India to Combat Terrorism: • It was formed in 1999, after the global
• Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) 2002 financial crisis of 1997-1999.
Act - POTA Act was passed to strengthen anti- • The aim of G20 was to achieve international
terrorism operations. The act was passed after financial stability, by involving middle-
the attack on Parliament by the Pakistan income countries.
based terrorists POTA Act replaced the • The G-20 represents 54 % of the world’s land
previous anti-terror law, Terrorist and mass, over 80 % of the world’s GDP, 75 %
Disruptive Activities Act (TADA). of international trade, 60 % of the world’s
• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) population, and about 80 % of the global
Amendment Act - The UAPA act gives greenhouse gas emissions and 77 % of
special procedures to handle terrorist global energy consumption.
activities, among other things. UAPA has the • Its members are Argentina, Australia,
death penalty and life imprisonment as the Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany,
highest punishments. Both Indian and foreign India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of
nationals can be charged under the UAPA act.
Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South
The act aims at the effective prevention of
Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the
unlawful activities associations in India.
United States and the European Union.
• National Investigation Agency (NIA) - At
• The G20 has no permanent secretariat and
present, the NIA is functioning as the Central
the presidency of the G20 rotates every year
Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency
among its members.
in India established under NIA Act 2008.
• National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) - • The country that holds the presidency works
Establishment of NATGRID for information together with its predecessor and successor,to
sharing. ensure the continuity of the agenda. All
together they are known as Troika.
• National Security Guard (NSG) - NSG,
commonly known as Black Cats, is a counter- • Currently, Italy, Indonesia, and India are
terrorism unit of India under the Ministry of the Troika countries.
Home Affairs. • Next year the Troika of G-20 will be made up
of emerging economies for the first time with
Q5. Recently, a Ministerial Conference on Indonesia, India and Brazil
Counter-Terrorism Financing was held in ➢ This is an indicator of the shift in the
India. What are the reasons behind the global economic agenda towards the
growing scope, scale and intensity of the Global South.
terrorist threat in recent years? Why do • The agenda and work of G20 are coordinated
India need a Global-Counter-Terrorism by representatives of the G20 countries,
strategy? known as ‘Sherpas’, who work together with
(250 Words/15 Marks) the finance ministers and Governors of the
central banks.
• India recently announced that the ex-NITI
Group of Twenty (G20) Aayog CEO Amitabh Kant would be the
Sherpa after Piyush Goyal.
Recently, the 17th annual
summit of Heads of State and
Heads of Government of the
Group of Twenty (G-20) – the
world’s most powerful
economies – was held in Bali, Indonesia.

Syllabus: GS II; Global groupings and

agreements involving India and/or affecting
India’s interests.

About G20:
• It is a strategic multilateral platform
connecting the world’s major developed and
emerging economies. Figure: Members of G20 grouping

8 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

Highlights of the summit: interconnectedness of the world, such as
• It was Indonesia’s first chance to host the climate change, new and emerging
grouping, chaired by Indonesian President technologies, food and energy security, etc.
Joko Widodo. • India can use its presidency in G20 in the
• The conference was overshadowed by Russia’s following direction.
senseless war against Ukraine, with world ➢ India can take its digitised public goods
powers overwhelmingly divided. architecture to developing countries, and
• The theme of the 17th summit was – find funding for it.
“Recover Together, Recover Stronger”. ➢ India can push for global consensus on
➢ “Recover Together” is against the maintaining stable supply chains for food
backdrop of post-Covid economic crises and fertilisers to build food security
and disruptions in global production globally, and for stable supplies of energy.
value chains, made worse by the Ukraine ➢ India can also root for the reform of the
war which has created serious food and governance of multilateral financial
energy insecurity. institutions.
• The G-20 Summit emphasized three major ➢ India can assume the mantle of a peace-
priorities: strengthening global health maker on behalf of the Global South.
architecture, digital transformation, and • The G-20 presidency is an opportunity for an
realizing a sustainable energy transition emerging India to finally lay out its global
with a view of creating a sustainable future. vision.

Key Takeaways of Summit: The logo of India’s G20 Presidency

• On global economic recovery: Members
• The Prime Minister of India recently
agreed to pace interest rate rises carefully to
unveiled the logo, theme and website of
avoid spillovers and also warned of "increased
India’s G20 presidency.
volatility" in currency moves.
• The logo bears a lotus and the message of
• On Food Security: The leaders agreed to take
‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth,
coordinated action to address food security
One Family, One Future.
challenges and applauded the Black Sea
• The logo reflects the idea of Vasudhaiva
grains initiative.
Kutumbakam (the whole earth is a family),
• On Climate Change: G20 leaders, confirming
because of which India has always believed
they stand by the temperature goal from the
2015 Paris target, agreed to put efforts to limit in global harmony.
the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees • The lotus flower symbolises Indian Puranic
Celsius and not just the 2-degree target. heritage, aastha (belief) and boddhikta
• On Energy Security: The text reaffirms the (intellectualism).
G20’s commitment to SDG 7 aimed at
ensuring “access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all.”

Significance of G20 for India:

India will host the 18th summit of G20, this can
be an opportunity for India to share its expertise
with the world in areas of women empowerment,
democracy and digital technologies.
• As a country with core democratic values,
India can show the world that the scope of
conflict can come to an end when democracy
becomes a culture. This gains significance
amidst ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Emerging Issues:
• India’s foreign policy is focusing on the ‘global • Geopolitical tensions, heightened by
common good’. invasion of Ukraine by Russia and strategic
• Through its G20 leadership, India hopes to competition between China and the United
extend this principle towards finding States, have increasingly threatened
sustainable solutions to some of the key global cooperation between members.
challenges emerging out of the

9 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

 ➢ Russia’s participation in the G20 has • Friction within the group regarding climate
grown contentious, with some Western change. China, India, Russia, and Saudi
countries seeking to exclude Moscow, Arabia reportedly blocked an agreement on
though members including China and phasing out coal use and fossil fuel subsidies.
Brazil have opposed that idea.
• Divisive opinions on how to address the Way forward:
economic shocks which disproportionately • Internal fracturing within G20 needs to be
affect emerging economies. overcome to ensure that its collective action
• The energy crisis resulting from the war in and efficiency is maintained.
Ukraine has led to food scarcity and soaring • The G20 must also focus on ways of improving
energy prices, as well as inflationary outreach to non-member states and other
pressures that have engendered a stronger stakeholders in order to increase and
U.S. dollar at the expense of depreciating maintain its legitimacy.
currencies in emerging economies. • The G20 must promote equitable
➢ As a result, more countries are turning to international economic arrangements that
international lenders IMF for bailouts. provide a larger voice and role for the major
➢ IMF lending to distressed economies economies of the global South.
soared to a record high of $140 billion in • The G20 needs to push for a “more
2022 and is expected to rise. accountable, stable, and transparent rules-
• The group’s long-standing commitment to based trade that would help address the issue
an international order based on WTO of global shortages of goods.
principles of reducing tariffs and other trade
barriers has in recent years collided with Q6. The G-20 presidency is an opportunity for
growing economic competition between an emerging India to finally lay out its
great powers. global vision. Discuss.
(150 Words/10 Marks)

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 entrusted with the management of the State
Eklavya Model Residential Education Society for Tribal Students
Schools (EMRS) (SESTS).
➢ The SESTS was made responsible to run
The Government of India the EMRS on the ground.
(GoI) is pushing to establish • As per new guidelines the minimum land
nearly 740 Eklavya Model requirement is reduced from 20 acres to 15
Residential Schools (EMRS) acres.
for tribal students.
Importance of Eklavya Model Residential
Syllabus: GS-I; Social Empowerment. Schools (EMRS): –
• Eklavya Model Residential School, by
More about the News: imparting quality education, will improve the
• Government is planning to establish one literacy rate among tribal groups.
school in every sub-district that has a tribal • They will provide comprehensive physical,
population of at least 20,000 and should mental and socially relevant development to
comprise a 50% share of the total population the tribal students.
in that area. • EMRSs are equipped with facilities catering to
the students’ on-campus needs for holistic
About Eklavya Model Residential Schools development and provide free education
(EMRS): including boarding and lodging free of cost.
• The EMRS model was first introduced in the • EMRS will emphasize not only on academic
year 1997-98 to ensure quality education to education but the all-round need of tribal
tribal students in remote corners of the students.
country. • This will increase the employment opportunities of
• The major objective behind EMRS was to build tribal groups.
schools at par with the Jawahar Navoday • These schools will help in reducing the relative
Vidyalayas and Kendriya Vidyalayas. isolation of tribal groups and bring them to
• The scheme was under the ambit of the the mainstream.
Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
• The funds for these schools were to be granted Present status of EMRS scheme:
under Article 275(1). • According to an official declaration, around
• It was clearly stated in the guidelines that 688 schools have been sanctioned out of
unless States finished constructing the which 392 are functional.
already sanctioned schools, the funds for • Out of these total 688 schools, construction
constructing new schools would not be given. was completed in 230 and 234 are still under
• The scheme also contained a provision for construction. And nearly 32 schools are stuck
infrastructural requirements of 20-acre plots in land acquisition issues.
for each EMRS.
Issues Related to the Scheme:
Revamped EMRS Scheme: • The Parliamentary Standing Committee Social
• In 2018-19, the Cabinet approved the Justice and Empowerment termed the
revamping of the EMRS scheme. approach as “impractical” and in need of an
• The new guideline gave more powers to the “immediate review”.
Union government for sanctioning and • The Parliamentary Standing Committee
managing these schools. highlighted that there is a substantial gap
• A National Education Society for Tribal between the number of schools proposed to be
Students (NESTS) was established; it was sanctioned and the actual sanction.

11 CA 1122_004 BYJU’S IAS

• The Standing Committee stated that the issues like land acquisition continue to
population criteria have the risk of depriving persist.
a “scattered tribal population” of the benefit of
EMRS, specially in Northeast, hilly areas and Way Forward:
Left-Wing Extremism-affected zones. • The guidelines regarding the area and
• The Standing Committee also highlighted in population need to be revisited so that setting
its report that a large number of schools were up of EMRS/EMDBS become less complex.
being delayed because of the area (15 acres) • Guidelines should be immediately reviewed to
requirement. work out viable solutions so that the delay in
➢ For example: in many areas where the the acquisition of land can be prevented.
population criteria is met, suitable land is • Such review should be undertaken without
not available for constructing the schools compromising upon the infrastructural
and even if the land is available, the legal requirements of EMRS/EMDBS.
acquisition of the land is taking time. • Tribal areas with widely scattered tribal
• There was a shortage of teachers, despite the population must not be deprived of the
setting up of the NESTS. benefits of EMRSs/EMDBS which are a
➢ As of July 2022, all functional EMRS had means towards their educational
a teaching strength of just under 4,000 empowerment
against the 11,340 recommended by • As for teacher recruitment, more control of
NESTS. school management should be given to
• It was also observed that despite the NESTS.
relaxations provided in the new guidelines ➢ Also, mandatory guidelines about teacher
recruitment must be issued for the States.

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 Tzield: The First Disease Modifying Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes

Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Tzield (teplizumab-mzwv)
injection to delay the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes in adults and pediatric patients
8 years and older who currently have stage 2 type 1 diabetes.

Syllabus: GS-III; Science and Technology: Developments and their applications and effects in everyday
life.

Type 1 diabetes:
• It usually develops in children, teens, and young adults, but it can happen at any age (about 60 percent
of this population are children).
• It occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the cells that make insulin.
• The pancreas of a type 1 diabetes patient doesn’t make insulin or makes very little insulin.
Insulin helps blood sugar enter the cells in the body for use as energy.
• Without insulin, blood sugar can’t get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream. High blood sugar is
damaging to the body and causes many of the symptoms and complications of diabetes.
• Increased glucose requires insulin shots (or wearing an insulin pump) to survive.
• India is home to the second-largest population of people with diabetes in the world (estimated 77
million), but it has the highest number of those with type 1 disease (estimated at over 2 lakh),
• Type 1 diabetes is less common than type 2—about 5-10% of people with diabetes have type 1.

What causes Type-1 Diabetes?

• Type 1 diabetes is largely an auto-immune disease that means the body attacks itself by mistake.
The process destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, known as beta cells. The process can
go on for months/years before any symptoms appear.
• Certain genes (traits passed on from parent to child) can make a person more likely to develop type 1
diabetes. Also, a trigger in the environment, such as a virus, may also play a part in developing type 1
diabetes.
• Diet and lifestyle habits don’t cause type 1 diabetes.

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How does Tzield work? More About the News
• Tzield binds to certain immune system cells • Artemis I will not land on the moon, but the
and delays progression to stage 3 type 1 spacecraft will orbit nearby before returning to
diabetes. Earth in 26 days.
• Tzield may deactivate the immune cells that
attack insulin-producing cells, while About the Mission:
increasing the proportion of cells that help • Artemis I is the first integrated test of
moderate the immune response. NASA’s deep space exploration systems:
• Tzield will be given to patients via intravenous the Orion spacecraft, Space Launch System
infusion once daily for 14 consecutive days. (SLS) rocket and the ground systems.
➢ The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket
carried the Orion capsule (spacecraft) to
Side Effects of Tzield:
space.
The most common side effects of Tzield include:
• Artemis I of the Artemis Program, what NASA
• Decreased levels of certain white blood cells calls the "next giant leap'' is also the first in a
called lymphocytes; series of increasingly complex missions.
• Rash and headache. • It is an uncrewed flight test that will
• Risk of hypersensitivity reactions. demonstrate NASA’s commitment and
capability to extend human existence to the
NASA’s Artemis 1: A Step Moon and beyond.
➢ Mannequins equipped with sensors will
Towards Moon take the place of crew members on the
flight, recording vibration, acceleration
NASA’s Artemis 1 mission and radiation levels.
launched from Launch • The spacecraft is launched on the most
Complex 39B of the Kennedy powerful rocket in the world and will fly
Space Center in Florida. farther than any spacecraft built for humans
has ever flown.
Syllabus: GS III- Awareness in the field of • Orion spacecraft will stay in space without
Space. docking to a space station and will make
reentry to earth faster and hotter than ever
before.

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Objective of the Artemis Mission:
• Named for the ancient Greek goddess of the hunt — and Apollo’s twin sister — Artemis aims to return
astronauts to the moon’s surface in future.

Prior to a lunar surface landing, there will be two missions around the Moon to test deep space
exploration systems.
• Artemis I (an uncrewed flight)
• Artemis II- It is planned for the year 2024, it will be a crewed flight that will orbit the Moon but not
land on the surface.
• Artemis III- (Scheduled for 2025) It will be the first to put astronauts on the Moon since Apollo
17 in December 1972. It will land on the southern pole of the Moon, where water in the form of ice
has been detected. Previous Moon landings took place near the equator.

• Moon to Mars: The ultimate objective of the Artemis program is human exploration of the Moon and
Mars.
• NASA will use the knowledge gained from Artemis to prepare for a trip to Mars.
• The goal is to learn how to maintain a human presence in deep space for a long period.
• Creating a "base camp" on the Moon is part of the plan with astronauts staying on the lunar surface
for up to two months.
• This base camp would also serve as a stopping point for any future trip to Mars

Lunar Mission of India:

• Chandrayaan 1- It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in 2008 by a modified
version of the PSLV C-11 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
• Chandrayaan 2- India launched Chandrayaan-2, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota on
22nd July 2019.

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 Prime Minister’s gifts for G20 leaders
Recently at the G20 summit, the Prime Minister of India, gifted leaders of the grouping,
curated craft pieces reflecting India’s diversity in terms of art forms at the international
forum.

Syllabus: GS I- Salient aspects of Art forms from ancient to modern times.

Craft pieces reflecting India’s diversity in terms of Art forms:

KANGRA PAINTING The Prime Minister gifted Kangra miniature paintings to US President
Joe Biden.
• Kangra style of miniature painting represents the third phase of
pahari painting in the last quarter of the 18th century.
• It reached its zenith under the patronage of Raja Sansar Chand.
• It is a form of pahari painting that portrays ‘Shringar Rasa’.
• The Kangra style developed out of the Guler style.
• It possesses the main characteristics of the latter style, like the
delicacy of drawing and quality of naturalism.
• In these paintings, the faces of women in profile have the nose
almost in line with the forehead, the eyes are long and narrow, the
chin is sharp and hair is treated as a flat mass.
• Krishna leela remains the favorite theme and the paintings were
marked with a sensuality and intelligence that the other schools
lack.
• The Kangra style continued to flourish at various places namely
Kangra, GuIer, Basohli, Chamba, Union Territory of Jammu,
Nurpur and Garhwal etc.

Pithora Painting India gifted ‘Pithora’ to Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.
• The paintings bear a striking resemblance to the Aboriginal dot
painting from the indigenous communities of Australia.
• These are the ritualistic tribal folk art, more popular in the states
of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
• Pithora paintings are made by the Bhil and Bhilala of Dhar,
Jhabua of Madhya Pradesh, the Rathwas of Panchmahal and
Baroda, districts of Gujarat to honour their god, Baba Pithora (God
of village) during the spring season.
• The paintings are usually canvased on cloth, paper, card boards
and walls with natural and synthetic colors.
• Traditionally, Pithora like every other form of painting originated
on the cave paintings that tribal people used to make, reflecting
their social, cultural and mythological life and beliefs.
• It is considered auspicious to paint the house walls with the
images of a deity during occasions of birth of a child, good harvest,
marriage etc. as they bring peace, prosperity and happiness.
• The person who is an expert in Pithora painting is called
Lakhindra.

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 • Only male members are allowed to learn the art. Women are
not allowed to practice this art form.

Mata Ni Pachedi PM gifted UK counterpart, Rishi Sunak “Mata Ni Pachedi”, a

handmade textile from Gujarat.
• “Mata Ni Pachedi” is a Gujarati term which translates to “behind
the Mother Goddess”.
• It is an aesthetic expression of the deeply set religious aspirations
of the common folks in quest of bestowal of protection, well-being,
prosperity and abundance.
• The painting is done during the time of navaratra. It recounts the
myths associated with the seven mother goddesses.
• Another form of Mata-ni-pachedi painting is Matano candarvo
(canopy for the goddess).
➢ Pachedi is used as a canopy that forms a shrine, or is spread
over altars or worn by the shaman while worshipping or in a
trance.
• The Vaghari community is specially known to paint these
pachedis. Only the men paint; the women are not allowed to
conduct the sacred ritual.

Agate Bowl Agate Bowl was presented from India to France, Germany, and
Singapore.
• Gujarat is known for its agate craft.
• Agate bowl, formed of chalcedonic-silica, which is found in
underground mines of Rajpipla and Ratanpur in riverbeds.
• The flexibility of Agate allows the craftsperson to transform the
stone into a range of products.
• The craft has been passed down through generations since the
Indus Valley civilization days. It is currently practised by Artisans
of Khambat.
• The healing powers attributed to agate stones have sustained the
use of agate over centuries.

Patan Patola Patan Patola Dupatta was gifted to Italy by the PM

• The ancient art of Patola woven in pure silk dates back to the 11th
century.
• Patole is a term derived from the Sanskrit word “Pattu” meaning
silk fabric that can be traced back to ancient times.
• The complex motifs placed in the patan Patola (scarf) are inspired
by the ‘Rani ki Vav’, a stepwell in Patan, built in the 11th century
AD.
• The Patan Patola Dupatta is packed in a ‘Sadeli’ box, which is also
a decorative piece.
➢ Sadeli is a highly skilled woodcraft, native to the Surat area of
Gujarat.
• The Patola fabrics bear an equal intensity of colors and design on
both sides.
• This peculiar quality has its origins in an intricate and difficult
technique of dyeing or knot dyeing, known as ‘bandhani’, on the
warp and weft separately before weaving.
• One of the major practitioners of the dwindling art form is the Salvi
family from North Gujarat.

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Kinnauri Shawl and Silver India gifted Silver Bowl and Kinnauri Shawl to Indonesia.
Bowl • Known for its intricacies and finesse, Kinnauri shawls are truly a
fine work of perfection, popular in Himachal Pradesh.
• Its geometric designs are heavily influenced by Central Asian
culture and consist of motifs that usually symbolize religions and
cultures.
• The base colors are natural i.e. gray, black, brown and white and
are embellished with orange, blue, green, etc.
• The five elements are often represented in the form of colors: -
white represents water, yellow stands for earth, red signifies fire,
green is for air and blue denotes ether.
• It received a GI tag in 2010.

Silver Bowl
• The silver bowl is a centuries-old craft perfected by the traditional
and highly skilled metalsmiths of the Surat region in Gujarat.
• The unique and finely crafted bowl is made of pure silver.

Kanal • Kanal, which is gifted to Spain by India is a large, straight brass

trumpet, over a metre long, played in parts of Himalayan India.
• It is used on ceremonial occasions, such as the processions of
village deities. It is also used to welcome the leaders of Himachal
Pradesh.
• These are now increasingly used as decor objects and are
manufactured in the Mandi and Kullu districts of Himachal
Pradesh by skilled metal craftspersons.

Q7. Give a brief account of the Pahari paintings which emerged and flourished between the 17th and
19th centuries in India.
(10 Marks/150 Words)

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