Scribd
Upload
2 views25 pages

Reference by Sohail

The document provides an overview of citation and referencing in academic writing, emphasizing the importance of attributing sources to their original authors and enhancing the credibility of one's work. It outlines various referencing styles, particularly APA, and details the structure and rules for in-text citations and reference lists. Additionally, it highlights the principles for creating accurate reference entries and the significance of proper citation practices.

Uploaded by

rafirahmati277
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views25 pages

Reference by Sohail

The document provides an overview of citation and referencing in academic writing, emphasizing the importance of attributing sources to their original authors and enhancing the credibility of one's work. It outlines various referencing styles, particularly APA, and details the structure and rules for in-text citations and reference lists. Additionally, it highlights the principles for creating accurate reference entries and the significance of proper citation practices.

Uploaded by

rafirahmati277
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Writing

Citation and Reference


Fazal Rahman Sohail
2024/7/27
Table of Contents

Significance
of Citation What to APA Style of
Introduction References
and Referencing
Cite?
Reference
Introduction
 Attributing any piece of writing, thinking, idea, or research to its author is called citation.
 Providing a complete identification of the work at the end is called reference.
 Citing sources is an academic convention for keeping track of which sources influenced your
own thinking and research.
 In academic writing, we are compel to acknowledge everything we get from other sources.

NOTE: Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have
directly influenced your work.
Significance of Citation and Reference

We cite other authors’ works to:


1- give credit to its original author,
2- enhance our writing,
3- strengthen our arguments,
4- show the breadth of our research,
5- show the source of our information,
6- allow readers to consult our sources independently, and
7- allow readers to verify our data.
There are different referencing
manuals used in academic writing:

 APA (American Psychological Association)


 ACS (American Chemical Society)
 AIP (American Institute of Physics)
 Chicago
 Harvard
 IEEE (Institute for Electronics & Electrical Engineers)
 MLA (Modern Languages Association of America)
 Oxford or footnoting system
 Vancouver
What to
Cite?

Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Angeles. P 155
APA Style of Citation and
Referencing

APA [American Psychological Association] Style


of Reference Writing

One of the most widely used manuals introduced


in 1929, by American Psychological Association.
Citation
Citation has two types
Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
(Citation outside text) (In-text citation)

Structure: Structure:
(Authors’ last name, year) Authors’ last name (year)

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely
public’s perception of expert consensus on an balanced news coverage.
issue (Koehler, 2016).
One and two authors
Always mention both authors.
Example:
Narrative: Rowling (2005) argues the development of new curricula.
Parenthetical: The development of new curricula has been argued before
(Rowling, 2005).
Rowling and Cramer (2005) ……………....
…………………… (Rowling & Cramer, 2005)
In-text citation
Three or more authors
Include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in
every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so
would create ambiguity. 06

Example: (Samim & Pashtoon, 2007) Samim and Pashtoon (2018)


To avoid ambiguity, when the in-text citations of multiple works with three or more authors shorten
to the same form, write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references, and abbreviate the
In-text citation rest of the names to “et al.” in every citation.
For example, two works have the following authors:
Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, Warner, and Hill (2017)
Three or more Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, Tang, Köroğlu, L’Enfant, Kim, and Daly (2017)
ambiguous Both these citations shorten to Kapoor et al. (2017). To avoid ambiguity when citing them both in your
authors
paper, cite them as follows:
Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017)
Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)
Because “et al.” is plural (meaning “and others”), it cannot stand for only one name. When only the
final author is different, spell out all names in every citation.
Hasan, Liang, Khan, and Jones-Miller (2015)
Hasan, Liang, Khan, and Weintraub (2015)
 When using classical works such as Holy Quran, Bible, Greeks, etc.; we only put in-text
citation.
In-text citation
 Reference is not required.
 In in-text citation, we should include the number of Chapter and Verse.

Classical Example:
Works  Arabic Quran:
(Quran 2:4-5)
 English Translation of Quran:
(Quran 2:4-5, Oxford World’s Classics edition)
References

References are used to indicate where the information


presented in the article can be retrieved.
1- Reference list comes in a new page entitled “References”.
2- References are listed alphabetically by author or title.
3- Include sources cited in the article.
4- The first line of an entry is at the left margin, while subsequent lines
are indented one-half inch (hanging indent).
5- Double-space all reference entries.

A reference list cites works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper.
Online and Print References
 APA Style references for online and print works are largely the same.
 All references generally include the author, date, title, and source;
 Differences between online and print versions are evident within the source element.
 The source element includes information about where the work came from (e.g., a periodical’s
title, a book’s or report’s publisher, a website’s name).
 References for works with DOIs also include the DOI in the source element,
and references for most online works without DOIs include the work’s URL
Principles of Reference List Entries

 A reference generally has four elements:


author, date, title, and source.
 Each element answers a question:
1. author: Who is responsible for this work?
2. date: When was this work published?
3. title: What is this work called?
4. source: Where can I retrieve this work?
Authors’ names Note:
Use last names, first initials with all
In reference, there is no need to write
authors’ names in reverse order, title, fore name or academic rank of
regardless of quantity. the names, e.g.,
• Mr.
• Sir
Structure: Last name, first initial • Dr.
• Professor
• Al-Hajj
Example: Samim, A.G., Sohail, F.R.,
Lali, W.M., Tareen, H., & Wali, A.Z.
 Use period after each reference element, except DOI and URL.

In-text citation  Use comma between each part of a reference, except between journal’s

volume and issue number. place the issue number in parentheses

Punctuation instead.
and  Italicize punctuation marks that appear within an italic reference element.
Capitalization
 Italicize titles of longer works such as book, journals, periodicals, etc.

 Do not drop any words, such as A, An, The, etc. from the titles of

periodicals ( newspaper, magazine, journals).

 Never abbreviate the names of months.


References

• American Psychological Association. (2022). APA Style


common reference examples guide.
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
• American Educational Research Association, American
Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement
in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and
psychological testing.
https://www.apa.org/science/programs/testing/standards.aspx
• Rahimi, B.A., (2023), Reference Writing, ppt.
• Lali, W.M., (2021), Reference, ppt.

You might also like