Lecture Check In-

➢ Special Trigonometric Functions

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Standard integral
𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |tan |
2
𝜋 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |tan( + )| = log|(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)|
4 2

Positive integral power of sine and cosine

Odd positive index

Example 4.1: Evaluate ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − ∫(1 − cos2 𝑥) 𝑑(cos 𝑥) [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 ]

= − ∫(1 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧 ; [∵ 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 𝑓𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑥]

𝑧3 𝑥 𝑛+1
= − (𝑧 − ) [∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 & ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
]
3

cos3 𝑥
= − (cos 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
3

2 1
Problem 4.1: Evaluate ∫ cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: sin 𝑥 − 3 sin3 𝑥 + 5 sin5 𝑥 + 𝑐]

2
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Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

Example 4.2: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 2
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 2 sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 ]
2

1
= 4 ∫( 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1
= 4 ∫(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥
= 4 ∫(1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
= 4 ∫ (1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 2 cos2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥 ]
2

1 1 1
= 4 ∫(1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 3 1
= 4 ∫ (2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 3−4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
= 4∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

1
= 8 ∫(3 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥

= 8 (3𝑥 − 4 + ) [∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 & ∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
]
2 4

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
= 8 (3𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + )
4

3 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
= (8 𝑥 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + ) + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
32

3 1 1
Problem 4.2: Evaluate ∫ cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Ans.: 8 𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥 + 32 sin 4𝑥 + 𝑐]
3
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4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

Product of positive integral powers of sine and cosine

Example 4.3: Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1 ]

= ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let, sin 𝑥 = 𝑧, ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑧 6 𝑑𝑧

𝑧5 𝑧7 𝑑
= − [∵ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
5 7

𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥
= − + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
5 7

Example 4.4: Evaluate ∫ √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1 ]

Let, sin 𝑥 = 𝑧, ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑧 (1 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
1
= ∫ 𝑧 2 (1 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
3 7
1 5
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑑
= ∫ (𝑧 − 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 =
2 2 3 − 7 [∵ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
2 2

2 3 2 7
4

= 3 𝑧2 − 7 𝑧2
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4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

3 7
2 2
= 3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2 − 7 (sin 𝑥)2 + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.

1 2 1
Problem 4.3: Evaluate ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: 3 sin3 𝑥 − 5 sin5 𝑥 + 7 sin7 𝑥 + 𝑐]

Integral power of tangent and cotangent

Positive powers of tangent and cotangent

Example 4.5: Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 [∵ sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1 ]

= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑(tan 𝑥) − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥|]

tan2 𝑥
= − log|sec 𝑥| + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
2

1
Problem 4.4: Evaluate ∫ cot 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐]

Positive integral powers of secant and cosecant

Even positive index

Example 4.6: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5

= ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1 ]

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Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

= ∫(1 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

In 2nd and 3rd term let 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑧, ∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧

𝑧3 𝑧5 𝑥 𝑛+1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2 + [∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 & ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
]
3 5

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2 + + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
3 5

1
Problem 4.5: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: tan 𝑥 + 3 tan3 𝑥 + 𝑐]

2 1
Problem 4.6: Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: −cot 𝑥 − 3 cot 3 𝑥 − 5 cot 5 𝑥 + 𝑐]

Odd positive index

Example 4.7: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

Let

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … (1)

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= sec 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[∫ 𝑑𝑥 (sec 𝑥) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[∵ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫{𝑑𝑥 (𝑢) ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥}𝑑𝑥]

𝑑
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 . tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 & 𝑑𝑥
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥]

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 [∵ sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1 ]

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6
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∷ 𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 [By (1)]

Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

⇒ 2𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log|(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)| [∵ ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|]

1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2 log|(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)| + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.

Problem 4.7: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

tan 𝑥 sec3 𝑥 3 3
[Ans.: + 8 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 8 log|(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)| + 𝑐]
4

1 1 𝑥
Problem 4.8: Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 2 log |tan 2| + 𝑐]

𝑑𝑥
Example 4.8: Integrate ∫ sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
∴𝐼=∫ 𝑥 𝑥
sin 2. +cos 2.
2 2

𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 [∵ sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 & cos 2𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 ]
2 sin cos +cos2 −sin2
2 2 2 2

𝑥
sec2 𝑑𝑥
2
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥
2 tan +1−tan2
2 2

𝑥
(On multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec 2 2)

𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
Put tan 2 = 𝑧;∴ 2 sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧; ⇒ sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑧

2𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 2z+1−z2

2𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 2−(z2−2z+1)

𝑑𝑧
= 2∫ 2
(√2) −(z−1)2

Put 𝑎 = √2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 1 = 𝑦; ∴ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
7

= 2 ∫ 𝑎2−y2
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Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

1 𝑎+𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
= 2. 2𝑎 log |𝑎−𝑦| [∵ ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥2 = 2𝑎 log |𝑎−𝑥| ; [|𝑥| < |𝑎|]]
1 𝑎+𝑦
= 𝑎 log |𝑎−𝑦|

1 √2+(𝑧−1)
= log | |
√2 √2−(𝑧−1)

𝑥
1 √2+(tan2−1)
= log | 𝑥 | + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
√2 √2−(tan2−1)

𝑑𝑥 1
Problem 4.9: Integrate ∫ (sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥)2. [Ans.: − 1+tan 𝑥]

𝑑𝑥 1
Problem 4.10: Integrate ∫ 1+sin 2𝑥. [Ans.: − 1+tan 𝑥]

𝑑𝑥 1 1
Problem 4.11: Integrate ∫ (3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥)2. [Ans.: − 3 (3 tan 𝑥+4)]

𝑑𝑥
Example 4.9: Integrate ∫ 𝑎 sin2 𝑥+𝑏2 cos2 𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎 sin2 𝑥+𝑏2 cos2 𝑥

(On multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec 2 𝑥)

sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴𝐼=∫
𝑎 tan2 𝑥 + 𝑏 2

Put tan 𝑥 = 𝑧; ∴ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑧
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎𝑧 2+𝑏2

1 𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑧 2 +( )2
𝑎

1 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑏
𝑧 2 +( )2
𝑎

𝑏
Put 𝑎 = 𝑘

1 𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑧 2+𝑘 2
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4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

1 1 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑎2 𝑘 tan−1(𝑘) [∵ ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 = 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 ; [𝑎 ≠ 0]]
1 1 tan 𝑥
= 𝑎2 𝑏 tan−1 ( 𝑏 )
𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏 tan−1(𝑏 tan 𝑥) + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.

𝑑𝑥
Example 4.10: Integrate ∫ 5−13 sin 𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫
5−13 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥
5.1 − 13 sin 2. 2

𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 [∵ sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1 & sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥]
5(sin2 +cos2 )−13.2 sin cos
2 2 2 2

𝑥
sec2 𝑑𝑥
2
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥
5(tan2 +1)−26 tan
2 2

𝑥
(On multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec 2 2)

𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
Put tan 2 = 𝑧; ∴ 2 sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧; ⇒ sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑧

2𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 5(z2+1)−26z

2𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 5z2−26z+5

1 2𝑑𝑧
= 5∫ 26
z2 − z+1
5

2 𝑑𝑧
= 5∫ 13 13 2 169
z2 −2𝑥 +( ) +1−
5 5 25

2 𝑑𝑧
= 5∫ 13 2 144
(𝑧− ) −
5 25

2 𝑑𝑧
= 5∫ 13 2 12 2
(𝑧− ) −( )
5 5

13 12
9

Put 𝑧 − = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑎
5 5
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4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

2 𝑑𝑧
= 5 ∫ 𝑢2 −𝑎2

2 1 𝑢−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
= 5 2𝑎 log |𝑢+𝑎| [∵ ∫ 2 = log | |]
𝑥2 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

13 12
1 1 (𝑧− )− 13 12
5 5
= 5 12 log | 13 12 | [∵ 𝑢 = 𝑧 − &𝑎 = ]
(𝑧− )+ 5 5
5 5 5

1 5𝑧−25
= 12 log | 5𝑧−1 |
𝑥
1 5 tan −25
2
= 12 log | 𝑥 | + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.
5 tan −1
2

𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 5 tan +4
Problem 4.12: Integrate ∫ 5+4 sin 𝑥. [Ans.: 3 tan−1 2
]
3

𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2 tan +1
2
Problem 4.13: Integrate ∫ 4+5 sin 𝑥. [Ans.:3 log 𝑥 ]
2 tan +4
2

𝑑𝑥 2 1 𝑥
Problem 4.14: Integrate ∫ 5+4 cos 𝑥. [Ans.: 3 tan−1(3 tan 2)]
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2+tan
2
Problem 4.15: Integrate ∫ 3+5 cos 𝑥. [Ans.:4 log 𝑥 ]
2−tan
2

2 sin 𝑥+3 cos 𝑥

Example 4.11: Integrate ∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
2 sin 𝑥+3 cos 𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Put 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 𝑙(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) + 𝑚(𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)

= 𝑙(3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥) + 𝑚(3 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥)

= (3𝑙 − 4𝑚) sin 𝑥 + (4𝑙 + 3𝑚) cos 𝑥

Now comparing the coefficient of sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥 of both sides, we get

3𝑙 − 4𝑚 = 2

4𝑙 + 3𝑚 = 3
10

18 1
Page

∴𝑙= ,𝑚 =
25 25

Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU

4@ Special Trigonometric Functions Integral Calculus

18 1
∴ 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = (3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥) + (3 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥)
25 25
2 sin 𝑥+3 cos 𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

18 1
(3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥)+ (3 cos 𝑥−4 sin 𝑥)
= ∫ 25 25
𝑑𝑥
3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥

18 1 3 cos 𝑥−4 sin 𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑥)

= 25 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 & ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥)]

18 1
= 25 𝑥 + 25 log|3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥| + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant.

𝑑𝑥 1 1
Problem 4.16: Integrate ∫ 1+tan 𝑥. [Ans.: 2 𝑥 + 2 log(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]

cos 𝑥 1 1
Problem 4.17: Integrate ∫ sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: 2 𝑥 + 2 log(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]

cos 𝑥 3 2
Problem 4.18: Integrate ∫ 2 sin 𝑥+3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [Ans.: 13 𝑥 + 13 log(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥)]

11
Page

Md. Monuar Hossain Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, UU