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1. BIOLOGY

The document outlines the fundamental concepts of cell theory, detailing the contributions of key scientists such as Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, and Theodor Schwann. It explains the structure and functions of various cell organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, as well as the classification of organisms based on cellular composition. Additionally, it describes the types of tissues in animals, emphasizing epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views17 pages

1. BIOLOGY

The document outlines the fundamental concepts of cell theory, detailing the contributions of key scientists such as Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, and Theodor Schwann. It explains the structure and functions of various cell organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, as well as the classification of organisms based on cellular composition. Additionally, it describes the types of tissues in animals, emphasizing epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025

CELL THEORY cork) and observed it under his crude


microscope.
- is a set of ideas that gives explanation
about CELL (basic unit of life) •He observed the small partitions,
room-like structures and he called it
CELL -basic unit of Life “CELL”.

THEORY -an idea or set of ideas that is 4. ROBERT BROWN


intended to explain facts or events –
Britannica -Discovered the NUCLEUS in Plant Cell.

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE – is the -He described it as the carrier of


most useful instrument in studying about GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA).
the parts of a cell.
5. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

SCIENTIST AND THEIR - A German botanist discovered the cells


CONTRIBUTION in plant only. He concluded that all
plants are made up of cells.
1. ZACHARIAS JANSEN
6. THEODOR SCHWANN
Come up with the first compound
microscope. -A German zoologist who discovered
“cell in animal”.He concluded that all
2. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
animals are composed of cells.
-Father of Microscopy
-These evidences lead a further study
-He discovered the tiny living animals. about the cell theory and considered as
He named it “animalcules” (which is a gratefully help in the conceptualization
called today as BACTERIA). of the cell theory.

-He discovered the animalcules from 7. RUDOLF VIRCHOW


raindrops and teeth scrapings (tartar).
-A German Physician who justified the
-He also observed the sperm cell creation of new cells were came from
other cells.
3. ROBERT HOOKE

-An English Scientist, 1665, when he


conducted a study about the cell by
slicing a very small piece of cork (oak

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


3 Principles of CELL THEORY 2. MULTICELLULAR

1. Cells are the building block and -Composed of many cells.


the functional unit of all living
organisms. It includes the life -Plants, Animals (humans) and some
cycle, metabolic activities and the fungi
ability to transfer character traits.
TYPES OF ORGANISM
2. 2.All living organisms are
containing one or more cells. (Based on TYPE OF DOMAIN)
3. 3.Cells arise from the pre-existing
cells. 1. PROKARYOTIC

-Does not have NUCLEUS

SOME HELPFUL DISCOVERIES AFTER -Bacteria


FORMULATING THE CELL THEORY
2. EUKARYOTIC
1.FELIX DUJARDIN
-Does have NUCLEUS
A French biologist who discovered the
“PROTOPLASM” which is a -Plants, Animals (humans),fungi and
semi-transparent livng substance known protist
as Sarcode.
CELL STRUCTURE IS LIKE A
2. WATSON AND CRICK KINGDOM

-Discovered the structure of GATEKEEPER- CELL MEMBRANE


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is
the genetic material of an organism. DICTATOR/KING- NUCLEUS

PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL MESSENGER- RNA

WARRIOR- LYSOSOMES
TYPES OF ORGANISM

FOOD AND WATER STORAGE-


(Based on number of cells)
VACUOLE
1. UNICELLULAR
MACHINERY/FACTORY-RIBOSOMES/E
-A.K.A “SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISM NDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

-Composed only of ONE COURIER OF MATERIALS- GOLGI


APPARATUS
-Bacteria, protist and some fungi

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


WALLS- CELL WALL fats, carbohydrates and protein
materials.
ENERGY PROVIDER- MITOCHONDRIA
Cell membrane’s function is to:
Due to advancement of technology the
study of cell and its structure broadens, A. Provide support and maintain
this helps us to understand how cells cell
work and how it affects our daily life.
shape.
Also we are now able to dissect and
identify the different part of cell and its B. Regulates the flow of material
functions. inside and outside the cell.

This part of cell are called ORGANELLES. 1. CELL WALL.

-This is the outermost layer of plant,


fungal, and bacterial cell. (Not present in
BASIC FEATURES OF ALL CELL TYPE animal cell)

As we all know, there are many types of -Gives additional support to the cell,
cell but despite of their differences a prevent water loss and enclose the cell to
typical cell is consist of three major avoid the invasion of pathogens.
parts.
Cytoplasm
As we all know, there are many types of
cell but despite of their differences a -Cytoplasm lies between the cell
typical cell is consist of three major membrane and nucleus.
parts.
-Consist of a jelly-like substance.
1. Cell membrane / Plasma Membrane
-Also consist of cytosol, organelles and
2. Cell nucleus inclusions.

3. Cytoplasm -This is a place where cell expansion,


growth, metabolic activities and cell
function happens.

Cell membrane Cytosol – Semi-transparent fluid


present in which organelles are
-Also known as Plasma Membrane. suspended. It also gives support and
holds the organelles in the cell.
-This structure is compose of two layer
of phospholipids (Phospholipid bilayer)

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


-Floating inside the cytoplasm -Stacks of flattened sacs that carries
are the organelles such as : Ribosomes, protein from RER to the outside part of
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus the cell. It Contains enzymes that modify
and many more! protein, packages and secreted protein.

Cytoplasmic organelles - Vesicles are the small of packs of


organic materials.
1. Ribosomes
4.MITOCHONDRIA
-Are small rounded, dark bodies, which is
contains proteins and RNA. -It is known as the "Power house of the
cell".
-They connect amino acids to form
chains of proteins. -It has two layers of membranous sacs,
the inside membrane is enfolds to form
-Ribosomes does not have a membrane. cristae and encloses by a matrix.

-Can be found in cytoplasm and Rough -This is the location wherein energy
Endoplasmic Reticulum produces by synthesis of Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
2. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-Organelle responsible for cellular
Interconnected tubes and flattened sacs respiration, conversion of energy
(cisternae) that transports vesicles to originating from simple sugar and lipids
carry different substances. into ATP energy. It regulates cellular
metabolism.
Comes in two types:
5. VACUOLES
1. Smooth ER- has a NO ribosomes
in its flattened body. It detoxify -Single membranous sac that stores
drugs and synthesize non-protein materials and water, releasing of cellular
waste products, conducts intercellular
substance.
digestion, maintaining hydrostatic
2. Rough ER- has a ribosomes in its pressure.

flattened body. Also manufacture -Vacuole in plants is large that plays a


and synthesize proteins. vital role in turgor pressure and serves
as for the storage of water. While in
3. GOLGI APPARATUS animals is small for the storage of food
products.
-A.K.A. Golgi Bodies, Golgi complex
6.LYSOSOMES
and Dictyosomes.
by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


-Are known as "scavenger of -It is the fundamental framework of the
the cell“ Membranous bag structure cytoplasm containing protein filament
which contain strong hydrolytic enzymes that assist for the organelles to move
use to digest macromolecules. inside.

-These single-membranous organelles 10. PLASTIDS


also digest damage parts of the cell
down by nucleic acids and some lipids. -The largest, rounded membranous
The digested products can reuse again organelles that contain DNA usually seen
by the cell for the synthesis of cellular in plants but not common in animal cell.
materials.
-A double-membranous structure
-The programmed of cell destruction enclosed by a thylakoid membrane
with the use of lysosomal enzymes is consists of chloroplasts which contain
important in the process of cell chlorophyll use by the plants for making
development. coloring pigments in their food through
the process of photosynthesis.
7. GLYCOCALYX
A. Thylakoid is flattened
-A.K.A. Cell Coat it is located in the outer membranous sacs.
part of cell membrane of animal cell B. Grana refers to stacked
arrangement of thylakoid.
-It functions for cell recognition and C. Stroma space outside the
cellular adhesion. thylakoid which contains enzymes
fo carbohydrate synthesis.
-It is also responsible for tissue
organization.

8. PEROXISOMES

-Are membranous sacs that containing Different Plastids and their coloring
oxidative enzymes for the function of pigments
detoxifying harmful substance
a. Chloroplastids - green pigment .
9. CYTOSKELETON
b. Chromoplastids - colored
-Composed of collective network of
pigment like red, yellow and orange.
protein filamentous, thread-like structure
called microtubules, microfilaments a. Carotenoids – Orange
which produce a strong ability to
support and maintain the cell shape. b. Anthocyanin – Red or Blue

c. Anthoxanthin – Pale Yellow


by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


d. Xanthophyll – Yellow - The nuclear membrane controls the
continuous flow of materials inside
c. Leucoplastids - white and and outside the nucleus.
colorless pigment
2. NUCLEOPLASM
a. Amyloplasts – Stores starch
grains. -It is known as the nuclear sap
containing fluid substance that
b. Proteinoplasts – Stores suspended in the internal part forming
protein. the protoplasm of the nucleus also
known as Karyoplasm.
c. Elaioplasts – Stores oil
substance. 3. NUCLEOULUS

11. CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLE -A spherical shape made up of granular


structures that found inside the nucleus
-The centriole is a small, fibrous structure
containing Ribosomal Nucleic Acid
and cylindrical shape having a mass
(RNA) which rich of protein materials
dense of protoplasm found near the
for the protein synthesis and carrying
nucleus.
hereditary traits.
-Contains nine pairs of peripheral
4.CHROMOSOMES
microtubules orthogonally arrange to
produce the wall of the cylinder.

-Present only in animal cell, a pair of -These are long thread stands
centrioles are found inside centrosome associated with protein materials that
which replicates when the cell divides. suddenly coiled, appear thicker, denser
and shorter when cells divide.
Part of nucleus
-COMPOSED OF DNA.
1.NUCLEAR ENVELOPE/MEMBRANE
-Also bounded with protein which serves
- Consists of two-membranous layered as packaging of deoxyribonucleic acid
that covers the entire Nucleus and (DNA) that controls the hereditary
separate the nuclear material from the characteristics.
cytoplasm.
Other parts
- It contains thread-like materials called
chromatin which is located in a darker 1.FLAGELLA
area of the nucleus.
-are cytoplasmic projections that made
of two central and nine pairs of
by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


peripheral microtubules which · EXTERNAL SKIN
extend from surface of cell; covered by
plasma membrane; many · MOUTH
single-celledorganisms use them for
· HEART, LUNGS, EYES & EARS
2.CILIA
· KIDNEYS
are relatively short projections that
· BRAIN
extend from the surface of cell and
allowing the materials to move on · SPINAL CORD
surface of some tissues in form of
waves. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE BASED
ON NUMBER OF CELLS

Types of tissues in Animals (more


specifically in humans)

CELLS- Smallest unit of all living


organisms.
A. SIMPLE
TISSUES-These are same cells
that grouped together. Epithelial tissue consist of single layer

ORGANS- These are tissues with B. STRATIFIED


same or related functions that
Epithelial tissue composed of many
grouped together.
layers.
ORGAN SYSTEM- These are
organs with related functions
that grouped together.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE BASED
ON SHAPE OF CELL
ORGANISM- The most complex
level of organization.
A. SQUAMOUS CELL- Flattened on the
4 Types of Tissues surface.

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE B. CUBOIDAL CELL- Dice-shape/


Square like shape.
-It serves as a covering in both external
and internal surfaces. C. COLUMNAR CELL- Column in shape

-It forms the following:

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


2. Connective tissue E. FIBROCARTILAGE

- is use to connect, bind, holds, and -Made up of chondrocytes


support one part to another part of
the body. -Collagenous fibers

- This is the most vascularized and -Absorb compressive shock


widely distributed inside the body.
F. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
A. BONE TISSUE
-Made up of chondrocytes
A.K.A “Osteocytes”
-Elastic fibers
Osteo – bones ; cytes – cells
-To support the external ear.
It support, protects, provides
G. Adipose tissue
lever, storage, and
hematopoiesis (Blood -Fat cells (adipocytes)
production).
-Matrix: Reticular structure
B. BLOOD TISSUE with collagen fiber.

-Red blood cell (erythrocytes), -Storage of lipids for energy


white blood cell (leucocytes), building.
and platelets (thrombocytes)
3. Muscle Tissue
-To transport materials
throughout our body. -Muscle cells that designed for
contraction and movement.
C. CARTILAGE TISSUE
-Muscle cells are also called the muscle
-Made up of chondrocytes fibers.

-To support and helps to -Inside the muscle fiber consists of


provide structures. sarcoplasm known as the cell membrane.

-Rubbery Collagen -sarcolemma as the cytoplasm of the


muscle cell and the cell body that
D. HYALINE CARTILAGE
containing nucleus located at the center.
-Made up of chondrocytes
e fibers.
-To support and cushion
A. Skeletal muscle tissue
properties

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


-Striated Voluntary Muscle 2. Supporting Cells

-Long cylindrical shape, bundle Transport nutrients from the blood


form, many nucleus, many vessels to neurons.
striations.
Guard against toxin by creating
barrier to harmful substances.
-Muscle attached to skeleton.

B. Cardiac muscle tissue

Neuroglia
-Striated Involuntary Muscle

-Surround neurons and provide


-Short branching shape, have few
support for and insulation
striations, single or two
between them.
nucleus.

-Glial cells are the most abundant


-Muscle of heart.
cell types in the central nervous
C. Smooth muscle tissue system.

-Non-striated Involuntary Muscle Neurons

-Spindle in shape, no striations, Neurons are interconnected to


single nucleus. transmit signal throughout the
Nervous system.
-Muscle of visceral organs.
Consist of two parts:
4. Nervous Tissue
1. Cell body or Soma- Contains the
-Integration and communication are the nucleus. Controls the activity of
two major functions of nervous tissue. neuron.
2. Axon- Conducts impulse away
-Primary function is to receive stimuli
the soma.
and send the impulse to the and brain.
The brain sends back a response via the Base on function:
nerves
Ø Afferent or Sensory Neuron-
Consists of two types of cells:
Sensory receptor to CNS.
1. Conducting cells
Ø Efferent or Motor Neuron- CNS to
Neurons are specialized to transmit viscera, muscle or gland.
information throughout the body.

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


Ø Interneurons- Connection STAGES OF INTERPHASE
between neurons.
1. G1 (GAP 1) PHASE- 8-10 HOURS
Base on structure:
IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN
Unipolar- Single process emerging from INCREASE IN THE SUPPLY OF
the cell body. PROTEINS, IN THE NUMBER OF
CELLULAR ORGANELLES
Bipolar- One dendrite and one axon. PARTICULARLY MITOCHONDRIA
AND RIBOSOMES, AND IN THE SIZE
Multipolar- Many dendrites and one
OF THE CELL.
axon.
2. S (SYNTHETIC) PHASE – 6-8
HOURS
THE CELL CYCLE
CHARACTERIZED MAINLY BY DNA
SYNTHESIS OR REPLICATION.
THE SERIES OF STAGES IN THE LIFE OF
A CELL
THE CELL MAKES ANOTHER COPY OF
ITS CHROMOSOMES.
CELL DIVISION
3. G2 (GAP 2) PHASE- 4-6 HOURS
● IT IS AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF
LIFE. IT SPANS FROM THE COMPLETION
● IT ENABLES A MULTICELLULAR OF DNA SYNTHESIS TO THE START
ORGANISM TO GROW AND OF ACTUAL CELL DIVISION.
REACH THE ADULT SIZE,
REPLACES WORN-OUT OR MITOSIS
DAMAGED CELLS, AND KEEPS
THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS -The term MITOSIS is derived from the
IN AN ADULT ORGANISM Latin word “mito” meaning “threads”.
RELATIVELY CONSTANT.
-It occurs among cells during
INTERPHASE embryonic development, growth, repair
of injured tissues and replacement of
● IT IS THE LONGEST PHASE IN worn-out tissues.
THE CELL CYCLE FOR MOST
CELLS. -Certain specialized cells like nerve
● TYPICALLY, IT LASTS FOR AT cells, sperm cells, and red blood cells
LEAST 90% OF THE TOTAL TIME that have no nuclei lose their power to
REQUIRED FOR THE CELL CYCLE. divide.

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


-The cells which constitute the 4. TELOPHASE: FORMATION OF
body or soma or multicellular TWO DAUGHTER NUCLEI
organisms multiply by mitosis is called
SOMATIC CELL DIVISION. Daughter chromosomes reach the
opposite end of the poles.

This stage is characterized by the


PHASES OF MITOSIS formation of a nuclear envelope
around each set of the
1. PROPHASE – FORMATION OF chromosomes.
MITOTIC SPINDLE FIBERS.
The chromosomes uncoil, and
The nuclear membrane once again appear thread-like.
disappears
Nucleoli reappear.
The nucleoli disappear
The mitotic spindle fiber
A pair of centrioles moves to form disappear and the equal division
each pole and the mitotic spindle of one nucleus into two identical
forms between the poles daughter nuclei is completed
(centrioles)
5. CYTOKINESIS: DIVISION
And the replicated DNA begins to OF THE CYTOPLASM
condense into distinctive
chromosomes. -Final phase and characterized
mainly by the division of the
2. METAPHASE: ALIGNMENT OF cytoplasm.
CHROMOSOMES
-In plant cells, cellulose deposits
-Characterized by the alignment accumulate along the equator, forming a
of the chromosomes along the structure called “cell plate” from which
EQUATORIAL PLATE of the cell. the cell wall forms. A new plasma
membrane extends across both sides of
the cell plate.

3. ANAPHASE: MOVEMENT OF -In animal cells, the cytoplasm divides


THE DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES by the formation of a groove called
“cleavage furrow”.
Characterized by the separation
of the chromosomes and the
movement each of the replicated
chromosomes toward opposite
poles.
by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


CANCER CELLS: GROWING It can spread into neighboring tissues
OUT OF CONTROL and other parts of the body, displacing
normal tissues and interrupting organ
THE SUQUENTIAL EVENTS OF THE function.
CELL CYCLE ARE DIRECTED BY A CELL
CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM THAT Causes cancer.
CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED
PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL. Cancer cells may separate from the
original tumor or secrete signal molecule
THESE PROTEINS INTEGRATE that cause blood vessels to grow toward
INFORMATION FROM THE the tumor.
ENVIRONMENT AND FROM THE
OTHER BODY CELLS AND SEND The spread of cancer cells beyond their
“STOP” AND “GO-AHEAD” SIGNAL AT original site is called METASTASIS.
A CERTAIN KEY POINTS.

BENIGN TUMOR
CANCER TREATMENT
Because a transformed cell grows
THREE (3) MAIN TYPES OF CANCER
abnormally, the immune system
TREATMENT
normally recognizes and destroys it.

However, if the cell, evades destruction, 1. SLASH- SURGERY TO REMOVE A


it may proliferate to form a TUMOR, an TUMOR.
abnormally growing mass of the body
2. BURN- RADIATION THERAPY PARTS
cells.
OF THE BODY THAT HAVE
CANCEROUS TUMORS ARE
EXPOSED TO CONCENTRATED
BEAMS OF HIGH-ENERGY
RADIATION. (SIDE EFFECTS:
If the abnormal cells remain at the NAUSEA AND HAIR LOSS)
original site, the lump is called benign
tumor. 3. POISON- CHEMOTHERAPHY DRUGS
ARE ADMINISTERED THAT DISRUPT
Benign tumors can cause problems if CELL DIVISION.
they grow larger and disrupt certain
organs, such as brain but they can be MEIOSIS
removed by surgery.
-In humans, each body (somatic)’cell
contains two sets of chromosomes,
with 23 chromosomes in each set. Each
MALIGNANT TUMOR
by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


of the 23 pairs is called
homologous pair.
PHASES OF MEIOSIS I
-ONE set comes from each parent cell.

1. PROPHASE I
Characteristics of MEIOSIS
Chromosomes become thick and visible.
1. It results in daughter cells having
the number of chromosomes Chromosomes of each homologous pair
(haploid number) of the parent are tangled together.
cell.
2. The resulting daughter cells in Each pair consists of a total of four
meiosis are not alike. They do not chromatids, because each chromosomes
have the same exact copies of in the pair had replicated before meiosis
chromosomes. began.
3. Produces four (4) daughter cells.
CROSSING OVER- is the exchange of
4. Occurs only in reproductive cells
genes between pairs of homologous
of ovaries and testes.
chromosomes.
DIPLOID CELL- a cell that contains two
2. METAPHASE I
complete sets or homologous pairs of
chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes are still
together.
DIPLOID NUMBER- the number of
chromosomes in a diploid cell. Represent The pairs of chromosomes are arranged
by “2N”. in the middle of the cell.

HAPLOID CELL – a cell containing a 3. ANAPHASE I


single set of chromosomes.
The homologous pairs of chromosomes
Human sex cells (egg and sperm) separate from each other during
contain only half the number of anaphase I.
chromosomes found in the body cells. N
(23) Spindle fibers pull members from each
pair of chromosomes to opposite ends
FERTILIZATION- a haploid sperm cell of the cell.
fuses with a haploid egg cell, results in a
fertilized egg, called a ZYGOTE which is Notice that each individual
DIPLOID. chromosomes still consist of two sister
chromatids.

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


4. TELOPHASE I CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Depending on the type of organism, a


CELLULAR TRANSPORT: AN
new nuclear envelope may or may not
INTRODUCTION
form during telophase. In either case,
cytokinesis takes place during telophase. TO STAY ALIVE, there must be
continuous exchange of materials
After cytokinesis, each new cell is
between the cell and its environment.
haploid, containing one chromosome
from each pair Necessary materials must be
transported into the cell and waste
MEIOSIS II
materials out of the cell.
Recall that, before meiosis began, each
The plasma membrane separates the cell
chromosome replicated to become two
from its environment.
sister chromatids.
2 TYPES OF CELL TRANSPORT
Each of the daughter cells produced
during meiosis I divides again during 1. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
meiosis II.
It is the movement of substances
Meiosis II is just a typical Mitosis but
through membranes without using
produces a four haploid daughter cells.
energy, from a region of greater or
higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration and does not require
EDWARD MORDRAKE cellular energy.

an urban legend who was, according to THREE TYPES: SIMPLE DIFFUSION,


the legend, born in the 19th century, heir OSMOSIS and FACILITATED
to an English peerage, and had an extra DIFFUSION.
face on the back of his head.
1.1 SIMPLE DIFFUSION

-One requirement for diffusion to


occur is the PRESENCE OF A
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.

-A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
is a difference in concentration of
a certain substance in one area
and the concentration in another
adjacent area.
by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo
STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


1.2 OSMOSIS As a result, the cell increases in size
and swells. SWELLING in animal
Is the diffusion of water across a cells can lead to bursting
selectively permeable membrane.
Plant cells, however, do not burst
A. ISOTONIC SOLUTION because they are surrounded by a
rigid cell wall. Instead, a
-equals the concentration of
hydrostatic pressure develops and
solutes inside the cell.
this is responsible for the firmness
-Ringer's solution is a or turgidity observed in
solution of several salts well-watered plants.
dissolved in water for the
purpose of creating an
isotonic solution relative to 1.3 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
the body fluids of an animal
· Is a form of passive transport
B. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION that requires transport
proteins in the membrane.
The concentration of solutes
surrounding the cell is higher · Glucose is an example of a
than that inside the cell. large, polar molecule that is
transported through the
the amount of water inside
membrane by facilitated
cell is higher and moves out
diffusion.
into the surrounding solution
until · Transport protein can either
be carrier proteins or
If the cell is loses too much
channels.
water, the cell will shrink.
(PLASMOLYSIS)

C.HYPOTONIC SOLUTION 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

-The concentration of ● Is the movement of substances


solutes surrounding the cell from a region of lower
concentration to a region of
greater concentration and
is lower than that inside the cell. requires the expenditure of
cellular energy.
In this situation, water moves into
the cell.

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025


● Specialized membrane organisms including protozoans,
provides referred to as pumps are obtain food through phagocytosis.
involved in active transport.
In HUMAN, Neutrophils and
2.1. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP monocytes- two types of WBC-
specialize in phagocytosis. BOTH
· HAPPENS ON ANIMAL CELLS ENGULF AND DESTROYS
ESPECIALLY ON MUSCLES AND UNWATED CELLS AND MATERIALS
NERVES. INSIDE THE BODY.

· HIGH K+ inside and Low Na+ PINOCYTOSIS “Cell-drinking”, it is


outside the cell. similar to phagocytosis except that
the cell engulfs droplets of fluid
2.2 ENDOCYTOSIS
instead of solid particles, also
· The cell engulfs particles into a forming large vacuoles within it.
pouch formed by the in folding This is one of the mechanisms by
of the cell membrane. which cells maintain water balance.

· The resulting pouch is then 2.3. EXOCYTOSIS


pinched off from the plasma
It is the reverse of endocytosis.
membrane and forms a vesicle
Wastes and cell products inside the
inside the cell.
cell are package in Golgi vesicles
· This vesicle then fuses with a which then fuse with the cell
lysosome which contains membrane to be transported out of
enzyme that will break and the cell.
digest the engulfed particles
It is an important process for the
before these are released into
cell to maintain a stable internal
the cytoplasm.
environment.

IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT


THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
Allows energy-rich molecule and
PHAGOCYTOSIS- “cell-eating”, necessary elements to go inside the cell.
the cell engulfs solid particles into
much larger vesicles, sometimes Removes waste and excess substances
called vacuoles. Many unicellular from the cell.

Maintains HOMEOSTASIS.

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025

by: Ma. Cristina De Ocampo


STEM Society VP

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