Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

TOPIC:
DIFFERENTIATION – TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Group No.3
Members:
Adato, John Paul D.
Arenas, Darren B.
Calma, Rodel R.
Eublera, Mark Anthony C.
Quiroz, Russel S.

Submitted to:
Engr. Gilmark P. Repulda
Instructor

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 Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE .......................................................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................... 2

A. PREEFACE ......................................................... 3

B. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3

 DEFINITION ..................................................... 3

 HISTROICAL BACKGROUND .......................................... 4

 CONCEPT OF TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION ...................... 4

C. DERIVATION OF FORMULAS............................................ 5
 SIX (6) TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS ................. 5
 Derivative of sine ....................................... 5
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................. 5
 DETAILED EXPLANATION ............................... 5
 Derivative of cosine ..................................... 7
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................. 7
 DETAILED EXPLANATION ............................... 7
 Derivative of tangent .................................... 8
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................. 8
 DETAILED EXPLANATION ............................... 8
 Derivative of cosecant .................................. 11
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................ 11
 DETAILED EXPLANATION .............................. 11
 Derivative of secant .................................... 12
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................ 13
 DETAILED EXPLANATION .............................. 13
 Derivative of cotangent ................................. 14
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION ............................ 14
 DETAILED EXPLANATION .............................. 14

REFERENCES ......................................................... 17

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Preface

This project explores Differential Calculus, concentrating on

trigonometric differentiation, to provide insightful analysis and
clarity. Carefully crafted for readability, it begins with an
introductory exploration of trigonometric differentiation, delving into
its history, core principles, and practical applications. Six essential
formulas are meticulously derived, accompanied by visual illustrations
to illuminate relationships and step-by-step explanations of
mathematical reasoning, ensuring a solid grasp of concepts and their
real-world implications. Through this structured approach, the project
aims to enrich your understanding of calculus and trigonometry's
intricate dance, offering a fascinating glimpse into the elegance and
utility of trigonometric differentiation, whether you are a curious
student or a mathematics enthusiast.

Introduction

 Definition

Understanding calculus and its applications requires

thoroughly comprehending trigonometric functions and their derivatives.
In physics, engineering, and other fields, trigonometric functions like
sine (sin), cosine (cos), and tangent (tan) are essential for
characterizing periodic behavior.

Derivation, on the other hand, seeks to determine the rates of

change of these functions concerning their angles, expressed in radians.
We shall find the derivatives of sin (x), cos (x), and tan⁡ (x) by using
the unit circle, definitions of limits, and properties of trigonometric
identities. These findings will be the basis for resolving practical
issues with wave patterns, oscillations, and other periodicity-related
phenomena.

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 In addition to highlighting the complex relationships between
trigonometric functions, this paper will further reinforce
differentiation procedures.

 Historical Background

Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are both credited
with developing calculus, though their lives were marked by disputes
over who originated the ideas first, with each accusing the other of
plagiarism. However, they were not the only contributors to the
development of calculus. Other prominent mathematicians of the time also
played a role. For instance, René Descartes made an indirect contribution
to differential calculus by introducing the concept of variable
magnitudes.
Newton and Leibniz laid the foundation for integral and
differential calculus, focusing on the study of motion but approaching
it from different perspectives. Newton concentrated on the velocity of
falling objects, while Leibniz explored the slopes of curves to represent
rates of change. Despite their differing approaches, they reached similar
conclusions, fueling their accusations against each other. Ultimately,
the synthesis of their ideas led to the creation of the fundamental
theorem of calculus, which bridges the concepts of integration and
differentiation.

 Concept of Trigonometric Differentiation

The process of computing the derivatives of trigonometric
functions—which show how quickly these functions change in relation to
a variable—is known as differentiation. This mathematical method is
essential to comprehending the behavior and changes of trigonometric
functions with respect to time or angle. Specific differentiation
formulas for each of the six main trigonometric functions—sine, cosine,
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant—are frequently employed in
problem-solving and practical applications.
Sine (sin x), cosine (cos x), tangent (tan x), cotangent (cot x),
secant (sec x), and cosecant (csc x) are the six fundamental
trigonometric functions. Their derivatives, which are essential for
resolving issues in fields like computer science, engineering, and
physics, are obtained using common calculus rules like the quotient rule.
These derivatives are especially widely used in signal processing, wave
pattern modeling, and other cyclic phenomena.

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 Trigonometric function derivatives are simple and subject to
certain guidelines. For example, (sin x) has the derivative (cos x),
whereas (cos x) has the derivative (-sin x), (tan x)' = (sec2 x),(cot x)'
= (-csc2x), (sec x)' = (sec x tan x), and (csc x)' = (-csc x cot x) are
d
similarly systematic formulas for the other functions. The dx
notation
is used to indicate differentiation in these formulas.
A useful technique in many fields is the differentiation of
trigonometric functions. It enables us to examine and forecast how
systems with cyclic patterns—like electrical circuit oscillations—will
behave.

Derivation of Formulas

 Six (6) trigonometric differentiation formulas

d du
(sin u) = cos u
dx dx

Figure 1

Detailed Explanation:

Figure 1.1

To prove that the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x), we start by applying

the definition of the derivative:

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Using the trigonometric identity for the sine of the sum of two angles;

we substitute into the limit expression:

Next, we regroup terms in the numerator:

Now, we factor out sin(x) and cos(x) from their respective terms:

Using the standard trigonometric limit formulas, lim (h → 0) [(sin(h) /

h)] = 1 and lim (h → 0) [(cos(h) - 1) / h] = 0, the expression simplifies
to:

Thus, the result is cos(x).

The derivative can also be determined using a graphical approach. By

plotting the sine function and analysing its slope at various points,
you will observe that the slope at each point corresponds to the graph
of the cosine function, as illustrated in Figure 1.1.

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 d du
(cos u) = − sin u
dx dx

Figure 2

Detailed Explanation:

To put it simply, a derivative is a measurement of change rate. Using

the definition of limits, which is the first principle of derivatives,
we will now calculate the derivative of cos x. As x gets closer to x +
h, we pick the limiting value to determine the derivative of cos x. We
want to take the limiting value as h gets closer to zero, so we simplify
this by setting x = x+h. To find the derivative of cos x, we shall apply
specific trigonometric formulas. These are the formulas:

 Cos (A+B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 → 0 =1
𝑥

Thus:

The derivative of the cosine function can be determined using various

methods, such as the chain rule, quotient rule, or graphical analysis.
If you plot the points representing the slope of the cosine function,

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you will observe that the resulting function resembles the sine function
but is shifted, as shown in Figure 2.

d du
(tan u) = sec 2 u
dx dx

Figure 3

Detailed Explanation:

We begin by using the definition of the derivative to demonstrate the

derivative of tan(x) is sec2(x):

Let us say we are requested to obtain the derivative of

f(x)=tan(x)
we have

The denominator h, which will remain undefined if zero is substituted,

makes it impossible to describe the limit with this equation. As a
result, we can determine whether using certain trigonometric identities
can be beneficial.
By examining our equation, we can see that the first and second
components in the limit is numerator are both tangents of the angles x
and h added together, as well as a tangent of angle x. We can attempt

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to use the defining relation identities for tangent, sine, and cosine
with this data. By using this, we have

We may attempt to apply the sum and difference identities for sine and
cosine, often known as Ptolemy's identities, by looking at the rearranged
numerator.
=

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 =

Therefore, the derivative of the trigonometric function ‘tangent ‘is:

𝑑
(tan(x)) = sec2(x)
𝑑𝑥
Tangent Function

Figure 3.1
And as we know by now, by deriving f(x)=tan(x)=, we get

f ‘(x)=sec2(x)

which is illustrated graphically as

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 Figure 3.2

The degree to which tan(x) varies sharply is shown by the

derivative of the tangent function, sec²(x). Because tan(x) is
rising everywhere it is specified, the graph of sex2(x) is always
positive. The derivative sec²(x) becomes very big at the vertical
asymptotes of tan(x), when x = π/2 + nr, signifying steep slopes.
At places where tan (x) is zero, sec²(x) has a minimum value of 1
between these asymptotes. This connection demonstrates how the
growth and steepness of tan(x) change according to where it is in
its periodic cycle, as illustrated in Figure 3

d du
(csc u) = −csc u cot u
dx dx

Figure 4

Detailed Explanation:

We will determine the derivative of cosec x using the chain rule. We

will use the following formulas and identities to calculate the
derivative:

1
 cosec x = sin 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠
 cot x = sin 𝑥

 (sin x)' = cos x

1 1
 (cosec x)' = (sin x)' = (- )(sin x)'
sin2 x

1
= (− sin2 𝑥 ) (cos x)

cos x
= -
sin2 x

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 cos 𝑥 1
= -(sin2 𝑥 ) (sin 𝑥)

= -cot x cosec x

Therefore:

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
cosec(x) = -cot x cosec x

Cosecant Function

Figure 4.1

We get mounds on the bottom and dips on the top. Well, this is to be
expected. Since this is the reciprocal of the sine function and our
denominator is now the sine function, we know that we will have an
asymptote whenever the denominator, the sine function, equals 0. So, we
have asymptotes at pi*n = 0, pi, 2pi, .... Also as expected, just like
the sine function, we have the same standard period, or length of a
cycle, of 2pi. Also as expected, just like the sine function, we have
the same standard period, or length of a cycle, of 2pi.

d du
(sec u) = sec u tan u
dx dx

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 Figure 5

Detailed Explanation:

We will determine the derivative of sec x using the chain rule. We will
use the following formulas and identities to calculate the derivative:

1
 sec x = cos x

sin x
 tan x = cos x

 (cos x)' = -sin x

1 1
(sec x)' = ( cos x )' = (- cos x )(cos x)'

1
= (- cos2 𝑥 ) (-sin x)

sin x
=
cos2𝑥

sin x 1
= ( )( )
cos x cos x

= tan x sec x

Therefore:

d/dx sec(x) = tan x sec x

Secant Function

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 Figure 5.1

We have the same mounds and dips. The only difference is that these
mounds and dips occur at different spots now. Just like our cosecant
graph, our secant graph has asymptotes wherever our cosine function is
0, so we have asymptotes at (pi/2) + pi*n = pi/2, 3pi/2, 5pi/2, ....
Also, because our cosine function has a standard period of 2pi, so does
our secant graph.

d du
(cot u) = − csc 2 u
dx dx

Figure 6

Detailed Explanation:

We will determine the derivative of cot x using the quotient rule. We

will use the following formulas and identities to calculate the
derivative:

 (sin x)' = cos x

 (cos x)' = -sin x

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 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 cot x =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

 cos2x + sin2x = 1

1
 csc x = sin 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(cot x)' = ( )'
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

[(cos x)′ sin x − (sin x)′ cos x]

= sin2 𝑥

[−sin x sin x − cos x cos x]

= sin2 𝑥

(− sin2 𝑥 −cos2 𝑥)
=
sin2 𝑥

1
= -𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

= -csc2x

Therefore:

d/dx cot(x) = -csc2x

Cotangent Function

Figure 6.

Just like the other two graphs, our cotangent graph has asymptotes
wherever our tangent function is equal to 0. Our tangent function equals
0 every pi*n spaces, so at 0, pi, 2pi, and so on. We see that our
cotangent function does have asymptotes corresponding to these places.
We also see that, just like our tangent function has a standard period
of pi, so does our cotangent function

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 References

1. [email protected]. (n.d.-b). Derivative of sec x.

https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/derivative/proof-derivative-of-
secx.html
2. [email protected]. (n.d.-c). Proof Derivative of cot x.
https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/derivative/proof-derivative-of-
cotx.html
3. Beautifulart. (2014, December 23). The History behind Differential
Calculus. 3010tangents.
https://3010tangents.wordpress.com/2014/12/23/the-history-behind-
differential-calculus/
4. Derivative of cos x - Formula, Proof, Examples. (n.d.). Cuemath.
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/derivative-of-cosx/
5. Differentiation of trigonometric functions - TRIG derivatives.
(n.d.). Cue math. https://www.cuemath.com/trigonometry/differentiation-
of-trigonometric-functions/
6. Guzman, J. H. (2023, January 2). Derivative of Cosecant, csc(x) –
Formula, Proof, and Graphs. Neurochispas.
https://en.neurochispas.com/calculus/derivative-of-cosecant-cscx-
formula-proof-and-graphs/
7. Guzman, J. H. (2022, December 14). Derivative of Tangent, tan(x) –
Formula, Proof, and Graphs. Neurochispas.
https://en.neurochispas.com/calculus/derivative-of-tangent-tanx-
formula-proof-and-graphs/
8. Libretexts. (2020, December 21). 3.5: Derivatives of trigonometric
functions. Mathematics LibreTexts.
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_210_C
alculus_I_(Professor_Dean)/Chapter_3%3A_Derivatives/3.5%3A_Derivatives
_of_Trigonometric_Functions

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