SEP600

Embedded System

Module 1: Introduction and Review

Course Textbook

●
Fast and Effective Embedded Systems
Design: Applying the ARM mbed,
Second Edition
– Rob Toulson, Tim Wilmshurst
●
Designing Embedded Systems and the
Internet of Things (IoT) with the ARM
Mbed
– Perry Xiao

2
Lab Materials

●
NXP Freedom Development Platform FRDM-K66F or FRDM-K64F
– https://www.nxp.com/design/development-boards/freedom-development-
boards/mcu-boards/freedom-development-platform-for-kinetis-k66-k65-and-
k26-mcus:FRDM-K66F
– https://www.nxp.com/design/development-boards/freedom-development-
boards/mcu-boards/freedom-development-platform-for-kinetis-k64-k63-and-
k24-mcus:FRDM-K64F
●
Must be purchased. Available from:
– Arrow
– Avnet
– Digikey
– Future
– Mouser
– Farnell
●
You are allowed to work in groups of a maximum of 2 students. Each
group must have their own board.

3
Grading Summary

●
Grade breakdown:
– Quizzes - 10% (10x 1% each)
– Lab - 20% (8x 2.5% each)
– Lab Test – 15% (2x 7.5% each)
– Project – 20%
– Mid-term Assessment – 15%
– Final Assessment – 20%

●
To obtain a credit in this course, a student must:
– Achieve a grade of 50% or better on the average of the lab test
– Achieve a grade of 50% or better on the average of the mid-term and exam
– Achieve a grade of 50% or better on the overall course
4
Seneca College Academic Integrity Policy

Cheating
●
Obtaining or attempting to obtain, or aiding another to obtain, credit for work or
improvement in evaluation of performance, by dishonest or deceptive means
Falsification
●
Misrepresenting or forging documentation, e.g., a medical record, an academic
record or academic work of another student, to gain an academic advantage.
Plagiarism
●
Using another individual’s work (e.g., words, images, ideas, logic, phrases,
signatures or computations) and presenting it as one’s own, without properly
citing the source.
More Details: https://www.senecapolytechnic.ca/about/policies/academic-
integrity-policy.html
5
Question?

Question?

6
Course Outline

Module 1: Introduction and Review

Module 2: Op-Amp and PCB Design
Module 3: Digital I/O and Analog Output
Module 4: Analog Input, Resolution, and Sampling
Module 5: Serial, SPI, I2C, CAN
Module 6: Timers, Interrupts, Task

7
Review: Microprocessors

●
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of modern
computer
– consist a network of transistor and lines to direct the flow of
electricity

Source: Source:
Source:
https://www.trustedreviews.com/explainer/ https://www.trustedreviews.com/versus/inte
https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/ryze
what-is-arm-processor-architecture- l-core-i9-13900k-vs-intel-core-i9-12900k-
n-master
4045044 4270305

8
Review: Opcodes and Machine Language

●
Computer execute program in
machine language encoded from
assembly language
ADD <Rd>, <Rn>, <Rm>
●
Program is stored in ROM
F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
●
Processor read machine language 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Rm Rn Rd
into the instruction register from
the address in the program counter
●
Processor perform Fetch-Decode-
Execute cycle and direct execution
to ALU or memory-access hardware

9
Review: Fetch, Decode, Execute and ALU

●
Fetch the next instruction into the
instruction register and increment the
program counter
●
Decode the instruction in the instruction
register
●
Execute the instruction (ie. ADD R2, R0, R1);
ALU:
– Read register R0 and R1
– Add value in register R0 and R1 together
– Write the result to R2
●
Write back step Source: Stokes Figure 3-2

10
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

●
Microprocessor (ie. Cortex M4)
– the “processor”
– ALU(s), FPU(s), CU(s), Registers, etc.
●
Microcontroller (ie. K64F)
– contain the processor and more in one
package
– memory, timer, communication, I/O

Source: Stokes Figure 1-2

11
Real World Example

●
office equipment, industrial
machinery to cars, autonomous
vehicles, robotics, toys, flying
drones, and aerospace
●
the control system of the Segway is
powered by

12
Electricity: Current and Voltage

●
Electricity and circuit theory is the study of static and
moving charges
Current Voltage
– movement of charge per – potential difference, emf
second (C/s) – work per charge (J/C)
– measured in Ampere [A] – measured in Volt [V]

dq - - dW
I= - V=
- -
dt dq
13
Electricity: Power and Energy

●
Power and energy are important for circuit analysis
●
All practical devices have limitation on power they can
handle
●
In the design process, you must consider current and
voltage as part of power calculation

dW dW dq
P= = =VI
dt dq dt

14
Electronics Component Classification

●
Passive Components
– Does not require an external energy source
– Stores or dissipates energy
– Fundamental properties are not altered by input
– ie. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
●
Active Components
– Require an external energy source
– Fundamental properties vary with input
– Usually fabricated from semi-conductor materials Source: Wikipedia: Resistor

– ie. Diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, etc.

15
Resistors

Source: pxhere.com
16
Why Do We Need Resistors?

●
Divides voltage ●
Limit current (mostly)

R2 V
V o =V i I=
R1+ R2 R
17
Resistors Dissipate Energy as Heat

Through Hole Resistor Ratings: SMD Resistor Ratings:

dW dW dq
P= = =VI
dt dq dt
18
Capacitors

Source: Wikipedia: Capacitor

19
Why Do We Need Capacitors?

●
Energy Storage
●
Energy Release
●
Filtering
– Coupling/Decoupling
– Power Conditioning
– Noise Filter
– Tuning (Variable Capacitors)
Source: quora.com
●
Oscillators
20
Capacitors: Non-Polarized vs Polarized

Negative

21
Capacitors: Non-Polarized vs Polarized

Non-Polarized Polarized
●
Ceramic (1pF – 10uF) ●
Aluminum Electrolytic
●
Film (10pF – 100uF)
●
Tantalum
●
Typically 1uF – 0.1F
●
Low Leakage Current
●
No reverse polarity (will burst)
●
Longer Lifespan ●
No AC! without DC bias
●
Can be temperature (might burst)
sensitive ●
High Leakage Current
●
Useful at high frequencies ●
Shorter Lifespan
22
Capacitor Danger

Large Capacitor,
especially those in power
circuit can hold a
significant charge for a
long time.

Treat them with respect!

Source: sparkfun.com
23
Inductors

Source: Wikipedia: Inductor

24
Why Do We Need Inductors?

●
Analog filters AC filter:

●
Switch-Mode Power
Supplies
●
Actuators (motors, DC filter:

electromagnets, etc.)
●
“Choke” off input ripple

Source: Wikipedia: Inductor

25
Kirchhoff’s Laws (KVL, KCL) and Thevenin’s Equivalent

26
Kirchhoff’s Laws (KVL, KCL) and Thevenin’s Equivalent

Thevenin’s Equivalent
●
Rth
– Remove the Load
– Replace All Independent Voltage Source with a Short Circuit
– Replace All Independent Current Source with a Open Circuit
– Calculate Req between the two nodes of the Load as Rth
●
Vth
– Remove the Load
– Calculate the open circuit V between the two nodes of the Load as
Vth
27
DC Steady-State and Transient Response

Transient Response Steady-State Response

●
Occurs shortly after a ●
Period after enough time
disruption to the circuit has passed for the system
to stabilize
28
Course Outline

Module 1: Introduction and Review

Module 2: Op-Amp and PCB Design
Module 3: Digital I/O and Analog Output
Module 4: Analog Input, Resolution, and Sampling
Module 5: Serial, SPI, I2C, CAN
Module 6: Timers, Interrupts, Task

29