CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

SYNOPSIS eg: H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)

Introduction PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
 The substance which enters into a chemical reaction 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
is called reactant. N 2( g )  3H 2( g )  2 NH 3( g )
 The substance which formed in a chemical reaction
is called product. N 2( g )  O2( g )  2 NO( g )
 A chemical reaction gives every information about 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
the reaction except time of completion.
CH3COOH(l)+C2H5OH(l)  CH3COOC2H5(l)+ H2O(l)
 Irreversible Reactions : In these reactions
products cannot be converted into reactants under CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
similar set of conditions.  When the reactants in a closed vessel at a particular
These reactions take place only in one direction temperature react to give products, the
(unidirectional reactions) concentration of the reactants decreases, while
eg. 1) Evaporation of water in open vessel. those of products increases. After some time, there
2) Thermal decomposition reactions is no change in the concentrations of either the
2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) reactants or products. This stage of the system is
 called equilibrium state.
CaCO3 ( s )   CaO ( s)  CO2 ( g ) 
 At equilibrium state, the rates of forward reaction
3) Precipitation reactions and backward reaction become equal.
AgNO3( aq )  NaCl ( aq )  AgCl( s )   NaNO 3( aq )  Equilibrium can be attained for both physical
processes and chemical reactions.
H 2 SO4( aq )  BaCl2 ( aq )  BaSO4 ( s )  2 HCl ( aq )  Equilibrium in physical process :
4) Neutralisation reactions : eg. Dissolution of salt, evaporation of water etc.
H Cl  NaOH  
 N a C l  H 2O
Equilibrium in chemical process :
a q 
S .A S .B
a q  a q  l  eg. Decomposition of ammonium chloride,
reaction between hydrogen and iodine etc.
 Chemcial equilibria are important in numerous
5) 2 Mg ( s )  O2 (g )  2 MgO ( s )
biological and environmental processes.
3Mg ( s )  N 2 ( g )  Mg3 N2 ( s ) eg. Equilibria involving haemoglobin
6) H 2  F2   2 HF a) In the transport and delivery of O2
 Reversible reactions : The reactions which can b) For the toxicity of CO.
take place in both forward and backward  The extent of reaction in equilibrium varies with
directions under same conditions are called the experimental conditons such as concentration
reversible reactions. of reactants,temperature, etc.
 Equilibrium involving ions in aqueous solutions is
forward reaction

Reactants 
backward reaction Products called as Ionic equilibrium.
 A reversible reaction does not go to completion.
Equilibrium in Physical Processes
 Most of the reversible reactions are carried in the  physical equilibrium is set up between the two
closed vessels. phases.
 The removal of one of the products of a reversible eg: solid  liquid (melting or fusion)
reaction leads to the completion of the forward solid  vapour (sublimation)
reaction.
  sulphur    sulphur
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
A) Solid-liquid Equilibrium Equilibrium Involving dissolution of
 Ice and water kept in a perfectly insulated thermos solids or Gases in Liquids
flask (no exchange of heat between its contents
and the surroundings) at 273K and the atmospheric A) Solids in liquids
pressure are in equilibrium state.  A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
 Ice-water system : Ice  Water at the same temperature and pressure is called
 The masses of ice and water do not change with saturated solution.
time and the temperature remains constant.  In a saturated solution, a dynamic equilibrium exists
 For any pure substance at atmospheric pressure, between the solute molecules in the solid state and
the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases in the solution:
are at equilibrium is called the normal melting point  sugar (solution)  sugar ( solid ), and the rate
(or) normal freezing point of the substance. The of dissolution of sugar=rate of crystallisation of
system here is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. sugar.
 Forward change is accompanied with absorption  For dissolution of solids in liquids, the solubility is
of heat and increase in pressure because ice constant at a given temperature.
occupies more volume.  NaCl (s)  H 2O  NaCl (aq) ; H  0
B) Liquid - Vapour Equilibrium The solubility of NaCl increases with increase in
 Water and water vapour are in equilibrium position temperature.
at atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar) and at 1000C
 KOH ( s )  H 2O  KOH (aq ) ; H  0
in a closed vessel.
The solubility of KOH decreases with increase in
H 2O  l   H 2O  vap  temperature.
 At equilibrium the pressure exerted by the water B) Gases in Liquids
molecules at a given temperature remains constant  There is an equlibrium between the molecules in
and is called the equilibrium vapour pressure of the gaseous state and the molecules of gas dissolved
water. in the liquid under pressure.
 For any pure liquid at one atmospheric pressure CO2  CO2
the temperature at which the liquid and vapours eg. gas 


in solution 
 

are at equilibrium is called normal boiling point of

the liquid.  This equilibrum is governed by Henry’s law, which
 Vapour pressure of water increases with states that the mass of a gas dissolved in a given
temperature.Different liquids have different mass of a solvent at any temperature is proportional
equilibrium vapour pressures at the same to the pressure of the gas above the solvent.
temperature, and the liquid which has a higher  This amount decreases with increase of
vapour pressure is more volatile and has a lower temperature.
boiling point.  Features of physical equilibria
 Boiling point of the liquid depends on the Process Conclusion
atmospheric pressure. It depends on the altitude Liquid Vapour pH O constant
of the place, at high altitude the boiling point 2

decreases. H 2 O(l)  H 2O(g) at given temperature

C) Solid - Vapour Equilibrium Solid Liquid Melting point is fixed
when a sublimating solid is placed in a closed vessel, H 2O(s)  H 2O(l) at constant pressure
equilibrium is established between its solid and
vapour phases. Solute( S )  Solute Concentration of solute
( Solution )
NH 4Cl ( solid )  NH 4Cl (vapour ) in solutions is constant
Sugar( s )  Sugar at given temperature
( Solution )

camphor ( solid )  camphor (vapour ) [gas(aq)]/[gas(g)]is

Gas( g ) Gas( aq )
I 2 ( solid )  I 2 (vapour ) constant at given
As time proceeds intensity of violet colour of I2 temperature
increases and becomes constant after certain time CO2( g )  CO2( aq ) [CO2(aq)]/[CO2(g)]
due to attainment of equilibrium. is constant at a given
temperature
 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes  The dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium can be
 For a General Reversible Reaction demonstrated in the synthesis of ammonia by
Haber’s process.
A B  C  D
 Habers process conducted in the following two
ways under similar conditions of temperature,
pressure and concentrations.
C or D
N 2 g   3H 2 g   2 NH 3 g 
Concentration

N 2 g   3D2 g   2 ND3 g 
These two equilibrium mixtures(having same
A or B
composition) are mixed together. Later when
mixture is analysed, it is found that concentration
of ammonia is same as before. But equilibrium
mixture contains NH3,NH2D,NHD2,ND3,H2,
Equilibrium
Time HD and D2. This observation proves that chemical
Attainment of chemical equilibrium equilibrium is dynamic in nature.
 In the begining, the rate of forward reaction is more  Use of isotope (deuterium) in the formation of
since the concentration of reactants is high. As time ammonia clearly indicates that chemical reactions
proceeds, it decreases due to decrease in the reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the
concentration of reactants. rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
 In the begining, the rate of backward reaction is and there is no net change in composition.
zero because the concentration of products are
zero.As time proceeds, it increases due to increase
in the concentration of products . Dihydrogen (Reactant)
Molar concentration

Forward reaction Dinitrogen (Reactant)

Ammonia (Product)
Rate

Backward reaction
Time
Time
 The stage (or) state at which the rate of forward Characteristics of chemcial Equilibrium
reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction  The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate
in a reversible reaction is known as the equilibrium of the backward reaction.
stage or state.  It is dynamic in nature.
 Equilibrium is established in  The properties such as pressure, concentration,
1) a reversible reaction density, colour etc., remain unchanged with time.
2) in a closed vessel  A catalyst does not alter the state of equilibrium. It
3) at constant temperature only speeds up the attainment of equilibrium.
Equilibrium in chemical processes  At equilibrium state G  0
Dynamic Equilibrium  Chemical equilibrium can be established from either
 At equilibrium both the forward reaction and the side of the reversible reaction.
reverse reaction continue to take place with equal  The concentrations of the reactants (or) the products
rates. Hence equilibrium is dynamic in nature. remain unchanged with time. This can be shown as
 follows: n
 Active mass = Molar concentration = [ ] = V
[R]0
[R]0 [R]0
L
R

[P]  Active mass of a gas is its partial pressure

Concentration
Concentration
Concentration

R=P
P [R]
 Active mass of a solid and pure liquid is taken as
unity
Time Time Time
WE-1. 8.5 grams of ammonia are dissolved to form
Types of Chemical Equilibrium 4L aqueous solution. Calculate the active
 Chemical equilibrium can be homogeneous or mass.
heterogeneous. weight 8.5
Homogeneous equilibrium Sol: n  Gram molecular wieght  17  0.5;
 If the reactants and products are in same phase,
the equilibrium is called homogeneous equilibrium. n 0.5
Active mass=  = 0.125 mol L-1
H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g) V 4
N2  g 3H2  g 2NH3  g W.E2. What is the active mass of one litre of
Nitrogen gas at NTP?
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) Sol: At STP, active mass of Nitrogen = 1 atm
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l)  At STP,22.4 litres of Nitrogen= 1 mole
CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) n 1
F e 3   aq   S C N   aq    Fe  S C N  
2
 aq  Active mass    0.0446 mol L-1
V 22.4
yellow colourless deep red (a) Equilibrium Constant with Respect to
Heterogeneous equilibrium Molar Concentrations
 If the reactants and products are not in same
product of the concentrationsof products at equilibrium
phase, the equilibrium is called heterogeneous  Kc 
equilibrium. product of the concentrationsof react ants at equilibrium
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) This representation is known as the equilibrium Law
NH 4 H S s   NH 3 g   H 2 S g  or Law of Chemical Equilibrium.

N i  s   4 C O  g    N i  C O 4   g   Let us consider a reversible reaction

a A + bB  cC + dD, the equilibrium
Ag 2O s   2 HNO3 aq   2 AgNO3 aq   H 2Ol 
constant
Law of Mass Action Equilibrium
Constant
kf [C ]c [ D]d
Kc   .
 This law was proposed by C.M. Guldberg and P. kb [ A]a [ B]b
Waage. kf = forward reaction rate constant.
 This law gives the relation between the rate of a kb = backward reaction rate constant.
chemical reaction and the concentrations of the where [A], [B], [C], [D] are equilibrium
reactants. concentrations of A, B, C and D respectively.
 ‘The rate of a chemical reaction at a given n
 Units of K C   moles / lit 
temperature is directly proportional to the product
of the active masses of the reactants at that instant’.  n  nP g   nR g 
 This law is applicable to all reactions occuring in WE-3. The equilibrium constant for the reaction,
the gas phase (or) in the liquid phase.
2x  y  x2 y is 10L2 mol-2. The rate constant
 Active mass or molar concentration is indicated by
square bracket. for the back ward reaction 2.8 s-1. What is the
rate constant of the forward reaction?
 Kf Kf
Sol: Equilibrium constant, K c  10  
Kc 
 PCl3 Cl2  , K  pPCl3 . pCl2
Kb 2.8 p
 PCl5  pPCl5
2 -2 –1
Forward rate constant, K f  28 L mol s
Units : K C  moles / lit , K P  atm;  n  1
WE-4. For the cyclic trimerisation of acetylene
eg. 4) N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
to give one mole of benzene, KC=4 L2mol–2.
If the equilibrium concentration of benzene Units: K C  mole 2 .lit 2 ; K P  atm 2 ;
is 0.5 mol L -1, calculate the equilibrium
 n  2  4  2
concentration of acetylene.
Sol: The equilibrium is, eg. 5) NH 4 HS  s   NH 3  g   H 2 S  g 
3C2 H 2  g   C6 H 6  g  KC   NH 3  H 2 S  , K P  PNH 3 .PH 2 S

Kc 
C6H6   4L2 mol2   NH 4 HS   1  n  2  0  2
3 ;
C2H2  Units : K  mole2 .lit 2 ; K  atm2 ;
C P

3 C6 H 6   1 1 WE-5. KP for the reaction,

 C2 H 2   
Kc 2  4 8 L mol 3 NH 4 HS  s   NH 3  g   H 2 S  g  , at certain
Equilibrium concentration of acetylene, temperature is 4 bar2. Calculate the equilibrium
C2 H 2   0.5 mol L-1 perssure.

(b) Equilibrium Constant with Respect to Sol: Equilibrium constant, K P  PN H PH 3 2S

Partial Pressure =4 bar2

Partial pressures are given as,
 Let us consider a reversible reaction
aA + bB  cC + dD, the equilibrium constant PNH 3  PH 2 S  K p  2 bar

kf pCc . pDd PNH 3  PH 2 S  2 bar  2 bar  4 bar.

Kp  
kb pAa . pBb WE-6. PC15 was taken at 2 atm in a closed vessel at
1540C. Keeping the temperature constant,
 Where PA , PB , PC and PD are the equilibrium
PC15  PC13  C12 equilibrium is established
partial pressures of A, B, C and D respectively.
when 50% of PC15 decomposes. Calculate the
n
 Units of K P   atm  where Kp for the equilibrium.
 n  nP g   nR g  Sol: PC15  PC13  C12
2 0 0 initial pressure
eg. 1): C aC O 3 (s)  CaO(s) + C O 2 (g) (2-1) 1 1 equ.pressure
K C = [CO2], K P = pCO2 PPC13 PC 12
Units : K C  moles / lit ; K P  atm  n  0 The equilibrium constant, K p  PPC15
 1 atm

eg. 2) H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g) WE-7. For the equilibrium,

 HI  , K 
2 2
p HI 2SO3  g   2SO2  g   O2  g  , thepartial
Kc 
 H 2  I 2  p p H 2 . pI 2 pressures of SO3,SO2 and O2 gases, at 650 K
are respectively 0.2 bar, 0.6 bar and 0.4 bar.
Units : K P & K C has no units  n  0 If the moles of both the oxides of sulphur
eg. 3) PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) are so adjusted as equal, what will be the
partial pressures of O2.
JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-II
Sol: The equilibrium given as, Case(ii). if n = +ve, K P  K C
2SO3  g   2SO2  g   O2  g  , eg : PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
2
Case(iii). if n = -ve, K P  K C
P s o2 Po2 eg :N2 + 3H2  2NH3
Equilibrium constant, K P  2
P s o3 2SO2  g   O2  g   2 SO3  g 
0.6  0.6  0.4 WE-9. At 500K, K P =2.4 x 10 -2 atm for the
  3.6 bar
0.2  0.2 reaction, 2 NOC1 g   2 NO  g   C12  g  .
Calculate KC at the same temperature.
Upon adjustment,KP does not change. Sol: Equilibrium constants are related as
x 2 Po2 K c  K p /  RT 
n
n  2  1   2   1 and
3.6 bar = K P 
x2 R=0.0821 L-atm K-1 mol-1
Partial pressure of oxygen=3.6 bar. Equilibrium constant interms of concentration
WE-8 Calculate the ratio of pressures of CO2 gas Kc  2.4 102 /  0.082  500
and CO gas at equilibrium in the reaction,
-1
 5.845104 mol L .
CO2  g   C  s   2CO  g  , if KP is 3 bar at
Characteristics of Equilibrium
900K and initial pressure of CO2is 0.48 bar. Constant
Sol: CO2  g   C  s   2CO  g   Equilibrium constant is applicable only when
concentrations of the reactants and products have
0.48 bar 0 0 at start
attained constant value at equilibrium state.
0.48-x 0 2x at quilibrium  The value of equilibrium constant is independent
2 of initial concentrations of the reactants and
P 2CO  2x products, pressure, Catalyst and the volume of the
KP   3
pCO2  0.48  x  vessel.
 Equilibrium constant depends on
4 x 2  3 x  1.44  0; x  0.33 (or-1.083, but i) Temeperature ii) Mode of writing the equation
negative value is neglected) iii) Stoichiometric coefficients.
pCO 2  0.48  0.33  0.15 bar;  The dependence of equilibrium constant on
temperature is given by van’t Hoff’s equation
pCO  2  0.33  0.66 bar K2 H T2  T1 
log   
pCO2 K1 2.303R  T1 T2 
Ratio of pressures   For exothermic reactions Kc decreases with
pCO
increase in temperature.
0.15 15  For endothermic reactions Kc increases with
   0.227.
0.66 16 increase in temperature..
WE-10. At 10650C,Kp= 0.0118atm for the raction
Relationship Between KP & KC
2 H 2 S  g   2 H 2  g   S2  g  The enthalpy
K P  K C ( RT ) n
of the reaction is 177.3 kJ/mol. Calculate the
R = gas constant, T = absolute temperature
equilibrium constant at 1200 0 C Given
n = change in number of moles R=8.314J
= nP - nR (no. of moles of gaseous products
Sol: The effect of temperature over the equilibrium
 no. of moles of gaseous reactants)
constant is given by, van’t Hoff equation:
Case (i). if n = 0, K P  K C
K2 H  T2  T1 
eg: H2 + I2  2HI log   
K1 2.303 R  T1T2 
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-II
K1 and K2 are the equilibrium constants at WE-12. Equilibrium constant, KC, for the reaction
temperatures T1 and T2
T1=1065+273=1338 K and K1=0.0118 H 2  g   I 2  g   2 HI  g  ,
T2=1200+273=1473 K and K2=? is 49, What is the value of KC for the reaction
K 177.3 1473  1338  1 1
log 2  H2  g   I2  g   HI  g  and
K1 2.303  8.314  10  1473  1338 
3 
2 2
 0.6342 2 HI  g   H 2  g   I 2  g  ?
K2
 4.307 Sol: H 2  g   I 2  g   2 HI  g  ,
K1
2
K 2  4.307  K1  4.307  0.0118 atm K
 HI   49
=0.0580 atm  H 2  I 2 
 The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is
1 1
equal to the inverse of the equilibrium constant for H 2  g   I 2  g   HI  g  , K1 = ?
the forward reaction. 2 2

For the reaction, A   B K c  K then 1

K1  K 2  K  49  7
1 2HI  g   H 2  g   I 2  g  , K 2  ?
 A K c 
B 
K KC for the reaction
WE-11 Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction,
2HI  g   H 2  g   I 2  g  is
N2  g 3H2  g 2NH3  g is 2  10–2 mol–2 lit2.
What is the value of K c for the reaction 1 1
K2    2.04  102
K 49
2NH3  g N2  g 3H2  g ?
 The Kc for the resultant equilibrium reaction
Sol: N2  g 3H2  g 2NH3  g , obtained by adding two equilibrium reactions is the
product of two individual equilibrium constants.
2

Kc 
 NH3   2102 mol 2lit2  B, Kc  K1
A 
3
 N2  H2 
 C , K c  K 2 then
B 
2NH3  g N2  g 3H2  g , K 2  ?
 C , K c  K1 K 2
A 
3
 N2  H2  
1

1
 50mol 2lit 2
WE-13. KC values respectively for the reaction,
K2 = 2 2
 NH3  KC 2 10 H2SO3  H  HSO3 and HSO3  H  SO32
 The equilibrium constant Kc for a reaction,whose are 2 102 mol L1and 6  108 mol L1.
equation is obtained by multiplying (or) dividing the Calculate the KC for the reaction,
equation of the original reaction by a small integer
(n) is related to the equilibrium H2 SO3  2H   SO32
constant ,K of the original reaction as Kc= Kn  H    HSO3 
 B , Kc  K then
A Sol: K1   2  10 2 mol L–1
 2 3
H SO
 2B, Kc  K 2
2A
 H    SO32  
1 1 8

A
1/2
 B, Kc  K  K K 2   HSO 2   6  10 mol L–1
2 2  3 

For the reaction, H 2 SO3  2 H   SO32 

 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
K  K1.K 2 For the reaction,
2 –2 1 1
 2  10 2  6  10 8  1.2  109 mol L HI  g   H 2  g   I2  g 
2 2
Chemical Equilibrium equilibrium constant,
equation constant
1/ 2 1/ 2

Kc K '  H   I2 
 2
 HI 
K c' = 1/ K c
1 1
K'  1/ 2

''
K = Kc
c
K K
1 Applications of equilbrium constant :
K c''' =
K cn a)Predicting the Extent of a Reaction
 The numerical value of the equilibrium constant for
WE-14. The equilibrium constant for the reaction a reaction indicates the extent of the reaction. The
magnitude of K C or KP is directly proportional to
1
SO2  g   O2  g   SO3  g  is 5 102 atm. the concentrations of products and inversely
2
proportional to the concentrations of the reactants.
The equilibrium constatn of the reaction  If KC > 103 products predominate over reactants,i.e
2SO3  g   2 SO 2  g   O2  g  [Eamcet 07] if KC is very large, the reaction proceeds nearly to
completion.
1  If KC < 10–3 , reactants predominate over products,
Sol: SO2  O2  SO3
2 i.e if KC is very small, the reaction proceeds rarely.
PSO 3  If KC is in the range of 10–3 to 103 appreciable
K1  ....  i  concentrations of both reactants and products are
PSO 2 PO 2 1/ 2
present.
2SO3  2SO2  O2
Negligible Kc Extremely large
PSO2 2 PO2
K2  .....  ii  10-3 1 103
PSO3 2 Reaction hardly Reaction proceeds
proceeds Both reactants and almost to completion
products are present
From Eqa. (i) and (ii) at equilibrium

1 1 1 b) Predicting the Direction of the Reaction

K2  K2  2
 4
K12 ,  5 102  25 10  Equilibrium constant (Kc) and reaction quotient (Q)
values help in predicting the direction of reaction.
100 102  Reaction quotient(Q) is the ratio of product of molar
 ,  4 102 atm
25 concentrations of products to the product of molar
WE-15. If the equilibrium constant for the reaction, concentrations of reactants with each concentration
term raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric
H 2  g   I 2  g   2 HI  g  is K. what is the coefficient at any stage during the progress of the
equilibrium constant of reaction.
1 1 For a general reaction aA  bB  cC  dD
HI  g   H 2  g   I 2  g  ? [Eamcet-10]
2 2 Qc  [C ]c [ D ]d / [ A]a [ B]b
Sol: H 2  g   I 2  g   2 HI  g  ; K  If Qc > Kc, the reaction will proceed in the direction
of reactants [backward reaction]
2
 HI   If Qc < Kc, the reaction will proceed in the direction
K  ..... 1 of the products [forward reaction]
 H 2  I 2 
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-II
 If Qc  K c , the reaction mixture is already at Relationship between Equilibrium
equilibrium. constant (K),Reaction Quotient (Q)
WE-16. The Kc for the equilibrium and Gibbs energy (G)
 Mathematical expression for thermodynamic view
2CO2 g   2CO g   O2 g is 6.4  107 Predict of equilibrium is
whether reaction will take place to the left or G  G o  RTlnQ
to the right to reach equlibrium or remains at where, G o is standard Gibbs energy
equilibrium
 At equilibrium, when G =0 and Q  K, then
a) CO2   5.3 10 ; CO   3.6 10 ; O2   2.4 10
2 4 3

 G  G o  RTlnK  0
b) CO2   1.78 101; CO   2.1102 ; O2   5.7 105
G o   RTlnK or
c) CO2   1.03 101; CO   2.4 102 ; O2   1.18 105
2
Go 2.303RT logK
 CO 2 O2   3.6 104   2.4 103   1.11107
Qc   If G 0  0, then-  G 0 / RT is positive and
Sol: a) CO2 
2
5.3  10 2 
2

As Qc<Kc, the direction of reaction is e G / RT  1 making K>1 ,which implies that a
spontaneous reaction (or) the reaction which
forward, the reaction will take place to the
proceeds in the forward direction to such an extent
right. that the products are present predominantly
2
 2.1 102  5.7  105   If G 0  0, then - G 0 / RT is negative, and
b) Qc   7.93  107
1 2 0
1.78  10  e  G / RT
 1 that is, K<1, which implies that a
Qc>Kc,the direction of reaction is backward, non-spontaneous reaction (or) a reaction which
the reaction will take place to the left. proceeds in the forward direction to such a small
degree that only a very minute quantity of product
is formed.
2
 2.4  102  1.18  105  WE-18 The standard free energy of the reaction
c) Qc   6.4  107 at 298 K is-125.52kJ/mole. Calculate the
1 2
1.03  10  equilibrium constant Kp.
Qc=Kc, the reaction will remain at equilibrium Sol: The equilibrium constant Kp and standard
free energy change are related by
c) Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
G 0   RT 1n K p
WE-17.The reaction was started with 0.1 M each
of CO and H2O at 800K. KC for the reaction, =-2.303 RT log Kp

CO  g   H 2O  g   CO2  g   H 2  g  , a t G 0   125520 

log K p  
800K is 4.24. What is the equilibrium 2.303RT 2.303  8.314  298
concentration of CO2 gas? =21.9985
Kp=9.965 x 1021
Sol: CO  g   H 2O  g   CO2  g   H 2  g 
Relation between Kp,  and equilibrium
at start 0.1 0.1 0 0
pressure (P):
at equi 0.1-x 0.1-x x x
a) For the reaction
The equilibrium constant KC is given as,
X  g   Y g   Z g 
Kc 
CO2  H 2   x2  4.24
CO H 2O   0.1  X 2 eg: PCl5 g   PCl3 g   Cl2 g 
 x  Kp
   2.059 
 0.1  x  Kp  P
 equilibrium concentration of CO2= x Where   degree of dissociation = % of
= 0.067M.
dissociation/100.
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
b) For the reaction
(b) Decrease in concentration of reactants
X  g   2Y g  ;  2 HI ( g )
eg: H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g ) 
eg: N 2O4 g   2 NO2 g   The forward reaction (formation of HI) is favoured
Kp by increase in concentrations of H 2 and I 2 (or)
 decrease in concentration of HI
K p  4P
 The backward reaction (dissociation of HI) is
 For the reaction favoured by increase in concentration of HI (or)
 Dd  Decrease in concentrations of H 2 and I 2 .
A( g )  nB g  ;    
 d  n  1  2
eg: F e 3   aq   S C N   aq    Fe S C N    aq 
Where D = initial vapour density of A
yellow colourless deep red
d = Vapour density of equilibrium mixture
WE-19. Calculate the vapour density of phosphine The equillibrium shifts towards left (as indicated by
at 300K and 2.5 atm, when it shows 40% decrease in the intensity of deep red colour) when
dissociation to attain equilibrium i)Oxalic acid is added, as it removes Fe3+ as
[Fe(C2O4)3]3–
4 PH 3 g   P4 g   6 H 2 g  . ii) HgCl 2 is added, as it removes SCN – as
Sol: Degree of dissociation,   0.40 [Hg(SCN)4]2–
Effect of pressure:
Dd
But   d  n  1  If n  0 , Pressure has no effect on the position
of equilibrium.
1 3 eg : H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)
PH 3 g   P4 g   H 2 g 
4 2  If n  0
1 3 1 6 7 a) Increase of external pressure on the reaction at
n     1.75 equilibrium favours the reaction in the direction in
4 2 4 4 which the volume (or) number of moles (or)
34 molecules decrease.
Vapour density of pure PH 3   17
2 b) Decrease of external pressure on the reaction at
17  d 17  d equilibrium favours the reaction in the direction in
 0.40   which the volume (or) number of moles (or)
d 1.75  1 0.75d molecules increase.
0.75  0.40d  17  d If n   ve, increase of pressure favours
1.3 d = 17 backward rection and decrease of pressure favours
d = 17/1.3=13.076. forward reaction.
Factors Effecting the Position of If n  ve, increase of pressure favours forward
Equilibrium and Lechatelier’s reaction and decrease of pressure favours
Principle backward reaction.
 If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change eg: N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
in temperature, pressure (or) concentration the Increase of pressure favours the formation of NH3
equilibrium position is shifted to that side where and decrease of pressure favours
the effect of change is nullified. dissocation of NH3.
 Lechatelier’s principle is applicable to both physical  Pressure does not show any marked effect on
and chemical equilibria. equilibrium reactions taking place in the solution
Effect of Concentration phase (or) in the solid phase.
The forward reaction is favoured by Effect of tempareture:
(Equillibrium shifts towards right)  Increase of temperature of the equilibrium system
(a) Increase in concentration of reactants favours endothermic reaction.
(b) Decrease in concentration of products  Decrease of temperature of the equilibrium system
The backward reaction is favoured by favours exothermic reaction.
(Equillibrium shifts towards left)  The equilibrium constant for an exothermic reaction
(a) Increase in concentration of products decreases as the temperature increases.
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-II
 The equilibrium constant for an endothermic reaction Industrial applications of
increases as the temperature increases.
eg.1) lechatelier’s principle:
1)Synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s process:
2 NO2  g   N2O4  g  ; H  57.2kJ / mol
N2(g)+3H2(g)  2NH3(g) ; H   92.0 K.J.
Brown Colourless The formation of NH3 is accompanied by
 At high temperature the brown colour intensifies (a) increase in concentrations of N2 and H2 or
because backward reaction is favoured.
 At low temperature the intensity of brown colour removal of NH3 from time to time
decreases because forward reaction is favoured. (b) High pressure of 200 - 500 atm
eg.2) (c) Optimum temperature of 725 - 775K
3 2 (d) Using finely divided Fe as catalyst, molybdenum
Co  H2O6   4Cl  aq   CoCl4   6 H2Ol  H  ve
 aq  aq  as promoter
Pink Colourless Blue
Manufacture of SO3 by contact process
 At room temperature the above equilibrium mixture
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) ; H  189KJ
is blue due to CoCl 4 2  The formation of SO3 is accompanied by
 When cooled in freezing mixture the colour of the (a) increase in concentrations of SO2 and O2 or
3 removal of SO3 from time to time
mixture turns pink due to Co  H 2O  6  (b) Optimum pressure of 1 - 2 atm
Effect of Addition of Inert Gas (c) Optimum temperature of 673 - 723K
 Addition of inert gas at constant volume: The (d) Using Vanadium pentoxide ( or ) platinised
total pressure of the system is increased. but the asbestos as catalyst.
partial pressure of each reactant and product  High pressure is not used since towers used in the
remains the same. Hence no effect on the state of manufacture are corroded.
equilibrium.  At low temperature the reaction rate is too slow.
 Addition of inert gas at constant pressure: The Hence optimum temperature is used.
total volume is increased, the number of moles per  The table given below summarises the effect of vari-
unit volume of each reactant and product is ous factiors on the system at equilibrium
decreased. Hence equilibrium will shift to the side aA  bB  cC  dD
where number of moles are increased

Case At constant At constant

volume pressure
n=0 no effect no effect
no effect forward
n>0
direction
n<0 no effect backward
direction
Effect of a Catalyst
 A catalyst increases the rate of the chemical reaction
by providing a low activation energy pathway for
the reaction.
 It increases the rate of forward and backward
reactions that pass through the same transition state
and does not affect equilibrium.
 Catalyst lowers the activation energy for the
forward and reverse reactions by exactly the same
amount.
 Catalyst does not affect the equilibrium composition
of a reaction mixture. It does not appear in the
balanced chemical equation (or) in the equilibrium
constant expression.
 Conceptual 8. Attainment of equilibrium in a gaseous
reversible reaction is detected by the
1. The following is a reversible reaction constancy of
1) KClO3 heated in a sealed tube 1) Colour 2) Density
2) Na2CO3 heated in a closed vessel 3) Pressure 4) All the above
3) CaCO3 heated in a closed vessel 9. The reaction CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
4) CH4 heated with excess of O2 in a closed vessel
goes to completion in lime kiln because of the
2. The experimental curve obtained when the
1) High temperature
rate of a reaction is plotted against the
2) CaO is more stable than the CaCO3
concentration of the reactant, appeared
parallel to the concentration axis after 3) CaO is not dissociated
sometime in a reaction. This indicates that 4) CO2 escapes continuously
1) the reaction is stopped 10. Chemical equilibrium is dynamic because
2) equilibrium is established 1) The equilibrium attained quickly
3) concentration of the reactant is negligible 2) The concentration of the reactants and products
4) the reaction is complex become same at equilibrium
3. Which of the following is irreversible reaction? 3) The concentration of reactants and products are
1) PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 constant but different
2) 2SO2 + O2  2SO3 4) Both forward and backward reactions occur at
3) N2 + 3H2  2NH3 all time with the same speed
4) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 11. Which of the following reactions can be
4. Which of the following behaves as an followed by its colour change
irreversible reaction when conducted in a 1) SO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)  SO3(g)
closed vessel 2) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
1) synthesis of ammonia 3) 2HI(g)  H2(g) + I2(g)
2) decomposition of PCl5 solid
4) C(graphite) + CO2(g)  2CO(g)
3) formation of SO3 from SO2 & O2
12. A gas bulb is filled with NO2 gas and immersed
4) precipitation of Cl  by AgNO3 in an ice bath at 00C which becomes colourless
5. An example of reversible reaction is after sometime. This colourless gas will be
1) AgNO3(aq) +NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) 1) NO2 2) N2O 3) N2O4 4) N2O5
2) 2Na (s) + 2H2O(l )  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Law of Mass Action Equilibrium
3) 2KClO 3(s) 
 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (g)
Constant
13. Law of mass action cannot be applied to
4) NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g) 1) Decomposition of gaseous HI
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of a
reversible reaction at equilibrium ? 2) Decomposition of gaseous PCl5
1) Number ofmoles of reactants and products are equal 3) Transition of Rhombic Sulphur to Monoclicnic
2) It can be influenced by a catalyst sulphur
3) It can never proceed to completion 4) Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate
4) It can be attained in open vessel 14. For a given set of experimental conditions with
7. A chemical reaction is said to have attained increase in the concentration of the reactants
equilibrium when the rate of chemical reaction
1) Equalamounts of reactants and products are formed 1) Decreases 2) Increases
2) Reactants are completely converted to products 3) Remains constant
3) The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate 4) First decreases and increases
of backward reaction
4) The concentration of the reactants and products
is the same
15. The following are some statements about 3) May increase or decrease
active masses 4) Remains constant
A) Active mass of pure liquids and solids are taken 22. If different quantities of ethyl alcohol and
as unity acetic acid are used in the reversible reaction
B) Active mass of electrolytes is taken as molality CH3COOH(aq)+C2H5OH(aq)
C) For dilute solutions of non - electrolytes,  CH 3 COOC 2 H 5(aq) + H 2 O (l) then the
the active mass can be taken as molarity. equilibrium constant at constant temperature
The correct combination is will have the values
1) A and B 2) B and C 3) A and C 4) A,B,C 1) Same in all cases
16. For a reversible reaction, if the concentrations 2) Different in all cases
of the reactants are doubled, then the 3) higher in cases when higher concentration of
equilibrium constant value ethyl alcohol is used
1) Gets doubled 2) Gets halved 4) Higher in cases when higher concentration of
3) Remains the same 4) increases four times acetic acid is used
17. For reactions involving gaseous reactants and 23. The value of K c for the reaction
products the equilibrium constant KP is written N2(g)+ 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) depends on
in terms of
1) Temperature 2) Pressure
1) The pressure of the gases 3) Collision 4) Atomic number
2) The molar volumes of the gases 24. The following statement is incorrect about
3) The partial pressures of the gases chemical equilibrium
4) The mole fraction of the gases 1) There is no change in the concentrations of
18. In the case of gaseous homogeneous reaction reactants and products with time
the active mass of the reactant is obtained by 2) Equilibrium can be attained by starting with either
the expression reactants (or) products
PV P RT n 3) Equilibrium is dynamic
1) 2) 3) 4) RT
RT RT P V 4) Position of equilibrium cannot be disturbed by
changing the concentrations of reactants (or)
19. The molar concentration of 64g of SO2 in a products
four litre flask would be 1) 2 25. When a catalyst is introduced into a reversible
2) 1 3) 5 4) 0.25 reaction
20. The equilibrium constant of a reaction is 1) Increases rate of forward reaction only
1) Which has only numerical value and carries no units 2) Increases rate of backward reaction only
2) With (or) without units depending upon the 3) Equilibrium is not changed
stoichiometric coefficients of the species involved in a 4) Attains equilibrium quickly
chemical equation 26. For a system in equilibrium, G=0 under
3) Whose value always depends upon the units in conditions of constant.
which the concentrations of species involved in 1) Temperature and pressure
chemical reaction 2) Temperature and volume
4) Whose value change if the concentration of all 3) Energy and volume
the species involves in the chemical reaction are
4) Pressure and volume
doubled
27. The unit of equilibrium constant (Kc) in general is
21. With increase in temperature, the value of
equilibrium constant 1) (mol / lit) 2) (lit / mol)
1) Increases 2) Decreases 3) (mol / lit) n 4) (lit / mol) n
28. According to van ‘t Hoff equation, K varies 33. An increase in pressure would favour the
with temperature as: forward reaction. Then
K2 H  1 1  1) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g)
1) log K   2.303R T  T  2) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
1  1 2
3) PCl5(g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)
K1 H  1 1  4) H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)
2) log K   2.303R T  T 
2  2 1 34. When NaNO3 is heated in a closed vessel,
oxygen is liberated and NaNO2 is left behind
K1 H  1 1  at equilibrium. Then
3) log K   2.303R  T  T 
2  1 2 1) Addition of NaNO2 favours forward reaction
2) Addition of NaNO3 favours forward reaction
K2 H  1 1  3) Increasing oftemperature favours forward reaction
4. log K   2.303R  T  T  4) Both addition of NaNO3 and increasing of
1  1 2 

29. A vessel (A) contains 1 mole each of N2 & O2 temperature favour forward reaction
and another vessel (B) contains 2 mole each 35. The dissociation of CaCO3 takes place as per
of N2 & O2 . Both vessels are heated to same the equation
temperature till equilibrium is established in CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g); H = 110 kJ.
both cases. Then, correct statement is If the reaction is carried out in a closed vessel,
1) K C for N 2  O2  2 NO in A and B are in the the pressure of CO2 increases and reaches a
ratio 1 : 2 constant value when
2) K P for N 2  O2  2 NO in A and B are in the 1) Temperature is increased
ratio 1 : 2 2) Temperature is decreased
3) Volume of vessel is increased
3) K C for N 2  O2  2 NO in Aand B are equal
4) Amount of CaCO3 is decreased
4) K P for N 2  O2  2 NO in A and B are in the 36. Lechateliers principle is not applicable to
ratio 2 : 1 which of the following ?
30. In the reaction NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g) on 1) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
doubling the concentration of ammonia the 2) Fe(s) + S(s)  FeS(s)
equilibrium concentration of H2S is
1) Reduced to half its initial value 3) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
2) Increases by two times 4) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g)
3) Remains unchanged 37. The reaction
4) Increases by four times CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Lechatelier’s principle can be made to proceed in the forward direction by
31. In which of the equilibria, the position of the
1) Increasing the temperature
equilibrium shifts towards products, if the total
pressure is increased 2) Sudden cooling of the reaction mixture
1) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) 3) Conducting the reaction in presence of a small
quantity of NaOH
2) I 2 (g)  H 2 (g)  2HI(g) 4) Taking excess of C2H5OH and CH3COOH
3) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) 38. In the equilibrium reaction N2 + 3H2  2NH3, the
4) N2O4(g)  2NO2(g) sign of H accompanying the reaction is
32. The degree of dissociation of PCl5 1) Positive 2) Negative
1) Increases with increasing pressure
3) May be positive or negative
2) Decreases with increasing pressure
3) No effect on change in pressure 4) Cannot be predicted
4) Decreases with decreasing pressure
39. High temperature and high pressure (as per 45. The reaction A + B  C + D + heat, has
Lechatelier principle) favour the forward reaction
reached equilibrium. It is possible to make
1) N2( g)  3H2( g)  2NH3( g) , H  Q1 the reaction to proceed forward
2) CaCO3(s)  CaO( s)  CO2( g ) , H  Q2 1) By adding more of C
2) By adding more of D
3) 3O2( g )  2O3( g) , H  Q3 3) By raising the temperature of the system
4) N2( g)  O2( g) 2NO( g) , H  Q4 4) By lowering the temperature
40. Given the following reaction at equilibrium 46. C( graphite )  C( diamond ) ; H  1.9 kj / moles
1 Favourable conditions for getting good yield
SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  SO3 ( g ) the addition of
2 of diamond (densities of graphite and diamond
inert gas at constant pressure would cause are 2.3 g/ml, 3.5 gm/l )
1) The formation of more amount of SO3 1) High temperature, low pressure
2) Low temperature, high pressure
2) The formation of less amount of SO3 3) High temperature, high pressure
3) No effect on the equilibrium concentration of SO3 4) Low temperature, low pressure
4) The system to move to a new equilibrium position 47. In the dissociation of CaCO3 after equilibrium
which cannot be theoritcally predicted. is reached if some more CaCO3 is added to
41. Under what conditions of temperature and the reaction mixture
pressure and formation of atomic hydrogen 1) The equilibrium shifts to the right
from molecular hydrogen will be favoured. 2) The equilibrium shifts to the left
1) High temperature and high pressure 3) The pressure of CO2 increases
2) Low temperature and low pressure 4) The position of equilibrium remains unchanged
3) High temperature and low pressure
48. Cl2 g   3F2 g   2ClF3 g , H  339 KJ .
4) Low temperature and high pressure
42. Change in volume of the gaseous system does which of the following will increase the
not alter the number of moles in which of the quantity of ClF3 in equilibrium mixture ?
following equilibrium 1) Increasing temperature
 2 NO
1) N 2  O2  2) Removing Cl2
3) Increasing volume of vessel
 PCl3  Cl2
2) PCl5 
4) Adding F2.
 2 NH 3
3) N 2  3H 2  49. Acetic acid dissociates as,
 SO2  Cl2 CH 3COOH  CH 3COO  H . If a little
 
4) SO2Cl2 
amount of sodium acetate is added to its aqueous
43. Given the system at equilibrium:
solution
H 3 PO4  3H 2O  3H 3O   PO43 . If water is 1) The acid dissociates further
added, there will be a decrease in the 2) The H+ ion concentration increases
concentration of 3) The acid dissociation is suppressed
1) H 3O  2) PO43 3) H 2 O 4) H 3 PO4 4) The equilibrium is unaffected
44. Increase in temperature favours the forward 50. The catalyst and promoter respectively
reaction in used in the Haber’s process of industrial
1) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) synthesis of ammonia are [Eamcet 2012]
2) 2O3 (g)  3O2(g) 1) Mo , V2O5 2) V2O5 , Fe
3) Fe, Mo 4) Mo , Fe
3) C(graphite)  C(diamond)
1
4) H2(g) + O 2 ( g )  H2O(g)
2
 Key Conceptual 5. The equilibrium constant of the reaction (Kc)
01) 3 02) 2 03) 4 04) 4 05) 4 06) 3 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) when the reaction
07) 3 08) 4 09) 4 10) 4 11) 3 12) 3 is conducted in a one litre vessel was found to
13) 3 14) 2 15) 3 16) 3 17) 3 18) 2 be 2.5  10–3. If the reaction is conducted at
19) 4 20) 2 21) 3 22) 1 23) 1 24) 4 the same temperature in a 2 litre vessel then
25) 4 26) 1 27) 3 28) 4 29) 3 30) 1 the value of Kc is
31) 1 32) 2 33) 2 34) 3 35) 1 36) 2 1) 6.2510–4 2) 1.2510–3
3) 2.510–3 4) 510–3
37) 4 38) 2 39) 3 40) 2 41) 3 42) 1
6. In the system CaF2(s)  Ca2+(aq) + 2F–(aq),
43) 4 44) 3 45) 4 46) 3 47) 4 48) 4
increasing the concentration of Ca2+ four
49) 3 50) 3
times, the equilibrium concentration of F– will
Hints Conceptual be changed to
18. PV  nRT , P  n RT , P  CRT , C  P 1) One half of its initial value
V RT 2) Twice the initial value
n 3) 1/4th of its initial value
19. Active mass=Molar Concentration = V in litre 4) Thrice of its initial value
44. Conversion of Graphite to diamond is 7. 
In reversible reaction A 
1
 k
 B , the initial
k2
endothermic.Hence favoured at high temperature.
concentration of A and B are a and b in moles
per litre and the equilibrium concentration are
Level -I (C.W) (a-x) and (b+x) respectively; express x in
Introduction-Characteristics of terms of k1 , k2 , a and b.
Equilibrium
k1a  k2 b k1a  k2 b
1. For the reaction :Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq)  Cu2+(aq) 1) k  k 2) k  k
+ 2Ag(s), the equilibrium constant is given by 1 2 1 2

[Cu 2 ][ Ag ]2 [Cu 2 ][ Ag ]2 k1a  k2 b k1a  k 2b

1) 2) 3) 4) k  k
[Cu ][ Ag  ]2 [Cu ][ Ag  ]2 k1k2 1 2
[Cu 2 ] [ Ag  ]2 8. If the equilibrium constant for the reaction
3) [ Ag  ]2 4) [Cu 2 ]
2AB  A2 + B2 is 36. What is the equilibrium
2. KP for the reaction CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) +
CO2(g) is correctly expressed as 1 1
constant for AB  A2  B2
2 2
PCaO  PCO 2 PCaCO 3
K  1) 49 2) 24 3) 6 4) 2
1) K P  PCaCO 3 2) P
PCaO . PCO 2
9. 0.5 mole of H 2 ( g ) and 1.0 mole of HI(g) (but no I2)
PCO 2 are added to a 1.0 L vessel and allowed to reach
3) K P  PC O 2
4) K P  P equilibrium according to the following reaction:
CaCO 3

3. The equilibrium constant for the reaction A H 2  I 2  2 HI ( g ) . If x is the equilibrium

 B is K. The equilibrium constant for the concentration of I 2 ( g ) , the correct equilibrium
reaction mA  mB is constant expression is
1) mK 2) K/m 3) Km 4) K m
4. The equilibrium constants of a reaction at 298 x(0.5  x) (2  x)2
1) 2)
K and 308 K are 1.010 –2 and 210 –2 (1  2 x)2 (0.5  x) 2
respectively, the reaction is
1) Exothermic 2) Endothermic x(2  x )2 (1  2 x)2
3) May be endothermic or exothermic 3) 4)
(0.5  x )2 (0.5  x) x
4) Cannot be predicted
10. According to law of mass action, for of Hg. Calculate Kp for the reaction, assuming
CaCO3  CaO  CO2 (Rf=Rate of forward that the volume of the system remains
unchanged
and Rb = Rate of backward reaction). Which
1) 50 2) 100 3) 166.8 4) 400
of the following is true at equilibrium?
18. For which of the reversible reaction Kp = Kc
1) Rb  K b [CaCO3 ]2 2) R f  K f [CaO3 ]2 1) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Rf 2) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
3) R f  K b [CO2 ] 4)  [CO2 ]1 3) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)  PCl3(g)
Rb
11. For the homogeneous reaction 4NH3(g) + 4) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g)
5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) the equilibrium 19. For the reaction H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g) at 721K,
constant Kc has the unit of the value of equilibrium constant, Kc is 50. The
1) (Conc)-1 2) Conc value of Kp under the same conditions will be
3) (Conc) +10
4) It is dimensionless 1) 0.02 2) 0.2 3) 50 4) 50/RT
12. When the following reaction come to equilibrium, 20. A reaction S8 ( g )  4S 2 ( g ) is carried out by
N2 (g)  2H 2 (g)  N2H 4 (g) ; taking 2 mol of S8(g) and 0.2 mol of S2(g) is a
K c  7.4  10 26 the equilibriummixture contains. reaction vessel of 1 L and K c  6.30  10 6
1) Mostly products 2) Mostly reactants then
3) It can not be predicted a) Reaction qutient is 8  10  4
4) Some times reactants and sometimes products b) Reaction proceeds in backward direction
13. In Which of the following reactions, the c) Reaction proceeds in forward direction
concentration of reactant is equal to The correct options are
concentration of product at equilibrium 1) a, b 2) b , c 3) a, c 4) All
(K = equilibrium constant) 21. At constant temperature, the equilibrium
1) A  B; K  0.01 2) R  P; K  1 constant (Kp) for the decomposition reaction
3) X  Y; K  10 4) L  J; K  0.025 N 2 O 4(g)  2NO 2(g) is expressed by
14. If the equilibrium concentrations forX2, Y2 and XY
4x 2 p
are 1.2 103 M, 5.83  1012 M and 8.9 10 2 M KP =
(1-x) 2
respectively, What was the initial concentration X2
before the reaction occured to form XY? 1) KP increases with increase of P
2) Kp increases with increase of x
1) 8.83101 M 2) 1.65 103 M
3) Kp increases with decrease of x
3) 1.13 103 M 4) 2.09 103 M 4) Kp remains constant with change in P or x
15 At 500 K, the equilibrium constant for the 22. For the reaction C (s )  CO2 ( g )  2CO( g ) ,
reaction cis C2 H 2Cl2  trans  C2 H 2Cl2 is the partial pressure of CO2 and CO is 2.0 and
0.6 At the same temperature the equilibrium
constant for the reaction. trans 4.0 atm respectively at equilibrium. The K p of
C2 H 2Cl2  cis  C2 H 2Cl2 the reaction is
1) 0.5 2) 5.0 3) 30.0 4) 8.0
1) 0.6 2) 1.66 3)1 4) 16.6
23. 2 mol of N2 is mixed with 6 mol of H2in a closed
16. The active mass of 5.6 litres of O2 at STP is
vessel of one litre capacity. If 50% N2 is
1) 5.6 / 22.4 2) 8 / 5.6
converted into NH3 at equilibriumm, the value
3) 32 / 5.6 4) 0.25 / 5.6
of Kc for the reaction
17. AB 2 dissociates as AB2(g)  AB(g) + B(g).
When the initial pressure of AB2 is 600 mm of N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
Hg, the total equilibrium pressure is 800 mm 1) 4/27 2) 27/4 3) 2/27 4) 20
24. NH 2 COONH 4 ( s)  2 NH 3 ( g )  CO2 ( g ) . If 3) Will increase the dissociation of PCl5 and step
up the formation of N2O4
equilibrium pressure is 3 atm for the above 4) Will not distrub the equilibrium of the reactions
r eact ion, Kp will be
31. For the reaction N 2(g) +O 2(g)  2NO (g) ;
1) 4 2) 20 3) 25 4) 15
H = 180 kJ mol-1. Which of the following is
25. A  B  C  D If initially the concentration not true?
of A and B are both equal but at equilibrium 1) Change in pressure at constant volume does not
concentration of D will twice that of A, then effect the equilibrium
what will be the equilibrium constant of the 2) n = 0
reaction? 3) The formation of NO is increased at higher
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 temperature
26. For the reaction 4) The formation of NO is decreased at higher
CO( g )  Cl2 ( g )  COCl2 ( g ), K p / K c is equal temperature
32. In the equilibrium 4H2O(g)+ 3Fe(s)  Fe3O4(s)
to: + 4H2(g) the yield of H2 can be increased by
2
1) 1/RT RT 4)  RT 
2) RT 3) 1) Increasing the pressure 2) Passing more steam
3) Increasing the mass of iron
27. The equilibrium constant for the reaction
4) Decreasing the pressure
N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO( g ) at temperature T 33. For a given reaction Kp< Kc. Increase of
is 4X10–4 . The value of Kc for the reaction pressure favours
1) The backward reaction 2) No reaction
1 1
NO ( g )  N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g ) at the same 3) The forward reaction
2 2 4) Both forward and backward reaction equally
temperature is [AIEEE-2012]
34. I) H 2O I   H 2O g  II) I 2  s   I 2  vap 
1) 25 X 102 2) 50 3) 4 X 104 4) 10.00
28. For the equilibrium AB(g)  A+B(g) at a given III) H 2O I   H 2O S  IV) CO2 g   CO2 aq 
temperature, the pressure at which one-third ofAB Rise of Temperature shifts equilibrium
is dissociated is numerically equal to towards right in the case of
1) 8 times Kp 2) 16 times Kp 1) I & IV 2) II, III & IV
3) 4 times Kp 4) 9 times Kp 3) I & II 4) I, II & III
35. In the reaction,
Lechatelier’s Principle
2SO2 (s)  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g )  X cal , most
29. Manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process
favourable conditions of temperature and
involves the reaction N2 + 3H2  2NH3;
pressure for greater yield of SO3 are
H = -22.4 k cals. The effect of increase of 1) Low temperature and low pressure
temperature on the equilibrium is 2) High temperature and low pressure
1) Equilibrium is shifted to the right 3) High temperature and high pressure
2) Equilibrium is unaffected 4) Low temperature and high pressure
3) Equilibrium is shifted to the left
4) Equilibrium is shifted first to right then to left Key Level - I C.W
30. Consider the reactions 01) 3 02) 3 03) 3 04) 2 05) 3 06) 1
i) PCI5 ( g)  PCl3 ( g)  Cl2 ( g ) . 07) 1 08) 3 09) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 2
ii ) N 2 O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ) 13) 2 14) 2 15) 2 16) 4 17) 2 18) 4
The addition of an inert gas at constant volume: 19) 3 20) 1 21) 4 22) 4 23) 1 24) 1
1) Will incease the dissociation of PCl5 as well as
N2O4 25) 4 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1 29) 3 30) 4
2) will reduce the dissociation of PCl5 as well 31) 4 32) 2 33) 3 34) 3 35) 4
asN2O4
 Hints Level-I (C.W) 19. Since n  0, K p  K c
1. Active mass of solid substances are considered as unity
4
2. For solids, no partial pressure values S 
Q  2 , Q  KC
20.
 B  S8 
3. For A  B, K  A and formA  mB is Km.
  21. KP only changes with temperature
2
2 PCO
6. K c  Ca 2    F   ...... 1 K 
22. p P
CO2
2
K c   4Ca 2    xF   ......  2  23. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3
1 eq.mol (2-x) (6-3x) 2x
on solving , x 
2 50
x 2 1
 k
 100
7. A 
k
1
B rf  K1  a  x 
2
2 1
a-x b+x rb  K 2  b  x  at equilibrium, rf  rb 24. PNH3   3  2, PCO2   3  1
3 3
8. When whole equation is divided by 2 the equilibrium 2
K p  PNH  pCO2
constant value is taken as square root 3

9. H 2  I 2  2 HI ( g ) 25. A  B  C  D
Eq.conc. (1-x) (1-x) x x
At equilibrium, [D]=2[A], x=2(1-x)
Initial 0.5 0 1
n
eq.mol 0.5+x x 1-2x 26. K p  K C  RT  , n  1
11. n  1
1
 N2 H 4  27. K 2  K 1/ 2
26  1
12. K c  7.4  10  2
 N2  H 2  28. AB  A  B
The very low value of K c shows that the equilibrium 1 1 1 K  PA PB
will be in backward direction, hence the equilibrium Eq.press. 1  , p PAB
3 3 3
mixture contains mostly reactants
14. X 2  Y2  2 XY Level-I (H.W)
Eq.conc. (a-x) (b-x) 2x
Introduction-Characteristics of
2 x  8.9  102 , x  0.445  103 Equilibrium
 a  x   1.2 103 , a  1.645 103 1. What is the equilibrium expression for the
reaction, P4 s   5O2 g   P4O10 s  ?
1 1
15. Kc2  Kc  0.6  1.66
1  P4O10 
1) K c  5
No of moles  P4 O2 
16. Active mass =Volumeinlitres (5.6 lifof O2 = 0.25 moles )
1
17. AB2  AB  B 2) K c  O 5
 2
Initial 600 0 0
5
at equilibrium (600-x) x x 3) K c  O2 
600-x+x+x=800
18. n
K p  K c  RT  , When n  0, Then K p  K c
 P4O10 
4) K c  5 P O
 4  2 
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
2. The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction constant in presence of the catalyst at 2000 K
NH 4 HS s   NH 3 g   H 2 S g  is 1) 40  10–4 2) 4  10–4
–3
3) 4  10 4) 4  10–8
PNH 3  PH 2S PNH 4 HS 10. In a reversible reaction, if the concentration
1) K P  PNH 4 HS 2) K P 
PNH 3  PH 2S of reactants are doubled, the equilibrium
constant K will:
3) K P  PNH 4 HS 4) K P  PNH3  PH2 S 1) Change to 1/4 K 2) Change to 1/2 K
3. In the process N2+3H2  2NH3 , the initial 3) Change to 2 K 4) Remain the same
concentration of Nitrogen and Hydrogen are one 11. The unit for the equilibrium constant of the
mole per litre and 3 moles per litre respectively. reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3 + X K.Cal
The equilibrium constant of the reaction is x. Then 1) [mole / lit]–1 2) [mole / lit]–2
Kc for 2NH3  N2+3H2 is 3) Mole / lit 4) [mole / lit]2
1) x 2) 2x 3) 1/x 4) 3x 12. For the equilibrium N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
4. The equilibrium constant of a reaction at 298 at 10000 C the equilibrium constant is very low,
K is 5  10–3 and at 1000 K is 2 x 10-5 . What then which of the following is correct at
equilibrium ?
is the sign of H for the reaction ?
1) [H2] is very high but not [N2] 2) [H2] is low
1) H is + ve 2) H is  ve
3) [NH3] is very low 4) [N2] is low
3) H = 0 4) H is  ve
13. In which of the following reactions, will the
5. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 in this equilibrium system equilibrium mixture contain an appreciable
if the pressure is increased at 250 C then the concentration of both reactants and products.
value of Kc will 1) Cl2 ( g )  2Cl ( g ) , K c  6.4  10 39
1) Increases 2) Decreases
3) Remains the same 2) Cl2 ( g )  2 NO ( g )  2 NOCl ( g )
4) Depends on the nature of the reactants
K c  3.7  108
6. A( s )  B( g )  heat  2C( s )  2 D( g ) .
At
3) Cl2 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g )  2 NO2 Cl ( g ) ; K c  1.8
equilibrium the pressure of B is doubled. By
what factor the cocentration of D should 4) H 2 ( g )  S ( s )  H 2 S ( g ) ; K  7.8  105
change to retain the equilibrium 14. Equilibrium is established in the reaction
1) 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 A  B  C  D with Kc = 10.0 at this point.
K f 5

A g   B g   1)  C  D    A B 
7. For K 15
b
 2 AB g  , K C for
2)  A   B    C    D   10.0 M
 A g   B g  , is
2 AB g  
3)  A B   0.10  C  D 
1
1) 3 2) 75 3) 3 4) 4)  A B   10.0  C  D 
3
8. The equilibrium constant for a reaction 15. Kc for the reaction N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 is K
A  2 B  2C is 40. The equilibrium constant then the value of K c for the reaction
1 2NH 3  N 2 + 3H 2 will be
for reaction C  B  A is
2 1) K 2) 2K 3) 1/ K 4) K 2
1/2 2
1) 1/40 2) 1 /  40  3) 1 / 40  4) 40 16. The active mass of 64g of HI in a 2Lit flask
would be
9. The equilibrium constant for the reaction
1) 2 2) 1 3) 5 4) 0.25
N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) is 4  10–4 at 2000K. In
presence of a catalyst the equilibrium is
attained three times faster. The equilibrium
17. AB3(g)is dissociates as 1) 0.8 2) 1.6 3) 2.8 4) 3.2
1 24. In the equilibrium NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g)
AB3 g   AB2 g   B2 g  When the initial If the equilibrium pressure is 2 atm at 800 C.
2
Kp for the reaction is
pressure of AB3 is 800 torr and the total 1) 0.5 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1.5
pressure developed at equilibrium is 900 25. One mole of A and 2 moles of B are allowed to
torr. What fraction of AB3 g  is dissociated? react in a 0.5 lit flask. What is the value of Kc
if at equilibirum, 0.4 moles of C is formed in
1) 10% 2) 20% 3) 25% 4) 30%
the reaction A + 2B  C + 2D
18. In which of the following equilibrium Kp is less
1) 4/9 2) 9/4 3) 8/27 4) 27/8
than Kc
1) N2O4 (g)  2NO2(g) 2) 2HI(g)  H2 (g)+ I2(g) 26. K p /K c for the reaction
3) 2SO2(g)+ O2(g)  2SO3(g) 1
CO(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) is
4) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) 2
19. In the reaction H2(g) + l2(g)  2HI(g) 1/ 2
1) RT 2)  RT 
1) Kp = Kc 2) K p  Kc 3) Kp > Kc 4) Kp < Kc
1 1
20. The equilibrium of the reaction 3) RT 3 4)
N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) will shift to the
  RT
product side when 27. K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants for reaction (i)
and (ii) N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO ( g ) --- (i)
1) K p  1 2) Q  K p 3) Q  K p 4) Q  K p
21. Consider the following equilibrium NO ( g )  1 / 2 N 2 ( g )  1 / 2O2 ( g ) --- (ii)
PCl5(g)  PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) in a closed container.. Then,
At a fixed temperature, the volume of the 1) K1  (1/ K 2 ) 2 2) K1  K 2 2
reaction container is halved. For this change,
which of the following statements holds true 3) K1  1/ K 2 4) K1  ( K 2 ) o
regarding the equilibrium constant (Kp) and 28. For the reaction N 2O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ) , the
degree of dissociation () ?
degree of dissociation at equilibrium is 0.2 at
1) Neither Kp nor  changes
1 atm pressure. The equilibrium constant Kp
2) Both Kp and  change will be
3) Kp changes, but  does not change 1) 1/2 2) 1/4 3) 1/6 4) 1/8
4) Kp does not change, but  changes
22. 1 mole of A (g) is heated to 3000 C in closed Lechatelier’s Principle
one litre vessel till the following equilibrium is 29. N2 (g)+ 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) + 21.8 K cal. The
reached A(g)  B(g). The equilibrium effect of increase in pressure
constant for the reaction at 3000C is 4. What 1) Increase the rate of forward reaction
is the concentration of B (in mol. lit–1) at 2) Increase the rate of backward reaction
equilibrium? 3) Produces no change in the reaction
1) 0.2 2) 0.6 3) 0.8 4) 0.1 4) Results an increase in the volume
23. Consider the following reaction equilibrium 30. Inert gas has been added to the following
N 2 (g)+ 3H 2 (g)  2NH 3 (g) .Initially, 1 mole equilibrium system at constant volume
of N2 and 3 moles of H2 are taken in a 2 litre SO2 ( g )  1/ 2O2 ( g )  SO3 ( g ) To which
flask. At equilibrium state if the number of direction will the equilibrium shift?
moles of N2 is 0.6 what is the total number 1) Forward 2) Backward
moles of all gases present in the flask 3) No effect 4) Unpredictable
31. For a hypothetical reaction of the kind 2
P2  x.PD 
1 6. K p  D ..... 1 , K p  .....  2 
AB2 ( g )  B2 ( g )  AB3 ( g ); H   xkJ PB 2 PB
2
More AB3 could be produced at equilibrium by on solving, x  2
1) Using a catalyst 2) Removing some of B2 Kf 1
7. K1  , K2 
3) Increasing the temperature Kb K1
4) Increasing the pressure
32. The equilibrium concentration of C2H4 in the 1
8. K2 =
following reaction can be increased by K11/ 2
C2H4(g) + H2(g)  C2H6(g); H = - 31.7 K.Cal 13. Compare the value (s) of K c too high or too low
1) Removal of C2H6 2) Addition of H2
3) Increase in temperature 4) Increase in pressure value(s) of K c will contain mostly products or
33. Backward reaction is favoured by increase in reactants respectively. Therefore the value of K c
the pressure of the equilibrium
as 1.8 will contain appreciable concentration of both
1) 2SO2 + O2  2SO3 2) N2 + O2  2NO
reactants and products
3) N2 + 3H2  2NH3 4) PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
34. For the physical equilibrium C  D 
14. K C  A B
H 2O ( s )  H 2O (l )   
which of the following is true 1
1) The pressure changes do not affect the 15. K 2 = K
1
equilibrium
2) More of ice melts if pressure on the system is 16. n(HI) = 64 /128
increased. Active mass=No of moles per 1L
3) More of liquid freezes if pressure on the system
is increased. 17.  AB2 g  1 B2 g
AB3 g     2  
4) At low pressure, the nature of equilibrium changes
x
to forward direction At equilibrium 800 - x x
35. In the manufacture of NH 3, which are 2
favourable conditions x
1) High pressure and low temperature 800  x  x   900  x  200
2
2) High pressure and high temperature
3) Low pressure and low temperature 200
% dissociated =  100  25
4) Low pressure and high temperature 800
Key Level - I (H.W) B 
01) 2 02) 4 03) 3 04) 2 05) 3 06) 1 22. Kc=
A 
07) 1 08) 2 09) 2 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3 23. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3
13) 3 14) 3 15) 3 16) 4 17) 3 18) 3 Intial: 1 3 0
19) 1 20) 2 21) 4 22) 3 23) 4 24) 3 Reacted & formed:
At equilibrium : 0.6 1.8 0.8
25) 3 26) 4 27) 1 28) 3 29) 1 30) 3 Total moles= 0.6+1.8+0.8=3.2Moles
31) 4 32) 3 33) 4 34) 2 35) 1 24. NH 4 HS( s )  NH3( g )  H 2 S ( g )
Hints Level - I (H.W) at : eq: x x
3. When equation is inverted, equilibrium constant 2x =2atm
1 x=1atm
value is taken as reciprocal K 2 = K K p  PN H 3 . PH 2 S  1  1  1
1
25. A  2B  C  2D
Intial : 1 2 0 0
At eqlibrium : (1-0.4) (2-2(0.4)) 0.4 2(0.4)
0.6 1.2 0.4 0.8
Concentration :
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
2
C   D 
 K c     2
 A   B 

n 1
26. K p  K C  RT  ,  n  
2
1
27. K 2 = K 1/ 2
1

28. N 2 O 4 ( g )  2NO2(g )
1 0
0 .8 0 .4
 7. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Level-II (C.W)
Law of Mass Action and 6. If K1 and K2 are the equilibrium constants of
Equilibrium Constants the equilibrium (A) and (B) respectively. What
is the relationship between the two constants
1. Which one of the following has greater active mass A) SO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)  SO3(g), K1
1) 200 gm of lime stone in 2 lit vessel B) 2SO3(g)  2SO2(g) + O2(g), K2
2) 90 gm of CS 2 liquid in 100 ml vessel 1
1) K1 = K2 2) K1  K
3) 56 gm of N 2 gas in 0.5 lit vessel 2

4) 1 mole of O2 gas at STP 2 1

2. The following one is example to physical 3) K2  K12 4) K1  K
2
equilibrium 7. For an exothermic reaction, the Equilibrium
1) solid  liquid constant
2) N2(g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 1) Increases with increase of temperature
3) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) 2) Decreases with increase of temperature
4) 2SO2 (g) +O2 (g)  2SO3 (g) 3) Dncreases with increase of pressure
3. Law of mass action can not be applied to 4) Decreases with increase of pressure
1) 2HI  H2 + I2 8. Ammonium chloride dissolves in water with the
absorption of heat. Which of the following is
2) PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 3) Water  Ice
true?
4) CaCO3  CaO + CO2 1) The solubility of ammonium chloride decreases
4. In which of the following reaction goes to more with increase in temperature
completion 2) The solubility of ammonium chloride increases
1) Kc = 1 2) Kc = 1010 3) Kc = 10 10 4) Kc = 10 with increase in temperature
5. For the following reactions, equilibrium 3) At higher temperature, ammonium chloride in
constants are indicated on the arrow solution exists as ammonia and hydrochloric acid
K
4) At lower temperature ammonium chloride in
H3PO4 1 H+ + H2PO4– solution is present in the molecular form
K 9. Equilibrium constant for the reaction
H2PO4– 2 H+ + HPO4–2
2NO(g)+ Cl2(g)  2NOCl(g) is correctly given
K by the expression
HPO4_2 3 H+ + PO4–3
Then equilibrium constant for the reaction [2 NOCl] [2 NOCl]2
1) K  [2 NO][Cl ] 2) K 
H3PO4  3H+ + PO4-3 will be 2 [ NO]2 [Cl 2 ]
1) K1 + K2 + K3 2) K1 K 2 K 3 [ NOCl]2 [ NOCl ]2
3) K  4) K 
1 [ NO 2 ]2 [Cl 2 ] [ NO ]2 [Cl2 ]
3) K1 x K2 x K3 4) K K K
1 2 3
10. In a chemical equilibrium A+B  C+D when 16. 1 mole of A(g) is heated to 2000 C in a one litre
one mole of each of the two reactants are mixed closed flask, till the following equilibrium is
0.6 mole each of the products are formed. The reached. A(g)  B(g). The rate of forward
equilibrium constant calculated is reaction at equilibrium is 0.02 mol lit–1 min–1.
1) 1 2) 0.30 3) 2.25 4) 4/9 What is the rate ( mol. Lit–1 min–1) of the
11. A vessel contains N 2O4 & NO2 in 2:3 molar backward reaction at equilibrium ?
1) 0.04 2) 0.01 3) 0.02 4) 1
ratio at 10 atm under equlibrium. now K P for 17. The equilibrium constant for the reaction
N 2O4  2 NO2 is H2O(l)+ CO(g)  H2(g) + CO2(g) is 64. If the rate
1) 9atm 1 2) 9atm 3) 4.5atm 2 4)10atm constant for the forward reaction is 160, the
rate constant for the backward reaction is
12. The following reactions occurs at 500 K.
1) 0.4 2) 2.5 3) 6.2 4) 10.24  103
Arrange them in order of increasing tendency
18. At equilibrium the concentrations of
to proceed to completion.
1) 2 NOCl ( g )  2 NO( g )  Cl2 ( g ); N 2  3  103 M , O2  4.2  103 M and
NO  2.8  103 M in a sealed vessel at
K p  1.7 x 102
constant temperature. what will be the KC for
2) N 2O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ); K p  1.5 x 103 the reaction N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO ( g )
3) 2SO3 (g )  SO2 (g )  O2 ( g); K p  1.3 x 105 1) 0.622 2) 6.22 3) 1.244 4) 2.488
19. The equilibrium constant for the reaction
4) 2 N O 2 ( g )  2 NO ( g )  O 2 ( g ); H 2(g) +I 2(g)  2HI (g) is 64, at certain
K p  5.9 x 10 5 temperature. The equilibrium concentrations
1) 2 <1<4<3 2) 3<4<2<1 of H2 and HI are 2 and 16 mol lit-1 respectively.
3) 1<3<4<2 4) 4<3<1<2 The equilibrium concentration (in mol Lit–1) of
13. The equilibrium constant Kc of a reversible I2 is ?
reaction is 10. The rate constant for the 1) 16 2) 4 3) 8 4) 2
reverse reaction is 2.8. What is the rate 20. If K1 and K2 are the respective equilibrium constants
constant for the forward reaction for the two reactions
1) 0.28 2) 28 3) 0.028 4) 280 XeF6(g) + H2O(g)  XeOF4(g) + 2HF(g)
14. Calculate the concentration of H2, I2 I 2 and HI XeO4(g) + XeF6(g)  XeOF4(g) + XeO3 F2(g)
at equilibrium if 0.0400 mole of HI is placed in the equilibrium constant of the reaction
a 1.00 L flask at 4300 C . K c for the reaction: XeO4(g) + 2HF(g)  XeO3F2(g) + H2O(g) will be
1) K1 . K2 2) K2 / K1 3) K1 / (K2)2 4) K1 / K2
H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g ) is 54.4 at this 21. A mixture of 0.3 mole of H2 and 0.3 mole of I2
temperature. is allowed to react in a 10 lit. evacuated flask
 H 2  M   I 2  M   HI  M  at 5000C. The reaction is H2 + I2  2HI, the
K is found to be 64. The amount of unreacted
1) 0.0200 0.0200 0.0200
I2 at equilibrium is
2) 0.00427 0.00427 0.0315
1) 0.15 mole 2) 0.06 mole
3) 0.0315 0.0315 0.00850
3) 0.03 mole 4) 0.2 mole
4) 0.00478 0.00478 0.0352
22. If the equilibrium constant for the reaction
15. 4.5 moles each of hydrogen and iodine are
heated in a sealed 10 litre vessel. At 2AB  A2 + B2 is 49. What is the value of
equilibrium 3 moles of hydrogen iodide was equilibrium constant for [EAMCET-2011]
found. The equilibrium constant for H2(g)+I2(g) 1 1
 2HI(g) is AB  2 A 2  2 B 2 ?
1) 1 2) 10 3) 5 4) 0.33 1) 49 2) 4 3) 7 4) 0.02
23. At a certain temperature, the following 31. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is involved in the
reactions have the equilibrium constants as formation of smog and acid rain. A reaction
shown below that is important in the formation of NO2 is
 SO2 g  ; KC  5 1052
S s   O2 g   O3  N O  O2  N O2

 2 SO3 g  ; KC  1029

2S s   3O2 g   K c  6 .0 x 1 0 34
If the air over a section of Mumbai contained
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc for the
reaction at the same temperature? 1.0 x106 M O3 ,1.0 X105 M NO,2.5 X 104 M NO2
 2SO3 g
2SO2 s   O2 g   and 8.2 X 10 3 M O2 , what can we conclude?
 
1) 2.5  1076 2) 4 1023 1) There will be a tendency to form more NO and O3.
2) There will be a tendency to form more NO2 and O2
3) 4 1077 4) 2 107
24. The equilibrium constant of a reaction is 300, 3) There wil be a tendency to form more NO2 and O3
if the volume of the reaction flask is tripled, 4) There will be a tendency to form more NO and O2.
the equilibrium constant will be 32. Units of KC for xA(g)  yB(g) is Lit2-mol–2, then
1) 100 2) 300 3) 250 4) 150 the values of x & y cannot be
25. W hen 1 mole of H2(g) is heated with one mole 1) 1,2 2) 3,2 3) 2,3 4) All
of I2(g), it was found that 1.48 moles of HI(g) is
33. For the reaction A  B  3C at 25 o C a 3L
formed at equilibrium. Its Kc is
1) 16 2) 32 3) 8 4) 24 vessel contains 1,2 & 4 mole of A, B and C
26. The Kp of the reaction is respectively. Predict the direction of reaction
if Kc for the reaction is 10
NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g). If the total
1) Backward 2) Forward
pressure at equilibrium is 30 atm
3) Equilibrium 4) Any direction
1) 15 atm2 2) 225atm2 3) 30 atm2 4) 15 atm
34. One mole of SO3 was placed in a 1 lit. reaction
27. The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction
vessel at a constant temperature. The
2SO2 + O2  2SO3 is 2.5 atm–1. What would be following equilibrium was established
the partial pressure of O2 at equilibrium. If the 2SO3  2SO2 +O2. At equilibrium 0.6 moles
equilibrium pressures of SO2 and SO3 are equal
of SO2 were formed. The equilibrium constant
1) 304 mm 2) 30.4 mm 3) 0.04 mm 4)760 mm
of the reaction will be
28. HI was heated in a closed tube at 4400 C till
1) 0.36 2) 0.45 3) 0.54 4) 0.675
equilibrium is reached. At this temperature
35. 9.2 gm of N2O4(g) is taken in a closed one litre
22% of HI was dissociated. The equilibrium
vessel and heated till the following equilibrium
constant for this dissociation is
is reached N2O4(g)  2NO2(g). At equilibrium
1) 0.282 2) 0.0796 3) 0.0199 4) 1.99
50% of N2O4(g) is dissociated. What is the
29. A(g) + 2Bg  2C(g) + D(g) was studied using
equilibrium constant (in mole lit–1) ? (M.wt. of
an initial concentration of B which was 1.5
N2O4 is 92)
times that of A. But the equilibrium
1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0.4 4) 2
concentration of A and B were found to be
36. An equilibrium mixture for the reaction
equal. Then Kc for the equilibrium is
2H2S(g)  2H2(g) + S2(g) had 1 mole of H2S,
1) 4 2) 8 3) 6 4) 12
30. 1 mole of H2, 2 moles of I2 and 3 moles of HI 0.2 mole of H2 and 0.8 mole of S2 in 2 lit. flask.
were taken in 1 litre flask. The equilibrium The value of KC in mol. lit-1 is
1) 0.004 2) 0.08 3) 0.016 4) 0.16
constant of the reaction H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)
is 50 at 3300C. The concentration of HI at
equilibrium is (moles. lit–1)
1) 0.3 2) 1.3 3) 4.4 4) 2.7
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
37. When CO2 dissolves in water the following equilibrium will shift to the right on
equilibrium is established, 1) Exposing the system to light
CO2+2H2O  H3O++HCO3– for which the 2) Adding an alkali
equilibrium constant 3.8  10–7 and pH = 6.0. The 3) Adding an acid 4) Adding C2H5Br
46. In a gaseous reaction 2A  3B on doubling
ratio of [HCO3–] [HCO3  ] to [CO2] would be
the volume of container, the equilibrium
1) 3.8  10 1 2) 3.8  10 13 amount of the product
3) 13.4 4) 6.0 1) Increases 2) Decreases
38. At 270C and 1 atmosphere pressure N2O4 is 3) Remains same 4) Data insufficient
20% dissociated into NO2 find Kp 47. In the dissociation of CaCO3 in a closed
1) 0.2 2) 0.166 3) 0.15 4) 0.10 vessel, the forward reaction is favoured by
39. 28g of N2 and 6g of H2 were mixed. At 1) Adding of more CaCO3
equilibrium 17g of NH3 was formed. The 2) Removal of some CaO
weight of N 2 and H 2 at equilibrium are 3) Increasing the pressure
respectively 4) Decreasing the pressure by removing some CO2
1) 11g & zero 2) 19 & 3g from the equilibrium mixture
3) 14g & 3g 4) 11g & 3g 48. At constant pressure, the addition of argon to
40. In the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
2SO3 ( g )  2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g ), SO3 ( g ) 1) Reduces the formation of ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen
is 50% dissociated at 270C, when the equilibrium
2) Increases the formation of ammonia from
pressure is 0.5 atm. Hence partial pressure of
nitrogen and hydrogen
SO3(g) at equilibrium is
3) Does not effect the equilibrium of the reaction
1) 0.5 atm 2) 0.3 atm 3) 0.2 atm 4)0.1 atm
in which ammonia is formed from nitrogen and
41. The value of G0 for the phosphorylation of
hydrogen
glucose in glycolysis is13.8 kj/mol Find the
4) Reduces the dissociation of ammonia
value of Kc at 298K (antilog 0.5815=3.81)
49. For which one of the following reaction is a
1) 5.8  10 5 2) 5.8  105 combination of high pressure and high
3) 3.8  103 4) 3.8  10 3 temperature helpful in obtaining a high
Relation between Kc and Kp equilibrium yield
42. The value of (Kp / K c) for the reversible 1) 2NF3(g)  N2(g) + 3F2(g) - 54.40 k.cals
reaction SO2(g)+1/2O2(g)  SO3(g) at constant 2) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) + 22.08 k.cals
temperature T is 3) Cl2(g) + 2O2(g)  2ClO2(g) - 49.4 k.cals
1) (RT)1/2 2) RT 3) (RT) 1/ 2 4) 1/ RT 4) 2Cl2O7(g)  2Cl2(g) + 7O2(g) - 126.8 k.cals
43. For the equilibrium 50. Given the equation
2 NOCl ( g )  2 NO ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) AgC l ( s )  Ag  ( aq )  Cl  ( aq )
the value of equilibrium constant K C is As NaCl (s) dissolves in the solution,
3.75 10 4 at 1069K. Calculate KP for the temperature remaining constant, the Ag  (aq)
reaction at this temperature concentration will
1) 0.066 2) 3.33 3) 0.33 4) 0.033 1) Decrease as the amount of AgCl(s) decreases
0
44. At 27 C the Kp value for the reaction 2) Decrease as the amount of AgCl(s) increases
PCl5  PCl3+Cl2 is 0.65. Its Kc is 3) Increase as the amount of AgCl(s) decreases
1) 1 2) 0.65 3) 0.2 4) 0.026
4) Increase as the amount of AgCl(s) increases
Lechatelier’s Principle
45. For the reaction
C2 H 5OH  Br   C2 H 5 Br  OH  ,the
51. If PCl5 is heated in two seperate vessels of volume 2
5 lit and 10 lit respectively at 270C The extent of Kc 
 HI 
dissociation of PCl5 will be  H 2  I 2 
1) More in 5 lit vessel 2) More in 10 lit vessel
3) Equal in both vessels 4) Cannot be said 16. At equilibrium rf  rb
Key Level-II (C.W) Kf
01) 3 02) 1 03) 3 04) 2 05) 3 06) 4 17. K c 
Kb
07) 2 08) 2 09) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 2
13) 2 14) 2 15) 1 16) 3 17) 2 18) 1 [ NO ]2
19) 4 20) 2 21) 2 22) 3 23) 3 24) 2 18. K C 
[ N 2 ][O2 ]
25) 2 26) 2 27) 1 28) 3 29) 1 30) 3 2
31) 2 32) 4 33) 1 34) 4 35) 2 36) 3  HI 
19. K c 
37) 1 38) 2 39) 3 40) 3 41) 4 42) 3  H 2  I 2 
43) 4 44) 4 45) 3 46) 1 47) 4 48) 1 20. eq (1) ie reversed and added to eq (2).
49) 3 50) 2 51) 2
21. H2  I2  2 HI
Hints Level-II (C.W) Initial 0.3 0.3 0
n R&F x x 2x
1. Active mass = Molar Concentration = V Active at eq (0.3-x) (0.3-x) 2x
L
2
mass of pure liquid and solid is taken as unity.
64 
 2x
10. A  BC  D  0.3  x 
2

t =0 1 1 0 0
x = 0.24
at equi 1-0.6 1-0.6 0.6 0.6
2  unreacted I 2 = 0.3-0.24= 0.06
PNO
11. N 2O4  2 NO2 K p  P 22. 2 AB  A2  B2 K1  49
2

N 2O4
1 1
2 3 AB  A2  B2 K 2  ?
total moles=5 2 2
12. Greater KC value indicates more completion of K 2  K1
reaction
1
kf 23. K  K 2 .K 2
13. K c  1
kb
24. Equilibrium constant doesn’t depend on volume.
14. H 2  I 2  2 HI , K1  54.4 25. H 2  I 2  2 HI
2 HI  H 2  I 2 Initial: 1 1 0
Eq.mol. (0.04-2x) x x Reacted & Formed : 0.74 0.74 1.48
At equilibrium : 0.26 0.26 1.48
1 1 x2
K2  ,   HI 
2
K1 54.4  0.04  2 x  2 Kc 
on solving , x=0.00427
 H 2  I 2 
15. H 2  I 2  2 HI 26. NH 4 HS( s )  NH 3( g )  H 2 S ( g )
Intial 4.5 4.5 O at equilibrium x x
Reacted & formed 1.5 1.5 3.0 2x=30 atm
3.0 3.0 3.0 x=15 atm
At equilibrium
10 10 10 K p  PNH 3 .PH 2 S  15  15  225 atm 2
 1   H3O   106
27. K P  P
O2

7
 H 3O    HCO3 
1 3.8  10 
PO2 
2.5
 760mm CO2 
38. Let the intial moles be 1 ,if 20% of 1 is 0.2
28. 2 HI  H 2  I 2
N 2O4  2 NO2
Initial : 100 0 0
Reacted & formed 22 11 11 2
PNO
at equilibrium: 78 11 11 At eq: 1-0.2 0.4 Kp  2

PN 2O4 .
Kc 
 H 2  I 2 
2 39. 17g NH 3 is formed by 14g N 2 and 3g H 2
 HI 
40. 2SO3 g   2SO2 g   O2 g 
29. A  2 B  2C  D
1 1.5 0 0 t =0 1 0 0
at eq 1-2x 2x x
1-X 1.5-2X 2X X
2x = 0.5
given 1-x=1.5-2x
PSO3  P  X SO3
30. H 2  I 2  2 HI
Initial: 1 mole 2 mole 3 moles 41. G 0  2.303RT log KC
At equilibrium : (1-x) (2-x) (3+2x) K c  3.81 10 3
2

Kc 
 HI  1
42. n   , K P  K C ( RT ) n
 H 2  I 2  2
31. since Q < Kc , So farward reaction takesplace 43. K P  K C ( RT ) n
33. Q  KC 44. K p  K c  RT 
n

34. 2 SO3  2 SO2  O2

45. Addition of acid causes the decrease of OH  
initial 1 0 0
at eq . 1-2x 2x x and shift towards right side.
given that, 2x = 0.6 x = 0.3 Level-II (H.W)
2

kc 
 SO2  O2  Law of Mass Action and
2
 SO3  Equilibrium Constants
9.2 1. Active mass of 56g of N2 contained in 2 ltr.
35. N 2 O4 moles   0.1 moles flask is
92
1) 16 Mole. lit–1 2) 32 Mole.lit–1
N 2 O4  2 NO2 3) 1.00 mole. lit–1 4) 0.1 Mole.lit–1
Intial : 0.1 0 2.  – sulphur   – sulphur is an example to
Reacted & Formed 0.05 0.1 1) Physical equilibrium 2)chemical equilibrium
At equilibrium : 0.05 0.1 3) Irreversible reaction
2 4) Both physical and chemical equilibrium
Kc 
 NO2  3. Law of mass action is applicable to
 N 2 O4  1) Homogeneous chemical equilibria only
2) Heterogeneous chemical equilibria only
equilibrium moles 3) Physical equilibria
36. equilibrium conc =
volume 4) Both homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical
37. given that PH  6 equilibrium
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-II
0
4. In which of the following cases does the out at 280 C in chloroform. When equilibrium
reaction go farther to completion ? is reached, 0.2 mol of N2O4 and 2 X 10 3 mol
1) K = 104 2) K = 10-2 3) K = 10 4) K = 1 of NO2 are present in a 2L solution. The
5. If the reversible reaction equilibrium constant for the reaction
SO2(g) + NO2(g)  SO3(g) + NO(g) - (1)
takes place in two reversible steps (2 & 3), with N 2O4  2 NO2 is
equilibrium constant values 2.0 and 0.45 1) 1X 102 2) 2 X 103 3) 1X 105 4) 2 X 105
respectively
11. For the reaction C S   CO2 g  2CO g  the
1 partial pressures of CO2 and CO are in 1:2
SO2(g) + O 2 (g )  SO 3 (g ) K = 2.0 - (2)
2 ratio at equilibrium. What is the value of Kp
1 for this reaction
NO 2 (g )  NO(g )  O 2 ( g) K = 0.45 - (3) 1) 0.5 2) 3.0 3) 4.0 4) 32
2
12. In which of the following reactions, the
the equilibrium constant Kc of the reaction (1) is
concentration of product is higher than the
1) 0.9 2) 400 / 9 3) 9 / 400 4) 1/9
concentration of reactant at equilibrium ?
6. The equilibrium constants for the reactions
(K = equilibrium constant)
N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) and
NO(g) + 1/2 O2(g)  NO2(g) are K1 and K2 1) A  B; K  0.001 2) M  N; K  10
respectively. Then the equilibrium constant for 3) X  Y; K  0.005 4) R  P; K  0.01
the reaction N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g) is 13. Equilibrium constant for an equilibrium
K1 reaction is 100. Its forward reaction rate
1) K 2) K12  K22 const ant K f = 105. Its backward reaction rate
2
constant Kb is
3) K1  K2 2 4) K12  K2 1) 102 2) 10 3) 10 3 4) 103
7. For the equilibrium, PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 14. At equilibrium of the reaction
2
K c   /(1  ) V , temperature remaining PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) the concentrations
of PCl5(g) and PCl3(g) are 0.2 and 0.1 moles/lit.
constant
respectively K c is 0.05.The equilibrium
1) Kc will increase with increase in volume
concentration of Cl2 (moles. lit–1)
2) Kc will increase with decrease in volume
1) 0.5 2) 0.1 3) 1.5 4) 0.75
3) Kc will not change with the change in volume
15. 4 moles of HI is taken in a lit closed vessel
4) Kc may increase or decrease with the change in and heated to equilibrium. At equilibrium, the
volume depending upon its numerical value concentration of H2 is one mol lit–1. The
8. Solubility of a substance which dissolves with equilibrium constant for the equilibrium
a decrease in volume and absorption of heat  H 2  I 2 is
2HI 
will be favoured by 1) 4 2) 0.5 3) 2 4) 0.25
1) High P and high T 2) Low P and low T 16. Which of the following is not a charactersctic prop-
3) High P and low T 4) Low P and high T erty of chemical equilibrium?
9. The equilibrium constant for the reaction 1) Rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of back-
NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g) is correctly ward reaction at equilibrium.
given by 2) After reaching the chemical equilibrium, the
[ NH 3 ][H 2S] [ NH 4 HS] concentrations of reactants and prouducts
1) [ NH HS ] 2) [ NH ][H S] remain unchanged with time.
4 3 2
3)For A  g   B  g  , Kc is 10–2. If this reaction
[ NH 3 ]  [H 2S] is carried out in the presence of catalyst, the value
3) [NH3] [H2S] 4) [ NH 4 HS] of KC decreases
4) After reaching the equilibrium, both forward and
10 The decomposition of N 2 O4 to NO2 is carried backward reactions continue to take place
17. Equilibrium constant for the reaction 1) 23 2) 132 3) 1/132 4) 1/32
H2O(g) + CO(g)  H2(g) + CO2(g) is 81. If the
rate constant of the forward reaction is 162 24. The equilibrium constant K p for the reaction;
lit. mol–1, sec–1, what is the velocity constant PCl5( g )  PCl3( g )  Cl2( g ) is 16. If the volume
(in lit. mole-1 sec–1 ) for the backward reaction?
of the container is reduced to half of its original
1) 131 2) 2 3) 261 4) 243
18. PCl5 , PCl3and Cl2 are at equilibrium at 500K volume, the value of K p for the reaction at the
and having concentration 1.59M PCl3,1.59M same temperature will be
Cl 2 and 1.41M PCl 5.CalculateK cfor the 1) 32 2) 64 3) 16 4) 4
reaction PCl5  PCl3  Cl2 25. In the reaction A + B  C + D, the initial
1)1.79 2) 17.9 3) 3.58 4) 0.895 concentration of reactants is 1 mole / lit each.
19. For the gaseous phase reaction The equilibrium concentration of each product
is 0.9 moles. lit–1. Its Kc is
2A+B  2C+D, initially there are 2 mole each
1) 0.9 2) 0.81 3) 81 4) 8.1
of A & B. If 0.4 mol of D is present at 26. The equilibrium constants for the stepwise
equilibrium at a given T & P, in-correct formation of MCl, MCl2 and MCl3 are a, b
relationship is and c respectively. If the equilibrium contant
1) PA  PB & PD  PC of formation of MCl3 is K,which of the
2) PC  2 PD & PA  3PB / 4 following is correct?
1) logK=log a+log b+logc 2) K=a+b+c
3) PA  PC & PB  PD
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3)    4) K   
4) PA  PD & PA  PC K a b c a b c
20. The Kc for the reaction A + B  C is 4 and Kc 27. The Kp value for 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) is
for 2A+D  C is 6. The value of K c for 5.0 atm–1. What is the equilibrium pressure of
C+D  2B is O2 if the equilibrium pressures of SO2 and SO3
1) 0.67 2) 0.375 3) 2.7 4) 1.5 are equal
21. In a 7.5 L flask, 0.106 mole hydrogen and 0.106 1) 0.2 atm 2) 0.3 atm 3) 0.4 atm 4) 0.1 atm
mole iodine are combined and heated to a high
28. At a certain temperature PCl5  PCl3  Cl2
temperature. It is found that when equilibrium
only 50% PCl5 is dissociated in a 1litre vessel
is attained, 0.137 mole of hydrogen iodide has
at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant is
been produced. What is the equilibrium
1) 0.25 2) 0.3 3) 0.5 4) 1.0
constant Kc for the following reaction at this
29. For the equilibrium A + B  C + D; A and B
temperature? H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g ) are mixed in a vessel at T. The initial conc. of
1) 12.2 2) 1.67 3) 732 4) 13.4 A is twice that of B. After equilibrium is
22. At a given temperature the equilibrium constant for reached concentration of C was thrice that of
the reaction PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) is B. Then its Kc is
2.4  10-3. At the same temperature the equilibrium 1) 4.5 2) 9 3) 1.8 4) 0.9
constant for the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)  PCl5(g) 30. At 550 K, the Kc for the following reaction is
1) 2.4  10–3 2) –2.4  10–3 10 –4 mol –1 lit. X(g)  Y(g)  Z(g) . At
3) 4.2  102 4) 4.8  10–2 equilibrium, it was observed that
23. An alkaline solution the following equilibrium
1 1
exists S 2   S  S 22  , K 1  12  X   Y   Z . What is the value of [Z]
2 2
S22  S  S32 , K2  11 (in mol lit 1 ) at equilibrium ?
What is the equilibrium constant for the 1) 2  104 2) 104 3) 2  104 4) 104
equilibrium S 2
3 S 2
 2S
31. The equilibrium constatnt for the given reaction
38. In the dissociation of HI, 20% of HI is
is 100. N 2  g  + 2O 2  g   2NO 2  g  What is dissociated at equilibrium . Calculate Kp for
the equilibrium constatn for the reaction given
1 1
below ? [Eamcet 2009] HI (g)  H 2 ( g )  I2 ( g )
2 2
1
NO 2  g   N2  g  + O2 g  1) 1.25 2) 0.125 3) 12.5 4) 0.0125
2 39. If 340 g of a mixture of N2 and H2 in the correct
1) 10 2) 1 3) 0.1 4) 0.01 ratio gave 20% yield of NH3, the mass of NH3
32. In the reversible reaction produced would be
2NH3(g)  N2(g) + 3H2(g) when 1 mole of NH3 1) 16 g 2) 17g 3) 20 g 4) 68 g
is taken initially in a litre flask and 0.2 moles of 40. At 6000C, Kp for the following reaction is 1 atm
N2 are formed at equilibrium. Its equilibrium
X(g)  Y(g)  Z(g) . At equilibrium, 50% of
constant Kc is
1) 72 2) 12  102 3) 3 4) 27 X(g) is dissociated. The total pressure of the
equilibrium system is “3” atm. What is the partial
33 The value of Kc for the reaction 2A  B  C
pressure (in atm) of X(g) at equilibrium?
is 2  103 . At a given time, the composition of
1) 1 2) 4 3) 2 4) 0.5
reaction mixture is [A]=[B]=[C]= 3  10 4 M . 41. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives
In which direction the reaction will proceed?
Sucrose + H 2O  Glu cos e  Fructose
1) Forward 2) Backward
3) At equilibrium 4) Forward or Backward Equilibrium constant K c for the reaction is
34. In a 500 ml flask, the degree of dissociation of
2  1013 at 300K. calculate  G 0 at 300 K.
PCl5 at equilibrium is 40% and the initial amount
1) 7.64  104 J Mole 1
is 5 moles. The value of equilibrium constant in
mol.lit–1 for the decomposition of PCl5 is 2) 7.64  104 J Mole 1
[EAMCET-2008] 3) 7.64  104 J Mole1
1) 2.33 2) 2.66 3) 5.32 4) 4.66
35. A mixture of two moles of N2 and 8 moles of 4) 7.64  104 J Mole 1
H2 are heated in a 2 lit vessel. At equilibrium, Relation Between Kc and Kp
0.4 moles of N2 was observed, the equilibrium 42. For NH3(g) + H2S(g)  NH4HS(s) + heat
concentration of H2 is 1) Kp = Kc 2) Kp = Kc x (RT)
1) 3.2 M 2) 4 M 3) 1.6 M 4) 1 M
3) Kp = Kc x (RT) 2 4) Kp = Kc x (RT) 1
36. In a 500 ml capacity vessel CO and Cl2 are
mixed to form COCl2 at equilibrium, it contains 43. For the reversible reaction
0.2 moles of COCl2 and 0.1 mole each of CO N2(g)+3H2(g)  2NH3(g) at 5000 C the value
and Cl2. The equilibrium constant Kc for the of Kp is 1.44  10–5 when partial pressure is
reaction CO + Cl2  COCl2 measured in atmospheres. The corresponding
1) 20 2) 15 3) 10 4) 5 value of Kc with concentration of mole. lit–1 is
37. The following concentrations were obtained for 1) 1.44  10 5 / 0.082  500 2
the formation of NH 3 from N2 and H2 at
2) 1.44  10 5 / 8.314  7732
equilibrium at 500K, [N 2 ]  1.5  102 M ,
2 2
3) 1.44  10 5 / 0.082  7732
[H 2 ]  3.0  10 M and [NH 3 ]  1.2  10 M
find equilibrium constant further reaction 4) 1.44  10 5 / 0.082  7732
 2 NH 3
N 2  3H 2  44. For the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)  PCl5(g).
The value of Kc at 2500 C is 26. The value of
1) 3.55 102 2) 1.06  103 Kp at the same temperature will be
3) 2.12  103 4) 2.12  103 1) 0.0006 2) 0.57 3) 0.61 4) 0.83
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Lechatelier’s Principle dissociation of HI will be
1) More in 5 lit vessel 2) More in 10 lit vessel
45. N 2( g )  3H 2( g )  2 NH 3( g ) . If some HCl gas is 3) Equal in both vessels 4) Cannot be said
passed into the reaction mixture at the Key Level-II (H.W)
equilibrium of this reaction
1) Equilibrium shifts towards left 01) 3 02) 1 03) 4 04) 1 05) 1 06) 3
2) Equilibrium shifts towards right 07) 3 08) 1 09) 3 10) 3 11) 3 12) 2
3) Concentration of H2 increases
13) 4 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 2 18) 1
4) The equilibrium is not affected
46. When a bottle of cold drink is opened, the gas 19) 3 20) 2 21) 4 22) 3 23) 3 24) 3
comes out with fizzes due to 25) 3 26) 1 27) 1 28) 3 29) 3 30) 3
1) Decreases in temperature
2) Increase in pressure 31) 3 32) 2 33) 2 34) 2 35) 3 36) 3
3) Decrease in pressure suddenly which results in 37) 1 38) 2 39) 4 40) 1 41) 4 42) 3
decrease of solubility of CO2 gas in water
43) 4 44) 3 45) 2 46) 3 47) 3 48) 2
4) None of the above
47. In the equilibrium NH4HS(s)  NH3(g) + H2S(g) 49) 1 50) 4 51) 3
the forward reaction can be favoured by Hints Level-II (H.W)
1) Adding some more NH4HS
NO 2 
2

2) Adding some more NH3 10. N 2 O4  2 NO2 KC 

N 2O 4 
3) Removing some NH3 from the reaction mixture
4) Adding some more H2S
48. At constant pressure, the presence of inert gases PC2O
1) Reduces the dissociation of PCl5 11. K p 
PC O 2
2) Increase the dissociation of PCl5
3) Does not affect the degree of dissociation of  Pr oducts  Kf
PCl5 12. K c  Re ac tan ts 13. Kc 
4) Steps up the formation of PCl5   Kb
49. In a reaction A 2(g) + 4B 2(g)  2AB 4(g);
K c  PCl5 
H <0, the formation of AB 4(g) will be 14. Cl2  
favoured at  PCl3 
1) Low temperature and high pressure 15. 2HI  H 2  I 2
2) High temperatue and low pressure
Intial: 4 0 0
3) Low temperature and low pressure
At equilibrium : 4-2x x x
4) High temperature and high pressure
50. Note the equation :
Kc 
 H 2  I 2 
3 2
AgCl  2S 2 O32   Ag ( S 2O3 ) 2   Cl  If more  HI 
S 2O32  is added to the system at equilibrium, the 16. There will be no effect on equilibrium constant (KC)
in presence of catalyst. So,statement (3) is wrong.
1) Amount of AgCl ( s ) increases
K2
2) System cannot achieve equilibrium 20. Kc  2
3 K1
3) Concentration of  Ag (S 2O3 )2  ( aq )
decreases 21. H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g )
0.106 0.106 0
4) Concentration of Cl  (aq) increases
2x=0.137 x=0.0685
51. Two samples of HI each of 5g were taken 0.106-0.0685 0.106-0.0685 0.137
separately in two vessels of volume 5 lit and
10 lit respectively at 270C.The extent of
 1 1 as [A]=[B]=[C]= 3  10 4 M
23. K  K . K
1 2
Qc  (3  104 )(3  104 ) / (3  10 4 ) 2  1
24. K p in independent of P or V..
as Qc  K c so the reaction will proceed in the
25. A  B  C  D reverse direction
t =0 1 1 0 0
34. PCl5  PCl3  Cl2
at equilibrium 1-0.9 1-0.9 0.9 0.9
t=0 5 0 0
P 2 so 3 at eq 5-x x x
27. K p  2
P so 2 . PO 2 eq conc 6 4 4
28. PCl5  PCl3  Cl2 35. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3
initial 1 0 0 Initial: 2 8 0
at eq. 1-0.5 0.5 0.5 RF : 1.6 4.8 3.2
at equilibrium moles 0.4 3.2 3.2
0.5  0.5
KC   0.5
0.5 3.2
 H2    1.6M
2
29. Let the concentration of A be 2 B be 1. 36. CO  Cl2  COCl2
A  B  C  D eq.mole 0.1 0.1 0.2
Intial : 2 1 0 0
0.1 0.1 0.2
At eqlibrium : (2-x) (1-x) x x eq.conc
0.5 0.5 0.5
Given that, x  3 1  x  2/5
KC   10
3 1/ 5 1/ 5
x
4 [ NH 3 ]2
37. K C 
 3  3  [ N 2 ][ H 2 ]3
   9
 Kc   4  4    1.8 1 1
 2  3 / 4 1  3 / 4  5 38. HI 
2
H2  I2
2
Initial mole 1 0 0
Mole at equilibrium (1-  )  /2  /2
KC 
Z 
where  is degreee of dissociation and volume of
30. 1 
 2 Z   Z  container is V litre
1/ 2 1/ 2
   
    
2V   2V 
K2 
1 K p  Kc   
31. 1 1    2(1   )
2
K 1 V
0.2
32. 2 NH 3  N 2  3H 2 K p  Kc  (   0.2)
2(1  0.2)
Initial 1 0 0
eq: 1-2x x 3x K p  K c  0.125
[ NH 3 ]2 39. 20% of 340 gr. is 68 gr
x=0.2 KC 
[ N 2 ][ H 2 ]3 40. Xg   Y
g
 Z
g 
33. For the reaction the reaction quotient Qc is given t =0 1 0 0
eq moles 1-0.5 0.5 0.5
by, Qc  [ B ][C ] / [ A]2
 K P  1 ; Ptotal  3  P n 
41. G 0  2.303RT log K c ; 1) 9.8  102 2). 4.9  10 2

G0  7.64104 j mol 1 3) 416 4) 2.40  103

n 5. PCl5 dissociates as follows in a closed reaction
42. n  2 , K P  K C  RT 
vessel PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl 2 ( g ) If total
Kc pressure at equilibrium of the reaction mixture is
43. KP  RT 2 P and degree of dissociation of PCl5 is x, the
 
partial pressure of PCl3 will be
n
44. K P  K C  RT 
 x   2x 
1)  x  1  P 2)  1  x  P
1    
 26   0.0821 523 
45. Decrease in concentration of products favours the  x   x 
3)  P 4)  P
forward reaction  x 1  1 x 
46. As per Henry’s law, m  p
3 1
6. Kc fo rH 2  N2  NH 3 a r e
Level - III 2 2
1. At 30 0 C, the gaseous mixture for the 0.0266 and 0.0129 atm 1 respectively at
equilibrium, N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) contains 350o C and 400o C .Calculate heat of
56 gm of N2, 128 gm of O2 and 120 gm of NO at formation of NH 3 .
equilibrium weights at one atmosphere pressure.
The value of Kp at 300 C is 1) 12.140 k.cal 2)1.214 k.cal
1) 1/2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1/4 3) -12.140 k.cal 4)-1.214 K.cal
2. 1 mole of PCl3(g) with 2 moles of Cl2(g) were 7. For the following three reactions a,b and c
placed in 3 lit vessel and heated to 400 K. equilibrium constants are given; (AIEEE-2008)
When equilibrium was established only 0.7 a) CO( g )  H 2O( g )  CO2 ( g )  H 2 ( g ); K1
moles of PCl3 remained. What is the value of
equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction b) CH 4 ( g )  H 2O( g )  CO( g )  3H 2 ( g ); K 2
PCl3 + Cl2  PCl5 c) CH 4 ( g )  2H 2O( g )  CO2 ( g )  4H2 ( g ); K3
1) 0.25 lit / mole 2) 1.31 mole / lit Which of the following relation is correct?
3) 0.76 lit / mole 4) 2.6 mole / lit
1) K 2 K 3  K1 2) K 3  K1 K 2
3. How much PCl5 must be added to a one litre
vessel at 250o C in order to obtain a concentration 3) K 3 .K 2 3  K12 4). K1 K 2  K 3
of 0.1 mole of Cl2 ? 8. For the reaction 2 NO2 ( g )  2 NO( g )  O2 ( g )
K C for P C l5  P C l3  C l2 ( K c  1.8  106 at 184 o C ) ;
is 0.0414 mol/litre .
(R=0.08311kj/mole.K) when Kp and Kc aree
1)3.415 mole 2)34.15 mole
3) 0.03415 mole 4)0.3415 mole compared at 184o C , it is found that
4. The equilibrium constant for the reaction 1) Whether K p is greater than, less than or equal
1
SO3 ( g )  SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g ) to KC depends upon the total gas pressure
2
2) K p  K c 3) K p is less than K c
is K c  4.9  102 the value of K c for the reaction
2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g ) will be 4) K p is greater than K c
9. An amount of solid NH 4 HS is placed in a flask 14. 50g CaCO3 is allowed to dissociated in 22.4 lit
vessel at 8190C. If 50% of CaCO3 is left at
already containing ammonia gas at a certain
equilibrium, active masses of CaCO3, CaO &
temperature and 0.50 atm pressure.
CO2 respectively are
Ammonium hydrogen sulphide decomposes to
1) 25g, 14g; 1/22.4 mol/lit
yield NH 3 and H 2 S gases in the flask. When
2) 1; 1; 1/89.6 mol/lit
the decomposition reaction reaches
equilibrium, the total pressure in the flask 3) 25; 14; 1/89.6 mol/lit
rises to 0.84 atm. The equilibrium constant 4) 1 ; 1; 1
for NH 4 HS decomposition at this 15. For the reaction 2 HI ( g )  H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g ) the
temperature is degree of dissociation ( ) of HI(g) is related to the
1) 0.11 2) 0.17 3) 0.18 4) 0.30 equilibrium constant, K p by expression.
10. A mixture of SO3 , SO2 and O2 gases is
1 2 Kp 1  2K p
maintained at equilibrium in 10litre flask at a
1) 2)
temperature at which K c for the reaction, 2 Kp 2

2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 SO3 ( g ) is 100 mol 1 2 Kp

2K p
litre at equilibrium. 3) 1  2K 4)
p 1 2 Kp
a) If number of moles of SO3 and SO2 in flask
16. The dissociation of N2O4 takes place as per the
are same, how many moles of O2 are present
equation N2O4(g)  2NO2(g). N2O4 is 20%
b) If number of moles of SO3 in flask are twice dissociated at equilibrium with an initial pressure of
500mm while the equilibrium pressure of mixture is
the number of moles of SO2 , how many moles
600 mm of Hg. Calculate K P assuming the volume
of O2 are present
to be constant
1)0.1 and 0.4 2)0.5 and 0.7 1) 50 2) 100 3) 166.8 4) 600
3) 0.8 and 0.4 4)0.1 and 4 17. In the reaction N2O4  2NO2 the degree of
11. W hat per centage of CO2 in air is just sufficient
dissociation of N2O4 was found to be 0.4 when
to prevent loss in weight when CaCO3 is heated
the reaction is conducted in a 2 litre vessel.
at 1000C
The equilibrium constant Kc of the reaction is
( kp for CaCO 3 (s)  CaO  s   CO 2  g  1) 0.53 2) 1.06 3) 0.265 4) 2
is 0.0095 atm at 1000c) 18. 3 moles of PCl5 kept in a 1L closed vessel was
1) Greater than 0.95% 2) Greater than 0.29% allowed to attain equilibruim at 380K.
3) Greater than 0.71% 4) Greater than 0.05% Calculate the composition of the mixture at
12. For a reaction AB ( g )  A( g )  B ( g ). AB is equilibruim, K C  1.8
33% dissociated at a total pressure of P, then
1) [ PCl5 ]  1.41M , [PCl3 ]  [Cl2 ]  2.59M
1) P  K p 2) P  3K p 3) P  4 K p 4) P  8 K p
2) [ PCl5 ]  1.41M , [ PCl3 ]  [Cl2 ]  1.59M
13. The vapour pressure of water at 270C is 0.0313
atm. the value of K p and K c at 27o C for the 3) [ PCl5 ]  1.41M , [ PCl3 ]  [Cl2 ]  5.59M

following equilibrium is H 2 O (l)  H 2 O (g) 4) [ PCl5 ]  1.41M , [ PCl3 ]  [Cl2 ]  9.59M

1) 1.28  10 3 and 0.0313 atm respectively 19. The equilibrium contant, Kp for the reaction.
A  B  C  D is 10-12 at 600K and 10-7 at
2) 0.0313 and 1.28  10 3 atm respectively
800K. Calculate the heat of reaction.
3) 1.28  103 and 1.28  10 3 atm respectively 1) 230 KJ/mole 2) 460 KJ/mole
4) 0.0313 and 0.0313 atm respectively 3) 23 KJ/mole 4) 200 KJ/mole
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Relation between G0 and Kc variation of x with D/d by the graph which is
20. For the reaction the value of D/d at point A
C 2 H 6 ( g )  C 2 H 4 ( g )  H 2 ( g ) the
K p . The value of G o of the
 0 .0 5 a tm
X

reaction at 627 o C would be

1) 11.19kjmol 1 2) 22.40kjmol 1 D

1 1
3) 33.57kjmol 4) 27.98kjmol
1) 0 2) 0.5 3) 1 4) 1.5
21. In dissociation of N 2O4 into NO2 , 1  x  values 24. 60 grams CH3COOH and 46 grams C2H5OH
react in 5L flask to form 44 grams
D CH3COOC2H5 at equilibrium on taking 120
with vapour densiities a ratio  d  is given by
  grams CH3COOH and 46 grams C2H5OH ,
CH3COOC2H5 formed at equilibrium is
(1+x) (1+x) 1) 44 g 2) 20.33 g 3) 22 g 4)58.66g
25. For a reaction,

1) 2) 2 NOCl  g   2 NO  g   Cl2  g  , K c at
6 1
D D
427 0 C is 3  10 Lmol . The value of K p
is nearly
(1+x)
1) 7.5  105 2) 2.50  105
(1+x)

3) 2.5  104 4) 1.72 104

3) 4) 26. The dissociation equilibrium of a gas AB2 can
D
be represented as:
D
2 AB2  g   2 AB  g   B2  g 
D The degree of dissociation ' x ' is very small as
22. In the Dissociation of PCl5 , x varies with
d compared to 1. The expression which relates the
according to degree of dissociation ' x ' with equilibrium
constant(KP) and total pressure (P) is:
1/2
X X

1) 2 K p / P  2) K p / P

1) 2) 1/3

D D
3) 2 K p / P 
4) 2 K p / P 
27. If the concentration of OH- ion in the reaction
Fe  OH 3  s   Fe3  aq   3OH   aq  is
X X
decreased by 1/4 times, then equilirbium
concentration of Fe3+ will be increased by
3) 4) 1) 4 times 2) 8 times 3) 16 times 4)64 times
D D 28. In a closed container and at constant
temperature 0.3 mole of SO2 and 0.2 mole of
23. Before equilibrium is set-up for the chemical O2 gas at 750 torr are kept with a catalyst. If
reaction, N 2O4  2 NO2 , vapour density d at equilibrium 0.2 mole of SO3 is formed the
of the gaseous mixture was measured. If D partial pressure of SO2 is ... torr
is the theoretical value of vapour density, 1) 375 2) 187 3) 360 4) 150
29. x mol N2O2 is taken at P1 atm in a closed vessel
 I 2( g )  2 I ( g )  . K P for the equilibrium will be
and heated. When 75% N2O4 dissociated at
equilibrium, total pressure is found to be P2 1) 0.67 2) 1.5
atm. The relation between P1 & P2 is 3) 2.67  104 4) 9.0  104
1) P1 : P2  7 : 4 2) P1 : P2  7 : 2 36. The degree of ionization of 0.10 M lactic
acid is 4.0 %
3) P1 : P2  4 : 7 4) P1 : P2  3 : 4
H
30. The following equilirbium constants are given
+
H 3C C COOH  H (aq)
N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 ; K1
OH (aq)
N 2  O2  2 NO; K 2
H

1
H2   O2  H 2O; K 3 + H 3C C COO -
2 OH (aq)
The equilirbium constnat for the oxidation of The value of KC is [Eamcet 2014]
NH 3 by oxygen to give 1) 1.66 105 2) 1.66  104
5 3) 1.66 103 4) 1.66  102
2 NH 3  O2  2 NO  3H 2O , is
2 37. N 2O4 g   2 NO2 g  , 0.1 mole of N 2 O 2 is
K 2 K 32 K 22 K 3 K1K 2 K 2 K 33 taken in a one litre vessel at 400 K.The total
1) 2) 3) 4) pressure at equilibrium is 6 bar. Calculate
K1 K1 K3 K1
partial pressure of N 2 O 4 at equilibrium
31. For the reqction, 2 A  B  3C , equilibrium ?[R=0.083 bar–L K–1mol–1]
constant is K . If the concentration of A is 1) 0.16 bar 2) 0.32 bar 3) 0.48 bar 4) 0.64 bar
increased by 2x times, the new equilirbium 38. A vessel at 1000 K contains CO 2 with a
constant will be pressure of 0.5 atm. Some of the CO2 is
converted into CO on the addition of graphite.
K If the total pressure at equilibrium is 0.8 atm,
1) K 2) 2xK 3) 4) uncertain
2x the value of KP is
32. For the reaction, PCl3 (g)+Cl2(g)  PCl5 (g), 1) 1.8 atm 2) 3 atm 3) 0.3 atm 4) 0.18 atm
at 270 C,K IS 0.41 atm-1.Kc is will be 39. The equilibrium constants KP1 and KP2for the
1) 6 L mol 1 2) 60 L mol 1 reaction X  2Y and Z  P  Q,
respectively are in the ratio of 1:9. If the degree
3) 10.08 L mol 1 4) 1.008  102 L mol 1 of dissociation of X and Z be equal, then the ratio
of total pressure at these equilibria is
33. The active mass of water at 40C is
1) 1:36 2) 1:1 3) 1:3 4) 1:9
1) 5.55 2) 55.5
40. For the reaction equilibrium,
3) 0.55 4) Data in sufficient
34. 10 mol of each of N2 and H2 are made to react N 2O4  g   2 NO2  g  the concentration
in a closed chamber. At equilibrium 40% of H2 of N2O4 and N2 at equilibrium are 4.8  10 2 and
was left. The total moles in the chamber are -1
1.2  102 mol L ,respectively. The value of Kc for
1) 8 2) 12 3) 16 4) 20
the reaction is
35. At a certain temperature and a total pressure
of 105 Pa, iodine vapours contain 40% by 1) 3.3  102 mol L-1 2) 3  101 mol L-1
volume of iodine atoms at equilibrium 3) 3  103 mol L-1 4) 3  103 mol L-1
41. In this dissociation of PCl 5 as 2) 2 N 2O5  g   2 N2  g   5O2  g  ;
PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) if the degree of
K  1.2  1024 mol 5 L5
dissociation is  at equilibrium constant for
the reaction is 3) 2 NO  g   N 2  g   O2  g  ;
2  2 P2 K  2.2  1030
1) K p  2) K p 
1  2 P 1  2 4) 2 N 2O  g   2 N 2  g   O2  g  ;
2 2
P  P K  3.5  1033 mol L1
3) K p  4) K p 
1 2 1 2 47. The preparation of SO3(g)by reaction
42. Rate of diffusion of ozonized oxygen is 0.4 5 1
SO2 g  O2 g  SO3 g  is an exothermic
2
times that of pure oxygen. What is the percent
reaction. If the preparation follows the following
degree of association of oxygen assuming pure
temperature-pressure relationship forits %yield, then
O2 in the sample initially?
for temperatures T1 ,T2and T3 . The correct option is
1) 20 2) 40 3) 60 4) 80

43. For the reaction SO2  g   1 O2  g   SO3  g  , 50

2
X
if KP=KC (RT) where the symbols have usual 40 T1
meanings then, the value of x is (assuming ideality)
[JEE MAINS-2014] 30 T2

1 % yield
1 20 T3
1) -1 2)  3) 4) 1
2 2 10
44. For the reaction N 2 O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ) the
relation connecting the degree of dissociation 1 2 3 4
Pressure
(  ) of N2O2(g)with the equilibrium constant
Kp is
1) T3  T2  T1 2) T1  T2  T3
Kp / P Kp
1)   4  K / P 2)   4  K 3) T1  T2  T3
p p
4) Nothing could be predicted about temperature
1
2
1
2 through given information
 Kp / P   Kp 
3)     4)     48. For a react ion at equilibri um
 4  Kp / P   4  Kp  PCl 5(g)  PCl 3(g) + Cl 2(g) ,th e degree of
2
45. If R f  106  Ag    NH 3  lit 2 .mol 2 s 1 disssociation of PCl5at 2 atm is 0.02. Then
the degree of disssociation at 4 atm is

& Rb  2  102  Ag  NH 3  2  ,then 1) 1.41  102 2) 2  102
‘instability constant ‘ for 3) 1.41 104 4) 2  104
 49. For a reaction at equilibrium
Ag   2 NH 3   Ag  NH 3 2  is
PCl 5(g)  PCl 3(g) + Cl 2(g) , theequilibriummoles
1) 10-6 2) 2  102 3) 2  108 4) 2  104 of PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2 are 1,2 and 3 respectively.
46. The most stable oxides of nitrogen will be: Then the number of moles of PCl5 to be added to
1) 2 NO2  g   N 2  g   2O2  g  ; form 3 moles of PCl3 at equilibrium
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
K  6.7  1016 mol L1
 Key Level-III  x 
 partial pressure of PCl3   1  x  P
01) 2 02) 3 03) 4 04) 3 05) 1 06) 3  
07) 2 08) 4 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 4 K p2 H  T2  T1 
13) 2 14) 2 15) 4 16) 2 17) 1 18) 2 6. 2.303log10   
K p1 R  T1T2 
19) 1 20) 2 21) 1 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4
25) 4 26) 4 27) 4 28) 2 29) 3 30) 4 0.0129 H  673  623 
31) 1 32)3 33) 2 34) 3 35) 3 36)2 2.303log10   673  623 
0.0266 2  
37) 4 38) 1 39) 1 40)3 41) 4 42) 3
H  12140cal ; = -12.140kcal
43) 2 44) 3 45) 3 46) 1 47) 2 48) 1
7. When equations a and b are added equation c is
49) 2
obtained  equilibrium constants are multiplied
Hints Level-III
8. K p  Kc ( RT ) n ; n  3  2  1
56
1 N2 Moles  2 ;
28 K p  Kc (0.0831  457)1 ;  K p  K c
128 120 9. NH 4 HS ( s )  NH 3 ( g )  H 2 S ( g )
O2 Moles   4; NO Moles  4
32 30 Initial pressure 0 0.5 0
N 2  O2  2 NO2
2 4 4 At equilibrium 0 0.5+x x
PN 2  1   0.2; Po2  1   0.4; PNO  1   0.4
10 10 10
total pressure =0.5+2x=0.84 x=0.17atm
0.4  0.4
Kp  2 K p  PNH 3  PH 2 S  0.11atm 2
0.4  0.2
2. PCl3  Cl2  PCl5
Initial : 1 2 0 10. 2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 SO3 ( g )
Reacted & formed at equilibrium : 1-x 2-xx (x=0.3) 2

K c  100 
 SO3 
 0.3   3  3 2 .........1
Kc        SO2  O2 
 3   1.7  0.7
3. PCl5  PCl3  CI 2 (a)  SO3    SO2 
initial a 0 0
1 1
eq: (a-0.1) 0.1 0.1 By Eq.(1), 100   O or [O2 ] 
2  100
0.1 0.1
 mole of O2 1
Kc  1 1 or  (V  10litre)
a  0.1 , a=0.3415 mole volume 100
1 1
 Mole of O2   10  0.1
1 1 100
KC2  
4 KC1  4.9102 2
2
(b) [SO3 ]  2[ SO2 ]

5. PCl5( g )  PCl3( g )  Cl2( g ) 4 4

By Eq.(1), 100   O  or O2  
2 100
at t=0 1 0 0 4
Reacted and formed x x x Mole of O2   10  0.4
100
At equilibrium 1-x x x
total moles=1– x + x + x = 1 + x
Total Pressure=P
11. CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s)  CO2 ( g ) 16. N 2O4  2 NO2
K p  PCO2 to prevent the loss of weight of t=0 500 0
at equilibrium 500 -x 2x
CaCO3 % wt. of CO2 in air is > K p 2
PNO
 0.0095 Kp  2

PN 2O4
i.e.>0.95%
12. AB  A  B 17. N 2O4  2 NO2
100 0 0 t =0 1 0
100-33 33 33 at equilibrium 1-x 2x
67 33 33 x=0.4
67 33 33 [ PCl3 ][Cl2 ]
133 133 133 18. K C  [ PCl5 ]
1 1 1
P P P K P2 H  T2  T1 
2 4 4 log   
19. K P1 2.303R  T1T2 
 1  1 
 4 P  4 P 
K p      Kp  P
1 20. G o   RTInK p
1  8 ;
 2 P  (8.314 jk 1mol 1 (900 K )(2.303) log(0.05)
 
=22400 j mol 1
 P  8K p
N 2O4  2 NO2
13. K p  PH 2O ( g ) ; K p  0.0313atm 21. ,
n2
K p  Kc ( RT )1
Dd Dd Dd D D
 ,x ,x , x  11x 
d n1 d 21 d d d
14. For solids active mass is taken as unity
CaCO3  CaO CO2 22. PCl5  PCl3  Cl2
S S   g
Here n  2
given 50gms 22 gms
 Degree of dissociation
50% diss. 25 g 11g
Dd
11/ 44   1 x
Active mass of CO2  mol/lit d  2  1
22.4 89.6

HI ( g ) 
1 1
H 2 (g)  I2 (g )
Dd
15. x
2 2 d
 
1  D
2 2 x 1
d
2
   
  2  PT  D
 
K    If graph between x (along y-axis) and (along
p 2
1    PT 2 d
x-axis) is a straight line with slope, m  1 and
 2 Kp
 2 Kp   intercept on y axis c  1  y  mx  c 
1  1 2 Kp
D
23. x  1
d
 At A, x  0 x2
K  1
D  0.4  x  0.2  x 
 1
d
8
24. Molar mass of CH 3COOH  60 gr / mole x m
60
Molar mass of C2 H 5OH  46 gr / mole 8
Molar mass of CH 3COOC2 H 5  88 gr / mole  moles of ethyl acetate produced  5
60
 CH 3COOH Intial mass of ethyl acetate Produced
2
60   88  58.66
  0.2 m ole / L 3
60  5
25. 2 NOCl  g   2 NO  g   Cl2  g 
C2 H 5OH Initial
n
K p  K c  RT   3 106 
46
  0.2 m ole / L
46  5  0.082  700   1.72  10 4
CH 3COOC2 H 5 eqm 26. 2AB2  g   2AB  g   B2  g 
44 At t  0, 2 moles  
  0.1 m ole / L
88  5 At Eqm. 2 1  x   2 2x x
CH 3COOH  C2 H 5OH  Total moles at equilibrium  2  x  2 ,
initial 0.2m 0.2m ( x is very small)
Ateq (0.2-0.1) 0.1m 2
CH 3COOC2 H 5  H 2O  2x   x 
2  P  P
.... .... PAB .PB2  2  2 
Kp   2
0.1m 0.1m 2
PAB 2 
2  P
CH 3COOC2 H 5  H 2O  2 
K
CH 3COOH C2 H 5OH  x 1/3
x 2 P 2 . P x3 P  2K p 
0.1 0.1  2  ; x 
K 1 P 2
2  P 
0.1  0.1
In second case 3
27. K   Fe3  OH  
  
CH 3COOH initial  0.4m
3
' 3_ 1 
CH 2 H 5OH initial  0.2m New K   xFe   OH 
4 
If x is the amount of acid and alcohol reacted
1 3
CH 3COOH eqm   0.4  x  m  x  Fe3   OH  
64  
C2 H 5OH eqm   0.2  x  m For K  K ' , x  64
CH 3COOC2 H 5 eqm   H 2Oeqm  xm 28. 2SO2  O2  2 SO3
Eq.mol. (0.3-2x) (0.2-x) 2x
 0.1
2x=0.2,x=0.1 PSO2   750  187 0.1 0.04  0.04
0.4 
29. N 2O4  2 NO2
1  0.04 
Eq.mol (x-  ) 2 1.6 104
  1.66  104
75 P1 P2 0.96
  x  0.75 x , n  1.75 x, 
100 n1 n2
37. N 2O4  2 NO2
P1 P P 1
 2 , 1  Initial mol. 0.1 -
x 1.75 x P2 1.75
Eq.mol. 0.1-x 2x
31. The value of equilibrium constant will not change by Total no.of moles at equilibrium=(0.1+x)
addition of reactant ' A ' , since the value of equilibrium PV=nRT
constant changes with temperature only. 6x1=(0.1+x)(0.083) (400)
Kp 0.41 x=0.08
32. K c  n
 1

 0.1  0.08  6,  0.64 bar
 RT   0.082  300  PN 2O4 
0.18
1
0.41  0.082  300  10.08L mol
33. 1000 mL water at 40 C  1000 g 38. CO2  g   C  S   2CO  g 
Initial 0.5 atm
1000 -
 mol  55.55 mol
18 At equ (0.5-P) 2p
So, one litre water has 55.55 mol of water. Active atm
This is a case of heterogeneous equilibrium C(s)
mass of water  55.55mol L1
being solid is not considered.
34. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 Pco2  Pco  ptotal ,(0.5-p)+2p=0.8,p=0.3 atm
Eq.mol. (10-x) (10-3x) 2x PCO2=0.5-0.3=0.2 atm , PCO=2p=0.6 atm
40
10  3 x    10  4
100 2
PCO 0.6  0.6
Kp    1.8 atm
2 PCO2 0.2
 40 
2  105 
P 
 I 
100  39. x  2 y z  p Q
35. K P PI2 60
105 1 0 1 0 0
100
1  x  2x (1-x) x x
36. % dissociation =4%
2
4  2 x   p1  x 2  p2 
degree of dissociation     0.04 k p1  kp 
100 1  x   1  x  2
1  x   1  x 
For lactic acid
k p1
1 4  p1 1
CH3CH  OH  COOH CH3CH  OH  COO  H Given that k  9  p  9
p2 2
Initial conc C mol L-1 0 0
At. equ. C(1-  ) C C p1 1
 p  36
C .C C 2 2
 Kc  
C 1    1   
 2 1

 NO2   1.2 102 

2 2
 Kp / p 
 
40. Kc   4  K p / p 
 N 2O4  4.8 102  

= 3  103 mol L-1 1

45. instability constant = K
41. PCl5  PCl3  Cl2 c

Initial 1 0 0 46. The oxide which has more KC value for its formation
 is more stable
Final 1  47. Formation of SO3 is favoured at low temperature
1   48. K P  2 P ; 12 P1  22 P2
Partial  P P P
1  1  1 
Pressure Level - IV
Total moles = 1     1  Assertion & Reasoning
r
mix 32 In the questions that follows two statements are
42. r  M  0.4 5 given. Reason is supported to be the explanation
O mix
2

for Assertion. Study both the statements and then

 M mix  40 g / mol
mark your answers. according to the codes given
 2 O3 ( g )
O2 ( g ) 
below. Mark your answer as
3 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
Initial moles 1 0 correct explanation of (A)
2 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
at eqm 1-x x
3 correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true but (R) is false
2
1 x  x 4) (A) is false but (R) is true
32 3

40 1
1. Assertion (A): The melting point of ice decreases
x  0.6 i.e.60% with increase of pressure.
43. K P  K C  RT 
n Reason (R): Ice contract on melting.
2. A: The hydrolysis of an ester in acidic medium does
For the given reaction, not change with pressure.
1 R: Pressure does not show effect on equilibrium
SO2  g   O2  g   SO3  g 
2 reactions taking place in solution
3. A: The reaction quotient, Q has the same form as
the equilibrium constant K eq and is evaluated using
1  3 1
ng  1    1  1      any given concentrations of the species involved in
2  2 2
the reaction, and not necessarily equilibrium
concentrations.
44. N 2 O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ) R: If the numerical value of Q is not the same as
; ntotal  1   the value of equilibrium constant, a reaction will
1  2
proceed.
1 2 4. A: If the equation for a reaction is reversed, the
PN 2O4  P PNO2  P
1  1  equilibrium constant is inverted and if the equation
is multiplied by 2, the equilibrium constant is
P 2 NO2  2   1   1 
2
4 2 squared.
Kp   P    2
P
PN2O4 1   1  P  1 R: The numerical value of equilibrium constant
depends on the way the equation for the reaction
Rearranging, we get
is written.
5. A: The dissociation of CaCO3 can be represented containing solid NH 4Cl ( s ) in equilibrium with its
as, CaCO3 ( s )  CaO( s)  CO2 ( g ) . Some solid dissociation product s NH 3 ( g ) and
CaCO3 is placed in a evacuated vessel enclosed
by a piston and heated so that a portion of it is HCl ( g ) decreases the amount of solid NH 4Cl ( s ) .
decomposed. If the piston is moved so that the Both the flasks are at same temperature.
volume of the vessel is doubled, while the R: K p for t he decomposition process
temperature is held constant, the number of moles
of CO2 in the vessel increases. NH 4 Cl ( s)  NH 3 ( g )  HCl ( g ) decreases in
R: The pressure of CO2 in the vessel will remain the above process.
the same. 14. A: K p can be equal to or less than or even greater
6. A: Le-Chatelier’s principle predicts that an increase
in temperature favours an endothermic process. than the value of K c
R: An endothermic process is one that absorbs R: K p  Kc ( RT ) n Relation between K p and K c
heat and hence tends to minimize the temperature
depends on the change in the number of moles of
increase.
gaseous reactants and products.
7. A: A catalyst does not influence the value of
15. A:The equilibrium constant is fixed and
equilibrium constant.
characteristic for any given chemical reaction at a
R: Catalysts influence the rate of both forward and
specified temperature.
backward reactions equally.
R: The composition of the final equilibrium mixture
8. A: The active mass of pure solids and pure liquids
at a particular temperature depends upon the
is taken unity starting amount of reactants.
R: The active mass of pure solids and liquids 16. A: Increase of pressure for a reaction which is in
depends on density and molecular mass. The equilibrium shifts the equilibrium towards direction
density and molecular mass of pure liquids and where less number of moles are present.
solids are constant. R: The change in pressure in an equilibrium reaction
9. A: If some PCl5(g) containing labelled phosphorus changes the position or direction of equilibrium when
P31 is added to a system with following equilibrium, n is not equal to zero.
after sometime the system was found to contain 17. A: For t he physical equilibrium
radioactivePCl3. PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g )  H 2O l
H 2O s     on increasing the
R: Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature. temperature and increasing pressure more water
10. A: As a reversible system approaches equilibrium, will form.
entropy of the system increases. R: Since farward reaction is endothermic in nature
R: The state of equilibrium is the most disordered and volume of water is greater than that of the
state of a reversible system. volume of ice.
 B g   C g  , K p  1
11. A: For the reaction A g   18. A: For Zn( s )  Cu 2( aq )  Zn 2( aq )  Cu( s )
atm. If we start with equal moles of all gases at 9 37
atm of initial pressure, then at equilibrium partial G  0 but K c  10
pressure of A increases. R: For a process under equilibrium G is zero,
R: Reaction quotient Q p  K p hence equilibrium but as this process proceeds more towards right if
K c>1
shifts in backward direction.
12. A: The equilibrium constant of the exothermic 19. A: Adding inert gas to dissociation equilibrium of
reaction at high temperature decreases N 2 O4 at constant pressure and temperature
K 2 H 0  1 1  increases the dissociation.
R: Since ln     R: Molar concentration of the reactants and
K1 R  T1 T2  and for
products decreases.
exothermic reaction, H 0 = -ve and there by ; 20. A: The value of K for a reaction may increase or
decrease with increase in temperature depending
K2
1 upon whether the reaction is exothermic or
K1 endothermic.
13. A: Connecting a flask at vaccum to another flask R: With increase in temperature, the extent of
reaction increases.
21. A: For a reaction at equilibrium, the Gibb’s free 3) a  s; b  r ; c  s , q
energy of reaction is minimum at constant
4) a  r ; b  s; c  q
temperature and pressure.
R: The Gibb’s free energy of both reactants and 27. Column-I
products increases and become equal at equilibrium. a) CaCO3 ( s )  CaO( s )  CO2 ( g )
22. A: For the reaction H 2  I 2  2 HI , K p  K c b) NH 4 Cl ( s )  NH 3 ( g )  HCl ( g )
R: In this reaction, the sum of stoichiometric
coefficient of reactants is equal to the sum of c) H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g )
stoichiometric coefficients of products. d) N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
23. A: The value of K increases with increase in
temperature in case of endothermic reaction Column-II
R: The increase in temperature shifts the equilibrium Unit of Kc or Kp
in the backward direction in case of exothermic p) mol L1
reaction. q) Unitless
24. A: Greater the value of K, more is the fraction of r) atm
initial concentration of reactants converted to s) atm 2
products at equilibrium. t) atm2
R: The value of K depends on the initial
concentration of reactants. 1) a  r ; b  t ; c  q ; d  s
2) a  r ; b  q; c  s; d  p
Matrix matching type
3) a  q; b  s; c  p; d  r
25. Column-I Column-II 4) a  s; b  q; c  r ; d  p
a) Q  K p. Reaction is nearer to
completion
28. Column-I Column-II
b) Q  K q. Reaction is not at equilibrium a) Reaction is reversed p) ( K )1/2
c) Q  K r. Reaction is fast in forward b) Reaction is divided by 2 q) K 2
direction c) Reaction is multipled by 2 r) 1/K
d) K  1 s. Reaction at equilibrium 1) a  q; b  p; c  r
t. Reaction proceeds in backward 2) a  r ; b  q; c  p
direction
3) a  r ; b  p; c  q
1) a  s ; b  q, r ; c  q, t ; d  p
4) a  p; b  q; c  r
2) a  p, t ; b  r ; c  p; d  q , r
3) a  q , r ; b  s; c  q , t ; d  q 29. Column-I
4) a  q , t ; b  p; c  r ; d  s a) N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) H  ve
26. Column-I b) 2 SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 SO3 ( g ); H  ve
a) N 2O4 ( g )  2 NO2 c) N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO ( g ); H   ve
b) H 2  I 2  2 HI d) PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g )  PCl5 ( g ); H   ve
c) N 2 ( g )  3 H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) Column-II
Column-II p) Farward shift by rise in pressure
q) Unaffected by change in pressure
p) K p  K c r) Forward shift by rise in temperature
q) K increase with in crease in temperature. s) Forward shift by lowering the temperature
r) On increasing pressure reaction favour to 1) a  p, r ; b  p, s; c  q, r ; d  p, q
product side
2) a  p, q; b  q, r ; c  p, s; d  q, r
s) K c  K p
1) a  p; b  q; c  s 3) a  q, r ; b  p, r ; c  p, s; d  p, q
2) a  q; b  p; c  r , s 4) a  p, s; b  p, s; c  q, r ; d  p, r
30. Column-I 33. In the reaction N 2 ( g )  H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) .
a) H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g ) If we increase the pressure of the system, the
equilibrium is
b) N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
1) Shifts in the product side
c) PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) 2) Shift in reactant side
3) Remains unchanged
d) NH 4 Cl ( s )  NH 3 ( g )  HCl ( g )
4) Cannot be predicted
Column-II
p) K p  K c ( RT ) Paragraph for problems 34 and 35
q) K p  K c ( RT ) 2 Consider the chemical reaction
2
Ni ( aq )  6 NH 3 ( aq )   Ni ( NH 3 ) 6  ( aq )
2
r) K p  Kc ( RT )2
(Green solution) (Blue solution)
s) K p  K c When H  (aq) is added, the colour green is
1) a  s; b  r ; c  p; d  q favoured. Use one or more of the following
interpre tations to answer the questions:
2) a  q; b  p; c  r ; d  s
i) Some unreacted Ni 2  (aq) is present in the
3) a  r ; b  p; c  s; d  q
solution at equilibrium
4) a  s; b  q; c  p; d  r ii) Some unreacted NH 3 (aq ) is present in the
Paragraph for problems 31 and 33 solution at equilibrium
iii) The colour change indicates new
Physical and chemical equilibrium can respond equilibrium conditions with reduced
to a change in their pressure, temperature, and
concentration of reactants and products. To  Ni ( NH 3 )6 2 (aq)
describe the change in the equilibrium we have a iv) The colour change indicates new
principal named Le Chatelier's principle. equilibrium conditions with increased
According to this principle, even if we make some  Ni ( NH 3 )6 2 (aq)
changes in equilibrium, then also the system even
re-establishes the equilibrium by undoing the 34. The deepening of blue colour on dissolving
effect. more Ni( NO3 ) 2 supports interpretations(s).
31. Consider the following equilibrium: 1) i only 2) i and iv only
2 NO2  O2  2 NO3 ; H  ve, 3) ii and iv only 4) i and ii only
If O2 is added and volume of the reaction 35. The deepening of blue colour on addition of
more NH3(aq)supports interpretation(s).
vessel is reduced, the equilibrium
1) i only 2) i and iv only
1) Shifts in the product side
3) i and ii only 4) ii and iv only
2) Shifts in the reactant side
3) Cannot be predicted Key Level-IV
4) Remains unchanged
01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06)1
32. If We add SO42– ion to a saturated solution of
Ag2 SO4, it will result in a/an 07) 1 08) 1 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12)1
1) Increase in Ag  concentration. 13) 3 14) 1 15) 2 16) 2 17) 3 18)1

2) Decrease in Ag concentration 19) 1 20) 2 21) 4 22) 1 23) 2 24)3

3) It will shift Ag ions from solid Ag2 SO4 into 25) 1 26) 2 27) 1 28) 3 29) 4 30)1
solution. 31) 1 32) 2 33) 1 34) 2 35) 4
4) It will decrease the SO42  ion concentration in
the solution
 CHEMICAL KINETICS
c) Very slow reactions : The chemical
SYNOPSIS
reactions which complete in very long time
 Chemical Kinetics is the branch of chemistry are called very slow reactions.
that deals with Ex -1 :-Rusting of Iron in presence of air and
a) Rate of reactions moisture
b) Factors influencing the rate of reaction 4 Fe  3O2  xH 2O  2 Fe2O3 .xH 2O.
c) Reaction mechanism  It is not possible to determine the rates of very
 Thermodynamics tells about only the feasibility fast and very slow reactions by conventional
of a chemical reaction where as chemical methods.But the rates of reactions with moderate
kinetics tells about the velocity of reaction. speed can be determined.
Kinetics studies not only help us to determine
the speed (or) rate of a chemical reaction but Reacton Rate (OR) Rate of Reaction:
also describe the conditions by which the  The decrease in the concentration of the reactant
reaction rates can be altered. per unit time (or) increase in the concentration
Ex:- Thermodynamic data indicates the diamond of the product per unit time is called rate of a
shall convert to graphite but in reality the reaction.
conversion rate is so slow that the change is not  The rate of a reaction measured with respect to
perceptible at all. the decrease in the concentration of the reactants
 Based on the velocity of chemical reactions, the .
reactions are classified into three types.  The rate of the reaction measured with respect
a) Very fast (or) instantaneous reactions: to the increase in the concentration of the
The chemical reactions which are completed products .
within the fraction of seconds are called as very  The rate of a reaction at any particular instant
fast reactions. of time during the course of a reaction is the
Ex:-1) Neutralization between strong acids and rate of change of concentration of a reactant (or)
strong bases. a product at that instant of time.
EX-1) : A  B
NaOH ( aq )  HCl( aq )  NaCl( aq )  H 2O( l )
  A    B d A  d B 
2) Precipitation reactions ravg   or rinst  
t t dt dt
NaCl( aq )  AgNO3( aq )  AgCl( s )   NaNO3( aq )
2) N 2  O 2  2 NO
3) Explosive reactions :
Explosion of T.N.T (Tri nitro toulene)  N2  O2  1  NO
rate =   
b) Moderate reactions : The chemical t t 2 t
reactions which are completed in mesurable time (or)
are called as moderate reactions.   N2   O2    NO
Ex:- 1) Inversion of cane sugar rate=  2  2 
t t t
C12 H 22O11( aq )  H 2O( l )  C6 H12O6 ( aq )  C6 H12O6 ( aq ) 3) pP + qQ  rR + sS
glucose fructose
1 P 1 Q 1 R
2)Combustion of hydrogen (or) coal [under rate =    
normal conditions]. p t q t r t

1 1 S 
H 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  H 2O( g ) =
2 s t