MARKING

GUIDE

NETWORK OF GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS ASSOCIATION

Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education
GEOGRAPHY
(WORLD PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT)
Paper 2

SECTION A: STATISTICS

SUMMARY

00 - Totally irrelevant
1–7 - Poor answer
8 – 10 - O’ Level / inadequate
11 – 13 - Marginal Answer
14 - Basic / A’ Level Answer
15 – 16 - Average Answer
17- 19 - Good Answer
20 – 22 - Very good Answer
23 – 25 - Excellent answer

@NEGTA 2024 Examinations

2
(b) D Outline the demerits of using the statistical method in 1(a). (03 marks)
- Consumer time
- Occupies large space
- Many variables makes it congested
- A lot of calculations
- Difficult to maintain size of arrows
- Difficult to get the scale / grade
- Does not tell absolute valves.

(c) Comment on the pattern of Africa’s emigrations from the different continents in 2020.
(05 marks)
- Many went to Europe
- Least was Australia
- Highest Europe
- Second South America
- Third was Asia
- Forth North America
- Europe – 11,000,000 emigrants
- Asia – 5,000,000 emigrants
- North America – 3,000,000 emigrants
- Australia – 400,000,000 emigrants
- South America - 10,000,000 emigrants
05 marks

(d) Explain the impact of emigration to the development of any one continent given in the
table.
Candidates should select one continent and explain the impact of emigration to the development
Positive impact
- Provision of labour for development
- Labour for security
- Widens market for good

3
 - Generation of revenue through taxation
- Provision of better social services
- Promotes development of infrastructure
- Leads to competition and innovation
- Reduces on population pressure in Africa.
- Measure / index of development
- Full utilization of resources
- Development of urban centres
Negative impact
- Reduced labour force in Africa for development
- Promotes unemployment and high rates of crime
- Leads to congestion and over crowding
- Shortage of social services and accommodation
- Easy spread of diseases
- Pollution (25 marks)

SECTION B
Answer THREE questions from this section

2. Examine the contribution of irrigation farming to the development of either Senegal or

California. (25 marks)

Candidates should define irrigation farming, select one country, and identify the irrigation
projects, crops, source of water for irrigation and irrigation towns.
Explain the contributions of irrigation farming which are more or less similar.
Positive contribution
- Provides employment to people hence improving their livelihood
- Leads to improvements of transport facilities for transportation of finished products, labour
and machinery.
- Promotes development of industries i.e. agro – based industries
- Promotes development of social services

4
 - Provides foreign exchange earnings through exportation of raw materials and finished
products
- Provides government revenue from taxation of the irrigation project firms.
- Provides local products for consumption
- Leads growth and development of towns
- Leads to development f modern technology hence adding value to outputs.
- Encourages research and education hence increasing knowledge
- Leads to diversification of economic activities.
- Promotes trade and good international relationships
- Leads to acquisition of skills on modern farming methods.
- Encourages the development of the tourism industry
- Leads to optimum utilization of large areas of land.

Negative contributions
- Pollution of the environment by agro – chemicals, wastes
- Leads to soil exhaustion due to monoculture
- May lead to labour strikes which affect farm operations and production
- Causes food shortage due to emphasis on cash crops rather than food crops
- High costs of establishment and maintenance
- Encourages rural urban migration reducing the production labour force in rural area
- Cause profit repatriation since most irrigation projections are owned by foreigners
- Leads to displacement of people in a bid to expand irrigation farms
- Leads to urbanization and related negative effects.
(25 marks)
Impressional marking

3. (a) Distinguish between marine and inland fisheries. (10 marks)

Marine fisheries involves fishing in seas and oceans (Salt water fish) grouped into pelagic
e.g. mackerel, farmers, anchovies etc and Demartal e.g. Tuna, cod, Haddock methods, of
fishing include; Trawling, purse, seining long lining etc

5
 While
Inland fisheries, involves fisheries in lakes, rivers, swamps etc e.g. Nile perch, Tilapia,
Bagrus, etc methods of fishing, Drifting, beach ferning, Angling etc.
10 marks

(b) With reference to specific examples, examine the measures being taken to improve
the marine fisheries in tropical Africa. (25 marks)
Candidates to specific examples, explain the measures being taken to improve the marine
fisheries in tropical Africa.
Candidates should define fishing
Identify the marine fisheries in tropical Africa, fishing methods and fish species.
Explain the measures
- International agreements to protect the fishing grounds
- Restrict fishing seasons to allow fish to breed and mature and control over fishing.
- Forming / promoting cooperative societies for small scale fishermen to get modern fishing
gear, preservation facilities, for easy capital acquisition
- Legislation and law enforcement to counteract water pollution, pirates on high seas
- Patrolling territorial water to reduce illegal fishing and scaring of pirates
- Enforcing use of recommended fishing nets
- Attract foreign investors into the fishing sector to provide venture capital and skilled
labour
- Emphasize us efo safety gear to reduce accidents and loss of lives
- Demarcating and protection of fish breeding areas to allow fish to breed and mature
- Education and training of more manpower or labour to acquire skills in the fisheries
colleges to work in the fishing industry
- Research and development into valuable fish species, that are competitive on the
international market. In addition, market research for fish and fish products.
- Encouraging fish farming, large fishing or pisci-culture.
- Restocking of the over fished fishing grounds
- Maintaining political stability to encourage more investors from other countries and
continents.

6
 - Use of artificial hatcheries to restock over fished and depleted fishing ground.
- Treatment of industrial wastes before their disposal into water bodies to reduce water
pollution.
- Development of transport and communication networks to link landing sites and urban fish
markets e.g. roads, railways
- Establishment of fish processing industries to add value and reduce losses
- Encouraging construction of modern storage and fish preservation facilities.
(25 marks)

4. Describe the conditions limiting the exploitation of the forest resources in any one country
in Scandinavia. (25 marks)
Candidates should define forestry, select one country from Scandinavia (Finland, Sweden,
Norway), identify the forest types, major characteristics, tree species and the forestry processing
towns.

Candidates should explain the factors limiting exploitation of the temperate forests
- Presence of harsh climatic conditions in form of very cool winters with temperatures below
-10oC.
- Presence of wild animals which threaten people’s lives
- Occurrence of avalanches which destroy large areas of the forests
- Occurrence of summer fires which destroy vas areas of the forests sometimes the fires are
set by hunters, lightening, holiday makers and smokers.
- Over exploitation of the forests along coastal areas
- Limited domestic market for timber and timber products due to a small population
- Log jam along rivers especially in the narrow parts
- Competition for labour with other variable economic activities like fishing
- High transport costs incurred to transport the timber and timber products to the distant
market
- Rugged terrain which limits the construction of transport routes.
- Frozen ground during winter making penetration of forests difficult and roads slippery.
- Shortage of labour due to sparse population
- Stiff competition for market from other soft wood producing countries

7
 - Accidents during felling trees, transportation and processing leading to death of workers
- Some trees towards the tundra take long to mature
- Environmental conservatists who discourage forest activities
- Unfavourable government policies like light taxes
- Price fluctuations on the world market
- High maintenance costs of the machines.
25 marks (impressional marking)

5. Explain the factors which have influenced the distribution of railway transport in either
Zambia or the United States of America. (25 marks)
Candidates should define railway transport
Select one country
Show the distribution of railway transport in the country chosen
Explain the factors influencing the distribution of railway transport which are more or less similar.

- Presence of large deposits of natural resources

- Existence of gently sloping landscape
- Advanced level of technology
- Favourable government policy
- Dense settlements carrying out activities
- Availability of adequate capital
- Presence of abundant supply of cheap power and energy
- Desire for government to supplement other forms of transport
- Historical factors
- Existence of skilled labour
- Political stability
- Research for prospecting, survey work and us eof appropriate technology
- Extensive land for the establishment of railway transport
- Existence of natural resources
- Rich agricultural hinterland for cargo.
25 marks (Impressional marking)

8
6. To what extent have the mineral resources led to the development of the manufacturing
sector in either the Manchuria region of China or the Rand region of the Republic of South
Africa? (25 marks)

Candidates should define industrialization

Select one region
Identify the major industries and industrial towns
Identify the minerals in their countries and their roles to the development of industries.
- Minerals are sources of power
- Minerals are raw materials
- Minerals attract foreign investors
- They promote development of transport network

Candidates should explain other factors for industrial development

- Presence of adequate supplies of power for industrial development
- Presence of efficient transport network based on roads, railways, canods, pipelines, air
hence industrial development
- Presence of favourable government policies like attracting foreign investors
- Presence of a large, ready market for the manufactured goods hence development
- Presence of a wide range of agricultural raw materials used in industries
- Presence of vast land for industrial development
- Presence of large amounts of water resources for industrial development provided by
rivers, seas
- Influence of the geographical industrial inertial further promoted industrial development
- Presence of adequate capital for investments provided by the government, international
companies etc
- Presence of large supplies of labour that’s skilled, unskilled, semi – skilled
- The development of industries is due to the intensive research
- Presence of relative political stability hence industrial development
- Presence of advanced technology used in the transformation of raw materials into finished
products hence industrial development

9
 - Presence of flat relief or land for the establishment and expansion of industries hence
industrial or manufacturing development
- The strategic location like at the coast making the country accessible to raw material,
labour, spare parts, market etc

25 marks (Impressional marketing)

7. Assess the contribution of the Multi Purpose River projects to the development of either
Ghana or Egypt. (25 marks)
- Candidates should define multi – purpose river projects, select one country, identify
project(s), aims for the construction and the major towns.
The contribution is more or less similar.
Positive contribution
- Lead to the generation of cheap hydro – electric power for both home consumption and
exportation.
- Ensures permanent water supply for irrigation hence improving the agricultural sector
- Have controlled flooding along their respective countries during the wet seasons
- Led to the development of industries because of cheap hydro electricity supply for running
machines
- Source of employment opportunities to people improving their living standards.
- Led to creation of manmade lakes which are sources of fish rich in proteins – improving
people’s diet
- Lead to promotion of the tourism industry because of the beautiful floral landscape which
attracts tourists who provide foreign exchange
- Led to generation of government revenue through taxation of workers and companies
involved used to develop other economic sectors
- Promoted international trade and relations through the exportation of power to neighboring
countries
- The formation of manmade lakes behind the dams has led to modification of the climate
through rainfall formation.
- Led to urbanization and related advantages like provision of better social services

10
- Led to diversification of the economy.
- Led to development of the transport sector
- Provide recreation centres like bungee jumping sites on the manmade lakes.

Negative contributions
- The lakes behind the dams have increased possibility of bilharzias spread.
- Encouraged pollution because of the numerous industries that release wastes into the air,
water
- Led to urbanization and related negative effects
- Encouraged profit repatriation
- Led to the displacement of number of people in a bid for expansion.
- River dams are barriers to water transport
- Leads to high costs of dredging of rive channels
- River projects lead to widening and deepening of river valleys which lead to loss of the
beautiful scenery affecting tourism.
25 marks

8. (a) Differentiate between inbound and out bound tourism. (05 marks)

Inbound tourism involves the movement of tourists into the country e.g. movement of tourists into
Kenya or Switzerland.
While
Outbound tourism involves the movement of tourists out of a country e.g. tourist moving outside
Switzerland or Kenya.

(b) Explain the challenges facing the tourism industry in either Switzerland or Kenya.
(25 marks)

Candidates should define tourism

Select one country
Identify major tourist attractions and the tourist centres
Explain the challenges facing the tourism industry

11
SWITZERLAND
- Global warming causing melting of ice sheets and avalanches reducing areas to tourist
attractions
- Diseases affecting wild animals resulting into their death and extinction
- Terrorist attacks thus scaring away tourists from visiting the country
- Competition with other countries of similar tourist attractions
- High transport costs especially in the alps region because of the rugged terrain
- Global economic recession, reducing on the number of visitors entering Switzerland
- Seasonality of the tourism activity
- Severe winters affecting the movement of tourists
- Congestion of the tourist sites especially in the peak season
- Pollution of water and land leading to recession of glaciers
- Accidents that occur during the sporting activities
- Shortage of skilled labour to work in hotels as waitresses, waiters, banks as accountants.
- Capital outflow by investors.

25marks (impressional marking)

KENYA

- Political instability e.g. post election violence

- Competition with other countries with the same tourist attraction
- Profit repatriation by investors
- Poaching of the wild animals in national parks, game reserves, thus leading to their
extinction
- Limited advertising of the tourist attractions in news papers, internet
- Encroachment on land gazette for the national parks by squatters
- Illegal killing of the stray animals reducing on the wild life for tourists to view.
- Accidents especially by traffic across the national parks and game reserves leading to a
reduction in animals.
- Poorly developed transport and communication network
- Limited accommodation facilities for the tourists
- Inadequate skilled labour to work in hotels
- Language barrier due to low levels of education leading to communication problems,
- Poor hospitality i.e. not well coming people

12
- Seasonality nature of the tourism activity
- Low attainment class of people due to internal poverty
- Pests and diseases leading to death of wild animals.
- Unfavorable government policy
- Poor maintenance of tourist facilities.

25 marks (impressional marking)

END

13