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STC 2

The document covers key concepts in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, explaining the physical properties of sound, word formation, and the organization of language. It discusses the differences between morphemes and words, types of morphemes, and the structure of sentences, including syntactic and semantic elements. Additionally, it highlights the importance of allophones, minimal pairs, and the roles of different linguistic units in communication.

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Reyven Chavez
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4 views4 pages

STC 2

The document covers key concepts in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, explaining the physical properties of sound, word formation, and the organization of language. It discusses the differences between morphemes and words, types of morphemes, and the structure of sentences, including syntactic and semantic elements. Additionally, it highlights the importance of allophones, minimal pairs, and the roles of different linguistic units in communication.

Uploaded by

Reyven Chavez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STC 2- MARCH 01, 2024

Phonetics – Physical Properties of sound and articulation


Phonology - Organization of speech sounds.
Sounds are predictable if they are together.
Sounds are unpredictable if the word can be added with more sound/s.
Example: shore/store

What phonetic element will trigger to make the sound come out.
Sibilant sounds: SH / CH
Distinctive and non-distinctive sounds.
Aspirated: P’
Unaspirated: P

Allophone is a phonemic variety.


Aspirated P and Unaspirated p is an allophone.
Flaps are also allophones.
Allophones of the same phoneme – do not changes the meaning of sound.
Allophones of different phoneme - Changes meaning of sound.
Minimal Pairs – Contrastive sound, interchanges of sound will change the meaning.
2 words with the same sound environment with one contrastive sound.
Contrastive Distribution – movement of sound to another word which changes the meaning.
Complimentary Distribution - movement of sound to another word which do not changes the
meaning.
Phonological ruling – identifying if there are phonological changes if the sound has been
followed by another sound.
Overlapping of sounds only occur in minimal pair.

Morphology – word formation or how are the words built.


How is a word different from a morpheme?
All morphemes are word but not all words are morphemes.
Morpheme- smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or can even have a grammatical function.
Free morphemes they can stand on their own.
Bound morphemes they cannot exist on their own.
0 morpheme word - you cannot attach any other morpheme (ex. Deer, News)-
Bound morphemes
1. Inflectional Morphemes – Meaning does not change even when added with pluralizers
2. Derivational Morpheme - Meaning does change when added with pluralizers (ex. Virus –
Viral) Adjective forming suffix.
Derivational Morphemes are selective.
Seen before inflectional morphemes.
2 kinds of morphemes
1. Content Morphemes – All Derivational Morphemes
2. Function Morphemes – All Inflectional Morphemes
Allomorphs same as allophones.
Allomorphs of the same morpheme – ( ex. Bush – bushes)
Allomorphs of different morpheme – ( ex. Pidmeta, pit meta^n)

Voiced no Aspiration.
Voiceless there is aspiration.

Word – orthograph and representation of idea.


Morpheme – smallest linguistic unit.
Lexicon - mental dictionary, all words that exist in a language variation.
Compounding – combining 2 words to create one.
Reduplication – repeating words.
1. Total Reduplication – whole word repletion
2. Partial Reduplication – syllabicated

Morpheme Internal Change – Structure changes (Men, Women)


Morpheme External Change – Structure do not change.
Morphological Analysis

Analyze of allomorphs
Check if there are allomorphs of the same morpheme or different morpheme.

Analytic Language – morphemes are single morpheme isolated. Do not use affixes, suffixes,
prefixes. (Ex. Chinese Language)
Synthetic Language – morphemes are not single morpheme isolated. Uses affixes, suffixes,
prefixes.
Agglutinating Language – combined morpheme that presents one common sense. One change
in morpheme but the sound environment is the same.
Polysynthetic – highly complex words combining different stems. (Ex. Hebrew, Arabic)

Syntax – patterns, organization of words to phrases, to sentences.

Partitive – (a cup of, a glass of, a bag of)


Appositive - (Anna, a beautiful waiter, joins the club)
Predicative Adjective – (noun first before adjective)
Attributive Adjective – (adjective first before noun)
Adjective complementizer – (modifies noun or pronoun)

Hierarchical structure –

Constituency test – Semantically Coherent.


It is a constituent if it can stand alone. (The boy played at the garden)
It can be substituted by a prominal form. (He played at the garden)

Sentence Ambiguity – Structurally ambiguous.

Syntactic Framing – What words go together.


(The boy) The- Determiner, boy – noun = Noun phrase.

0 morpheme adjective (Superlative) – Outstanding - not possible to say more outstanding or


most outstanding.
Perfect.
Adjective also uses determiner.
The beautiful boxer.
Closed lexical category words – Determiners, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions.

Phrasal category words – go together or considered as constituents.


Noun Phrase – can be a single word, direct object, indirect object.
Verb phrase – can be a single word if its an intransitive verb.
Ditransitive – 2 direct object
Monotransitive – 1 direct object

Semantics – branch of linguistics that deal with the study of meaning.


Meanings are simply dictionary definition. To give understanding on the semantics of the words.
Lexicographer – create a dictionary and the one who gives denotation or meaning by the way
how people say and mean it.
Dictionary represents how the people of community use the word.

Signifier - Language
Signified – Prior Concepts

Meaning is a very complex phenomenon, involves cognition, language, mankind, the world.
Involves language in itself and how it is used.

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