07/09/2024

Public Administration
Module 6. Public Policy and Program Administration

MMPA-1 Group 2

Project Outline
Module 6. Public Policy and Program Administration
• What is Public Policy
• Aims of Public Policy
• Nature and Scope of Public Policy Machele M. Felicen
• Three Parts of Public Policy-Making
• Strengths and Weaknesses of Public
Policy

• Shaping Public Policy

• Advocacy
• Guidance to Policy-Makers
• Rational Model of Public Policy-Making MaryGrace G. Del Valle
Process

• Stages in Policy-Making Process

• Agenda Setting
• Policy Recognition
• Policy Generation
• Policy Action Ryan S. Cardenas
• Policy Formulation
• Policy Implementation

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Project Outline
Module 6. Public Policy and Program Administration

• Types of Policy
• Steps in Passage of Bill in Philippine
Legislative
Ana Liza G. Camti
• Local Legislative Body
• Crafting Ordinances and Resolution
• Enactment of Legislation

• Elements of Effective Legislation

• Citizen Participation
• Mechanism for Legislative Participation
• Methods to Solicit Input/Comment from Antonio O. Bravo, III
Public Hearing and Consultation
• Tools to Reach out Public

Public Policy and

Program Administration
(part 1)

Presented by Machele M. Felicen

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Contents
What is public Nature and Scope Strengths and
Policy? of Public Policy Weaknesses of
Public Policy

01 02 03 04 05

Aims of Public Three parts of

Policy Public Policy
Making Process

What is Public Policy?

 is a system of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, & funding priorities concerning a
given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives. Commonly
embodied in constitutions, legislative acts and judicial decisions; may also be created by an
executive order, bureaucratic regulation, or provincial/city/municipal/barangay ordinance
 also considered academic discipline
 It is basically the legal framework within which society operates and Composite of decisions
that government makes & programs it embarks upon or implements to achieve goal.

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What is Public Policy?

 It Implies process of formulating & promulgating a program based on a set of principles, the
rules of action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization goals, objectives, values, or
ideals & often prescribing the obligatory or most desirable ways & means for their
accomplishment.
 is an attempt by the government to address a public issue, the principles & standards
regarded by the legislature or by the courts as being of fundamental concern to the State &
the whole society, and the course of action or inaction taken by governmental entities with
regard to a particular issue or set of issues

Aims of Public Policy?

1. Reconcile conflicting claims for scarce resources

2. Encourage or foster cooperation that would probably not occur without

government influence or encouragement

3. Prohibit morally unacceptable behavior

4. Protect the rights of individuals

5. Provide direct benefits to citizens

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Nature and Scope of Public Policy

1. “The authoritative allocationof values for a society.”
2. “The process of deciding who gets what, when, where and how.”
3. “What the government chooses to do or not to do about a specific problem.”
4.“Establish the boundaries of our freedoms & color the contours of our
interactions with other people in our political, social & economic systems”

Nature and Scope of Public Policy

• Public policy is multifaceted and encompasses the authoritative allocation of
societal values, the distributive process of resource allocation, the decision-
making process regarding government action or inaction, and the regulatory
framework that defines freedoms and social interactions. These definitions
collectively illustrate the broad and impactful nature of public policy in shaping
society and addressing various issues.

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Importance of Public Policy

1.Guidance and Regulation

2. Resource Allocation

3.Addressing Social Issues

4.Economic Stability and Growth

5.Environmental Protection

6. Political Accountability and Transparency

7.National Security

8.Innovation and Development:

Public Policy Areas

1. Social Policy
2. Social Welfare Policy
3. Health Care Policy
4. Criminal Justice Policy
5. Education Policy

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3 Parts to Public Policy Making

1.Problem – issue that needs to be addressed

2.Player – individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the

problem in question
3.Policy – finalized course of action decided upon by the government; widely open to

interpretation by NGO players & private sector including church & cultural institutions

Policy Making Process

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Strengths of Public Policy

•Structured decision-making
•Promotes equity and justice
•Economic stability and growth
•Public health and safety
•Environmental protection
•Encourages innovation and development

Weaknesses of Public Policy

•Implementation challenges
•Unintended consequences
•Political influence and corruption
•Lack of flexibility
•Cost and resource constraints
•Limited public engagement

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Key Takeaway
• Public policy is the authoritative process by which a government decides and implements actions that allocate values,
address specific issues, and shape societal freedoms and interactions in the form of actions, regulations, laws, and funding
priorities set by the government.
• Public policy aims to reconcile conflicting claims over scarce resources, fosters cooperation, prohibits morally unacceptable
behavior, protects individual rights, and provides direct benefits to citizens.
• There are 3 parts to Public Policy Making – the problem, player and policy. By identifying the problem and the key players
who will act on the problem, we can finalize the proper course of action needed to be taken to address it.
• Despite the good aims when creating public policies, the implementation and consequences of these policies should be
thought off thoroughly or else it will be subjected to political influence and corruption.

Thank you.

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Public Policy and

Program Administration
(part 2)

Presented by Marygrace G. Del Valle

Contents
Shaping Public Guidance to Policy-
Policy Makers

01 02 03 04

Advocacy Rational Model of

Public Policy
Making Process

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SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY

 Complex & Multifaceted Process
 Interplay of individuals & groups (interest)
competing/collaborating to influence policy makers
 Variety of tools/tactics used to advance aims
 Advocating positions publicly- educating supporters/opponents,
mobilizing allies

ADVOCACY

 Attempt to influence public policy thru education, lobbying or political

pressure

 Educate general public/policy makers re: nature of problems, needed

legislation & funding required for services/research

 Regarded as unseemly but it can clearly influence public policy

priorities.

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GUIDANCE FOR POLICY MAKERS (CORE PRINCIPLES)

 Politicians & public servants are accountable to the public

 Elites, in politics & private sector, do not have the right to pursue
their interests without constraints

 Government bureaucratic & Decisions processes must be open,

accessible, & transparent, as well as responsive to public

GUIDANCE TO POLICY MAKERS

 Individual & Communities affected by project have the right to

information regarding proposed developments; the right to
challenge the need for, and the design of, projects, and the right
to be involved in planning and decisions-making processes.

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RATIONAL MODEL OF PUBLIC POLICY

MAKING PROCESS
 Agenda Setting - agencies & government officials meet to
discuss the problem at hand

 Option-formulation - alternative solutions are considered & final

decisions are made regarding the best policy

 Implementation - the decided policy is enforced

Key Takeaway

Underscore the importance of collaboration, data driven decision-

making, stakeholder engagement, and continuous evaluation in
shaping public policy, advocating initiatives, and providing guidance
to policy makers for informed and impactful policy development.

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Thank you.

Public Policy and

Program Administration
(part 3)

Presented by Ryan S. Cardenas

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Stages in Public Policy

Problem Nature and Scope Strengths and
Identification of Public Policy Weaknesses of
Public Policy

01 02 03 04 05

Aims of Public Three parts of

Policy Public Policy
Making Process

Stages in Public Policy

01 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION/ AGENDA

02 POLICY FORMULATION

03 POLICY ADOPTION

04 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

05 POLICY EVALUATION

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01 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION/AGENDA SETTING

"a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfaction among people and for which
relief or redress by governmental action is sought". – James E.A.

Two (2) Forms of Policy Agenda:

Systematic – discussion agenda which may or may not compel the government to/
immediately consider it.

Institutional Agenda – on the contrary, something that is urgent which requires the active
and serious attention of the government.

- In actual practice, an institutional agenda, usually composed of

policies that are normally given a “priori” by the executive and legislative departments and
considered as urgent like the priority bills in the case of the Philippine Government

02 POLICY FORMULATION
Involves developing pertinent and acceptable proposed courses of action for dealing with
public problems.

Factors to consider in proposal.

1. Technically sound
2. Cost-efficient
3. Must be practical and must go beyond the limits of resources of the government
4. Must be acceptable to both policymakers and public.

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03 POLICY ADOPTION
Involves the making of a policy decision in accepting or rejecting a preferred course of
action that is developed by the different policy makers in the government.

Styles in deciding best proposed policy or legislation

1. Bargain
2. Persuasion
3. Majority Building

04 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
refers to the process on “what happens after a bill becomes a law", It is that part of the
policymaking process that comes after the ascent is given by the policymakers and is put
into a test to determine whether or not it is worth taking much of their time in deliberating
the desired policy.

05 POLICY EVALUATION
- is imperative on the part of the government for the reason that public policy needs to be assessed
whether or not it has done something beneficial to the general public.

- This involves the estimation, appraisal, or assessment of a policy, its content, implementation. goal
attainment or other effects. It puts much premium on the performance of the public policy targeting
basically its output and outcome which are the necessary consequences of policy implementation.

- A policy output the thing that is actually done by the government agencies in pursuance of policy decisions
and statements. It reflects normally the tangible accomplishment of a particular public policy like the
constructed school buildings, distributed contraceptives, purchased equipment, upgrade of weapons, and
many other tangible achievements.

- In contrast, a policy outcome refers to "the consequence for the society, intended or unintended, that
stems from the deliberate governmental action or inaction".

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KEY TAKEAWAY
In the stages of Public Policy such as: 1) Problem
Identification/Agenda Setting, 2)Policy Formulation, 3) Policy Adoption,
(4)Policy Implementation and (5) Policy Evaluation. Plays an important role in
the policy making to have centralized and effective policy for the benefit and
welfare of the general public.

These stages are sequential pattern of activities that enables

students and practitioners to easily identify and distinguish the specific
activities involved in each of level of the policy making process. Each stages
represent levels which all policies need to undergo and pass in order for them
to be implemented.

Thank you.

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Public Policy and

Program Administration
(part 4)

Presented by Anna Liza G. Camti

Contents
Types of Policy Local Legislative Enactment of
Body Legislation

01 02 03 04 05

Steps in Passgae Crafting

of Bill to Ordinances and
Philippine Resolution
Legislative

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Types of Policy
1. Distributive policy – allow government actors to provide beneficial goods
and services to a majority of the population at the expense of all
taxpayers (ex. public infrastructure).

2. Redistributive policy – take taxes from certain groups & give them to
another group (ex. supplemental feeding under child
development and wellness program)

Types of Policy
3. Regulatory policy – designed to limit the actions of persons or groups so
as to protect the general public or a substantial portion of the
public (ex. prohibition on driving under the influence of alcohol)

4. Constituents policy – involve the creation and regulation of government

agencies and can also refer to policies that establish the way a
government functions (ex. foreign defense policies, policies
affecting the structure or function of government agencies like
re – organization)

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Steps in Passage of Bill in Philippine

Legislature
o 1st reading – principal author may propose additional authors; contains
title, number & names of authors

o Bill referred to appropriate committee for study; if disapproved by

committee, dies

o 2nd reading – after favorable committee evaluation, bill forwarded to

Committee on Rules for calendar; read for 2nd time in entirety

Steps in Passage of Bill in Philippine

Legislature
o Debates – general debate & amendments proposed in accordance with
rules

o Printing & distribution – after approval on 2nd reading, bill printed in

final form & distributed to members 3 days before passage

o 3rd reading – last reading where only title is read; no amendment

allowed & votes (yeas & nays) entered in journal; member may
abstain; majority of quorum can pass bill

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Steps in Passage of Bill in Philippine

Legislature
o Bill referred to other house – same procedure

o Bill forwarded to President – if approved on 3rd reading by both

houses, bill printed in final form & transmitted to the President for
appropriate action; no action within 30 days means the bill becomes
law; bills re-passed over veto automatically becomes law.

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Steps in making public policies

(Roy Sylvan)

Local Legislative Body (Sanggunian) Critical

Tasks

Formulating & managing Enacting ordinances &

the legislative agenda codes of ordinances

Crafting ordinances & Evaluating the

resolutions implementation of
ordinances

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Crafting ordinances &

resolutions

01 Identifying & analyzing a

policy problem to be
addressed by legislation
03 Drafting the legislative proposal –
requires knowledge of its parts or
elements, rules of construction
such as grammar & usage, form
& style; civil society groups can
influence this cycle by drafting

02 Gathering research – based proposals & giving them to

information legislators

Enacting ordinances & Legislative

codes of ordinances Oversight

o Deliberation Evaluation of how the policy

was carried out; that funds
o Consultation were not wasted.

o Codification

o Consideration

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Thank you.

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Public Policy and

Program Administration
(part 5)

Presented by Antonio O. Bravo, III

Contents
Elements of Local Mechanism for Tools to reach out
Legislation Legislative
public
Participation

01 02 03 04 05

Citizenship Methods to Solicit Input/

Participation
Comment from Public
Hearing and Consultation

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Concept of Public
Policy

Definition of Public Policy

 It refers to the government’s stance toward, and effort
to address issues of public concern. This includes in the
areas of the economy, civic society, law, education,
healthcare, and so on.

Example: Public health policy, education policy, housing

policy

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Definition of Public Policy

 Robert Eyestone terms public policy as “the relationship of the
government unit to its environment”

 Thomas R. Dye says that “public policy is whatever government

chooses to do or not to do”

 Richard Rose says that “public policy is nota decision, it is a course

or pattern of activity”

 In Carl J. Friedrich’s opinion public policy is proposed action of a

person, group , or government within a given government providing
opportunities and obstacles which the policy was proposed to utilize
and overcome in an effort to reach a goal or realize an objective or
purpose.

Nature of Public Policy

 Public policies are goal oriented.
This means that public policies are formulated and
implemented in order to attain the objectives which the government has
in view for the betterment of the public.

 Public Policy is the outcome of the government’s collective

action.
It means that it is a pattern or course of activity or the
governmental officials and actors in a collective sense than being
termed as their discrete and segregated decisions.

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Nature of Public Policy

 Public policy is what the government actually decides or
chooses to do.
It is the relationship of the government units to the specified
field of political environment in a given administrative system. It can take
a variety of forms like law, ordinances, court decisions, executive orders,
decisions etc.

 Public policy may be positive or negative.

Public policy is positive in the sense that it depicts the concern
of the government and involves its action to a particular problem on
which the policy is made.

01
PAR T
Elements of Local
Legislation

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Local Legislation

As a power – refers to a power of local As a process – is the interaction of the local

legislative body to make rules in the legislative body with the executive branch, civil
form of ordinances and resolutions of society including constituents, non-
local application that have the force and governmental organizations and private sector
effect of law. resulting in ordinance and resolutions that
promote the development of a local
government unit (LGU).

Why is Local Legislation Important?

Local legislation is important because it is a powerful,
vital tool for:

1. Addressing the problems of the citizens of the LGU

2. Promoting the general welfare and development of the
LGU and its citizens
3. Attaining the vision of the LGU for its citizens

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What is effective Local Legislation?

Effective local legislation is a collective
and a participatory process. It refers to the
interaction of the Sanggunian or local
legislative body with the executive branch and
civil society resulting in legislative actions that
promote the development objectives of the
LGU.

Elements of Effective Local Legislation

Efficient institution or organization

Participatory legislation process

Development perspective; addresses development objectives;

poverty reduction; environmental protection, gender equality,
peace and unity, accountability and transparency, citizen
participation

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02
PAR T
Citizen participation

What is Citizen Participation?

It is also known as
Public Participation or
Public Involvement

It is the inclusion of the public

in the activities of any
organization or project.

It is the inclusion of the public in the

activities of any organization or project.

It is the active involvement of citizens in the

legislative decision-making process allowing
them to contribute to decisions that may have
an impact on their lives.

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Legal Framework
 The 1987 Philippine Constitution enshrined citizen participation and
accorded protection for the rights of the people and civil society
organizations for “effective and reasonable participation at all levels of
social, political and economic decision-making.

 Republic Act 7160 or the “Local Government Code of 1991” and the
annual General Appropriations Act also supports and highlights the
need to provide spaces and appropriate policies for citizen engagement
in governance at the local level.

Examples of Citizen Participation

Meetings and
Local residents Contacting a
groups and
Voting engage in political
formal
voluntary work representative
organizations

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Citizen Participation
 Awareness-raising on areas and mechanisms for
participation

 Making existing legislative mechanisms for

participation work

Developing innovative tools to encourage and

sustain participation in legislative decision making

Citizen Participation Ladder

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Mechanisms for
Legislative Participation

What is Committee Meeting?

A committee meeting is a formal gathering of a
subgroup within an organization who come together
to fulfil a predefined objective. The meetings are a
forum for the exchange of ideas so that a committee
can complete its set of tasks.

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Committee Meeting

Committee Meetings are a vital

aspect of legislative participation
as it allow for a more detailed
examination of proposed
legislation. It also foster
collaboration from different
political parties to work together
to address issues.

Committee Meeting

Committee hearings play a crucial

role in legislative participation by
providing a platform for lawmakers,
experts, stakeholders, and the
public to contribute to the legislative
process. Committee hearings provide a
Committee hearings allow forum for public input and engagement.
legislators to gather firsthand Hearings serve as a means for legislative
oversight, allowing committees to scrutinize the
information and expertise on implementation of existing laws, programs, and
complex issues policies. Committee hearings serve an
educational role by raising awareness about
specific issues or policy areas among
lawmakers, the media, and the public.

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What is Legislative Agenda?

It is a program of proposed legislations to support
policies and programs of government.
A legislative agenda refers to a prioritized list of issues,
topics, or bills that a legislative body intends to address or focus
on during a specific session or period. It serves as a roadmap
that guides lawmakers in setting priorities, organizing their
legislative work, and allocating resources to achieve their policy
objectives.

Legislative Agenda
Formulation
Legislative agenda formulation serves as a
fundamental mechanism for legislative
participation by guiding the legislative
process, engaging stakeholders, setting
priorities, and translating policy ideas into
actionable legislation. It enables lawmakers
to respond effectively to public concerns,
promote democratic governance, and
address pressing issues through informed
decision-making and collaborative efforts
within the legislative body

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What is Budget Hearing?

A budget hearing is a legal proceeding where a
government entity presents and discusses its
proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year. The
purpose of the hearing is to allow members of the
public to provide feedback and ask questions about
the budget before it is finalized and adopted.

Budget Hearings

Budget hearings are critical mechanisms

for legislative participation as they
enable lawmakers to understand,
review, and influence fiscal policies and
expenditures. By engaging in budget
hearings, legislators fulfill their
constitutional responsibility to oversee
public finances, ensure accountability,
and advocate for the interests of their
constituents in the allocation of public
resources.

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Accreditation
Accreditation provides formal recognition to
individuals, lobbyists, advocacy groups, and
other entities interested in engaging with
legislators and participating in the legislative
process. It grants them access to legislative
hearings, committee meetings, and other
official proceedings where decisions are made
or influenced. Accredited entities can
communicate directly with lawmakers, present
their viewpoints, provide expertise, and
advocate for specific policies or issues.
Accredited entities often have privileged
access to legislative information, such as draft
bills, committee reports, and policy briefings.

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Methods to Solicit Input/
Comment from Public Hearing
and Consultation

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What is Public Hearing?

A public hearing is a
formal proceeding held
in order to receive
testimony from all
interested parties –
including the general
public – on a proposed
issue or action.

What is Public Consultation?

Public consultation, public comment, or simply
consultation, is a process by which members of the public are
asked for input on public issues. This can occur in public
meetings open to all in written form, as well as in deliberative
groups.

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Soliciting input or comments effectively in public

hearings is crucial for gathering diverse perspectives
and feedback.
 Public hearing is primarily intended to obtain public testimony
or comment before significant decisions are made. A public
hearing can occur as part of a regular or special public
meeting or, in some circumstances, can be entirely separate
from a public meeting.

 The role of governing body members is to hear and consider

those views when making a decision.

Soliciting input or comments effectively in public

hearings is crucial for gathering diverse perspectives
and feedback.
 Public consultation can help you build relationships within the
community — and these can be a great foundation for designing
and implementing policies.

 Public consultation is a means to improve democratic governance

by helping governments consult their citizenry on the key public
policy issues the government faces. Public consultations are
conducted with representative samples of the citizenry.

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Methods to Solicit Input/ Comment from

Public Hearing and Consultation
 Communicate clearly the purpose of the hearing or consultation, the topics being discussed, and how
participants can contribute their views. Use accessible language and provide background information if
needed.
 Ensure that the details of the hearing or consultation are widely publicized through various channels
such as social media, local newspapers, community centers, and relevant websites.
 Actively encourage participation from the public belonging to diverse groups. Always consider
providing translation services as needed.
 Demonstrate active listening during the hearing or consultation to ensure that the participant’s view is
acknowledge.

By following this, you can create a constructive and inclusive environment for soliciting input and
comments during public hearings and consultations, ultimately leading to more informed and
representative decision-making.

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Tools to Reach-Out to Public

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What is Legislative Digest?

Legislative digest is a publication

produced after each session day providing
up-to-date information on legislative
activity.

Legislative Digest
It serves as a tool to inform and engage
citizens about the legislative process and the
issues being considered by their government.
Legislative simplify complex legal language
into simpler terms. By providing clear
summaries of legislative actions, it enhance
transparency and help the public to stay
informed about what their elected
representatives are doing. Furthermore,
legislative digest can be distributed through
various channels such as government
websites, social media, email newsletters, and
community events to maximize their reach and
impact.

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Sanggunian Brochures

A Sanggunian brochure can be an effective

tool for reaching out the public. It helps to
provide clear and concise information about
the functions, services, activities and
achievements of local government officials
and are easy to distribute in public places,
community centers, and during events. It can
be used also to promote specific programs
increasing public awareness and participation.

Media Tools

Media tool can effectively reach out to the

public through several key strategies like
utilizing social networking sites like Facebook,
X, LinkedIn, Instagram, etc. to reach larger
audience. Another tool is sending regular
newsletters. It can keep people informed about
important updates, events, and opportunities
for engagement. Furthermore, traditional
media is the popular media tool that is use to
reach the public through newspapers,
television, interviews, and press release.

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Website

Websites are indispensable tools for reaching

out to the public in today's digital age. They
serve as virtual storefronts, information hubs,
and communication channels that enhance
accessibility and engagement.

Barangay Purok Hopping

• Barangay visitation serves as a cornerstone

of community outreach by providing an
avenue for direct communication between
leaders, residents, and stakeholders. By
physically visiting neighborhoods, local
officials and volunteers demonstrate their
commitment to understanding the needs and
aspirations of the community firsthand.
• Moreover, barangay visitation plays a crucial
role in promoting civic engagement. It
encourages residents to voice their opinions,
share their experiences, and actively
participate in decision-making processes that
impact their daily lives.
• Through open dialogue during these visits,
issues such as infrastructure development,
health services, education, and environmental
concerns can be identified and addressed
promptly.

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Letters to Constituents

• Reaching the public through letters to

constituents can be an effective way to
communicate important messages,
updates, or initiatives. The people will be
encouraged to participate in an activity or
program for the reason that the letter
clearly state its purpose and provides
concise information.

Thank you.

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