0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views28 pages

Physics 1 Chapter7

Chapter 7 discusses the concepts of work and energy, defining work as the product of force and displacement, and explaining its scalar nature and units. It covers work done by constant and variable forces, including examples and problems related to gravitational and spring forces. The chapter also introduces the work-kinetic energy theorem, illustrating its application through various problems involving kinetic energy changes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views28 pages

Physics 1 Chapter7

Chapter 7 discusses the concepts of work and energy, defining work as the product of force and displacement, and explaining its scalar nature and units. It covers work done by constant and variable forces, including examples and problems related to gravitational and spring forces. The chapter also introduces the work-kinetic energy theorem, illustrating its application through various problems involving kinetic energy changes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

PHYSICS-I/Chapter 7

ENERGY OF A SYSTEM

Lecturer: Dr. Emine YILDIRIM


1 / 28
Vocabulary of Chapter 7


work=is

vary=degismek

variable=varying=degisken

spring=yay

Stretch=germek

Compress=sıkıstırmak

External force=dıs kuvvet

Internal force=ic kuvvet

Applied force =uygulanan kuvvet

undergo=çekmek

transfer= iletmek/aktrmak

Conservative force= korunumlu kuvvet

Nonconservative force= korunumsuz kuvvet

Elastic potential energy=elestik potansiyel enerjisi

Gravitational potential energy=yerçekimi potansiyel enerjisi

Stored energy=depolanmis enerji

2 / 28

In this chapter, we give the defnition of
the concept of work and energy. The
concept of energy and work can be
used to analyze changes in the motion
of an object.

3 / 28
Work Done by a Constant Force

Work:
W =F Δ r cos θ = F
⃗⋅Δ ⃗r (7.1)

Applied force Displacement


Angle between F & Δr

Here, force is constant!


Work is a scalar quantity.

Unit of work is joule (J).

Work is + or -?

A force does positive work, when it is in the same direction as the
displacement.


A force does negative work when it is t in the opposite direction as
the displacement.


When θ=900, W=0.

θ=00, W=maximum.
4 / 28

θ=1800, W=minimum
Problem 5: A block of mass m=2.50 kg is pushed a distance d = 2.2 m
along a frictionless, horizontal table by a constant applied force of
magnitude F=16 N directed at an angle θ=250 below the horizontal as
shown in Figure below. Determine the work done on the block by (a) the
applied force, (b) the normal force exerted by the table, (c) the
gravitational force, and (d) the net force on the block
Solution:

a) The work done by the applied force F on the object is given as


follows:

b, c) As we see in the below figure the angle between N & d is 900 .


the angle between Fg & d is 900.
As a result the work done by normal
force N and gravitational force Fg is
zero.

d) The work done by the total (net) force equals to the sum of the works
done by the individual forces.
∑ W =W F +W N +W F =31.9 J +0+0=31.9 J
g

5 / 28
Problem 6: Spiderman, whose mass is 80 kg, is dangling on the
free end of a 12m-long rope, the other end of which is fixed to a tree
limb above. By repeatedly bending at the waist, he is able to get the
rope in motion, eventually getting it to swing enough that he can reach
a ledge when the rope makes a 600 angle with the vertical. How much
work was done by the gravitational force on Spiderman in this
maneuver?

Solution:


Since gravitational force in vertical direction, only vertical
displacement ∆y contribute the work done by gravitational force.

The angle mg & ∆y is 1800.

● Work done by Fg is:

W=mg ∆y cos 1800= 80 (9.8) 6(-1)=-4.7 k J 6 / 28


Work Done by a Varying Force

If we push an object under the action of a variable force, we
cannot use Eq. (7.1).

What is variable force?
- The magnitude and direction of force can change at any
time.
Work equals the area under the curve.


The work done by a variable force can be expressed as a
definite integral of a force over displacement as follows:


If more than one force acting on an object, the total (net)
work done on the object is:
Wext means work done by external forces


The net work in scalar product form is:
remember
d ⃗r =dx ^i +dy ^j+dz k^
⃗ =F x ^i + F y ^j+ F z k^
F 7 / 28
Problem 28: A 100-g bullet is fired from a rifle having a barrel 0.6 m long.
Choose the origin to be at the location where the bullet begins to move. Then the force (in
newtons) exerted by the expanding gas on the bullet is 15 000+ 10 000x - 25 000 x2, where
x is in meters. (a) Determine the work done by the gas on the bullet as the bullet travels the
length of the barrel. (b) What If? If the barrel is 1 m long, how much work is done, and (c)
how does this value compare with the work calculated in part (a)?
Solution:
a) We will integrate the force over the displacement to find work done on the bullet.
xf
2
W =∫ (15 000+10 000 x−25000 x )dx
xi

Barrel: x=0 to x=0.6 m

b) we do similar thing as part a)


Barrel: x=0 to x=1 m
xf
2
W =∫ (15 000+10 000 x−25000 x )dx
xi

W=11.7 kJ

8 / 28
c) The value of work calculated in part b) is bigger than that calculated in part a)
Work Done by a Spring
Spring force (Hooke’s law):
F s =−k x (7.2)

Spring force Spring constant displacement



The spring force is not constant it varies with x.

Let’s attach a block to a spring, and then determine direction of
Fs .
Spring at equilibrium:


The spring is stretched rightward:


The spring is compressed leftward:

9 / 28
Work Done by a Spring(Continued)

Let us calculate work done by a spring
● Let’s consider the block pushed to left a position -xmax and released.
● If the block moves from xi=-xmax to xf=0, the work done by the spring
on the block is:

Ws is positive since Fs and x is in the same direction.


Let’s compute the work done by the spring force on the block, when
it moves from xi= 0 to xf= xmax .

Ws is negative since Fs and x is in the opposite direction.


● When the block travels from xi to xf , the work done on the block by
the spring is:


The work done by the external force (applied force) on the system(the
block-spring system) is:

(7.3) 10 / 28

Ws=-Wext |F⃗s|=|F⃗app|
Problem 17: When a 4-kg object is hung vertically on a certain light
spring that obeys Hooke’s law, the spring stretches 2.50 cm. If the 4-kg
object is removed, (a) how far will the spring stretch if a 1.5-kg block
is hung on it? (b) How much work must an external agent do to stretch
the same spring 4.00 cm from its unstretched position?
Solution:a)


Firstly, we need to find the spring constant k.

After 4 kg object is attached to the spring, it is at equilibrium. Thus,
∑F=0. F⃗s − F⃗g =m ⃗a =0
F⃗s = F⃗g
– d=y=0.025m

|F s|=|F g|

ky=mg
3

k=mg/ y k=(4)(9.8)/(0.025)=1.57×10 N /m




– b) How much work is done by the applied force to stretch it 4 cm?
– Ws=-Wapp 1 2 1 2 yi=0
W app = k y f − k y i
2 2 yf=4cm 11 / 28
Objective Questions 14:A certain spring that obeys
Hooke’s law is stretched by an external agent. The work
done in stretching the spring by 10 cm is 4 J. How much
additional work is required to stretch the spring an
additional 10 cm?

Solution: Firstly find the spring constant k.
1 2 2
−W s =W ext = k ( x f −x i )
2
1 2 2
4= k (0.1 −0 )
2
k=800 N /m
● What is Wext when the spring is stretched from 0.1m to
0.2m?
1 2 2
−W s =W ext = k ( x f −x i )
2
1 2 2
= 800(0.2 −0.1 )
2
=12 J

12 / 28
Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic
Energy Theorem

Figure illustrates that an object undergoing a displacement
∆x under the action of a constant net force ∑F.

The work done by the external net force ∑F is:
f xf

W ext =∫ ∑ F
⃗⋅d ⃗r =∫ ∑ F dx
i xi


This equation tells us kinetic energy mathematically is connected to
work!

The change in

=
The net work
the kinetic done on the system If the work done by the force on the object is:
energy of the ➔
Positive , the object gains energy
system ➔
Negative, the object loses energy

13 / 28

Work-kinetic energy theorem


Problem 31: 3 kg object has a velocity (6 ^i −2 ^j)m/ s
a) What is its kinetic energy at this moment? b) what is the net work
done on the object if its velocity changes to (8 ^i +4 ^j)m/ s ?
2
(Note: From the definition of the dot product, v =⃗
v⋅⃗v . )

Solution: a) Ki =?
v⃗i =(6 ^i−2 ^j)
1
K i = m v⃗i⋅⃗ vi
2
1
= 3(6 ^i −2 ^j)⋅(6 ^i −2 ^j)
2
1
= 3(36+4)=60 J
2
b) Wnet =? Wnet =∆K, so we need to obtain ∆K to find Wnet .

40) 60 J 14 / 28
Problem 59: A 6 000-kg freight car rolls along rails with negligible
friction. The car is brought to rest by a combination of object’s two
coiled springs as illustrated in Figure below. Both springs are described
by Hooke’s law and have spring Constants k1 =1600N/m and k2=
3400N/m. After the first spring compresses a distance of 30 cm, the
second spring acts with the first to increase the force as additional
compression occurs as shown in the graph. The car comes to rest 50
cm after first contacting the two-spring system. Find the car’s initial
speed.
Solution: We apply work-kinetic energy
theorem to the car .
vf=0
Let’s take springs’s initial position xi =0.

The car compress the first spring and the second spring a distance of
xf1=50 cm and xf2=20 cm respectively. Thus two springs do work on
the car to stop it. W ext =∆ K
1 2 2
W s 1 +W s 2= m(v f −v i )
2
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
k 1 ( x i −x f 1 )+ k 2 ( x i −x f 2 )= m(v f −v i )
2 2 2
Substitute knowns into above eq .
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
1600(0 −(0.5) )+ 3400(0 −(0.2) )= 6000(0 −v i ) 15 / 28

2 2 2
solving for v i v i=0.299 m/ s
Problem : In Figure below, a horizontal force Fa of magnitude 20 N is
applied to a 3 kg psychology book as the book slides a distance d = 0.5
m up a frictionless ramp at angle θ= 30. (a)During the displacement,
what is the net work done on the book by Fa , the gravitational force on
the book, and the normal force on the book? (b) If the book has zero
kinetic energy at the start of the displacement, what is its speed at the
end of the displacement?
Solution: a) Displacement d is in horizontal direction,so only horizontal
components of the forces do work on the book.
0
W g =mg(sin θ )d cos 180 Work done by
=3(9.8)sin (30)0.5(−1)=−7.35 J gravitational
force
Normal force does not do work
0
because angle N & d is 90
W N =Nd cos 90=0
only horizontal component of F a does work
W ( F )=F a (cos θ )d cos 00=20(cos 300 )(0.5)(1)=8.66 J
a

Notice that θ is the angle of the ramp .

Here we consider the book alone as


a system

W net =W g +W F +W N =−7.35 J +8.66 J +0=1.31 J


a

● b) vf =? Use work-kinetic energy theorem. Wnet=∆K


W net =∆ K
vi=0 1 2 2
W net = m(v f −v i ) 16 / 28
2
2 W net 2(1.31)
vf =
√ m
=
√ 3
=0.935 m/ s
Problem 63: An inclined plane of angle θ= 20 has a spring of force
constant k = 500 N/m fastened securely at the bottom so that the spring
is parallel to the surface as shown in Figure . A block of mass m =2.5
kg is placed on the plane at a distance d = 0.3 m from the spring. From
this position, the block is projected downward toward the spring with
speed v =0.750 m/s. By what distance is the spring compressed when
the block momentarily comes to rest?
Solution: The block accelerates downwards
so it compressed the spring until it stops.

Only horizontal component of mg does work on the block.
Let’s say that the spring is compressed the distance of x .
The block travels the distance of (d+x)

Apply work-kinetic energy theorem to obtain x.

Firstly find net works done
0
on the block.
W g =mg(sin θ )(d + x)cos 0
=2.5(9.8)sin (20)(0.3+ x)(1)
=(2.5+8.34 x )
1 2 2 Angle between mgsinθ
W s = k (x i −x f ) and (d+x ) is zero
2
1 2 2
= k (0 −x )
2
−1 2
= (500) x
2
2
=(−250 x )
2
W net =W g +W s =(2.5+8.34 x )+(−250) x Here we consider the block
1 1 alone as a system
2 2 2 2
Δ K = m(v f −v i )= (2.5)(0 −0.75 )=−0.7 J
vf=0 2 2
apply work−kinetic−energy theorem Solving quadratic equation by
Using discriminant method
W net =Δ K 17 / 28
2
(2.5+8.34 x)+(−250) x =−0.7
2
3.2+8.34 x +(−250) x =0 x=0.13 m
Potential Energy of a System
Gravitational Potential Energy
● As shown in the figure, an applied force Fapp lift the book from initial
height of yi to final height yf at constant velocity.

The work done by the external forces on the system (the book-Earth
system) is:
(7.4)
Here gravitational force is
internal force into the system.


Equation (7.4) is positive which means that the work
is a transfer of energy into the system. This energy
is called gravitational potential energy.

height

Gravitational potential energy depends on vertical position.


Equation (7.4) can be redefined as follows:
W ext =U fg −U ig Ufg=final gravitational potential energy
Uig=initial gravitational potential energy

18 / 28
Problem 42: A 400-N child is in a swing that is attached to a pair W
of ropes 2 m long. Find the gravitational potential energy of the
child–Earth system relative to the child’s lowest position when (a)
the ropes are horizontal, (b) the ropes make a 300 angle with the
vertical, and (c) the child is at the bottom of the circular arc.

Solution a) When the child is at horizontal level


his/her gravitational potential energy is:

b) The child’s gravitational potential energy at the point shown in


the figure below is:

c) At the bottom of the circle, the child has zero height, so Ug=0.

19 / 28
Potential Energy of a System
Elastic Potential Energy

Consider the block-spring system as shown in the figure. We have
given the work done by the external force on the block-spring
system in Eq. (7.3):


Elastic potential energy of the block-spring system is given by:

1 2 1 2
Δ U s= k x f − k xi −W s =Δ U s
2 2

20 / 28
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Conservative Forces

The total work done by conservative force is independent of the path.

A conservative force is one that depends only on initial and final
position of the path taken by the object.

Gravitational force, spring force are examples of conservative forces.
The work done on the object is
the same along the two paths. Wab,1=Wab,2


The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through
closed path is zero.
● The work done by the conservative forces is denoted by “Wint”
● Wint means that work done by the internal force which is member of
the system.

Nonconservative Forces

The work done by a nonconservative force is path-dependent.

The work done on the book along the blue


path is different from that along the red path.

Friction force, air resistance are example of nonconservative
forces.

If a nonconservative force acts on the system,
its mechanical energy Emech does not remain constant. 21 / 28

Emech=K+U
Problem 43: A 4-kg particle moves from the origin to position,
having coordinates x=5m and y= 5m in the figure. One force on the
particle is the gravitational force acting in the negative y direction.
Using Equation 7.3, calculate the work done by the gravitational force
on the particle as it goes from O to C along (a) the purple path, (b) the
red path, and (c) the blue path. (d) Your results should all be identical.
Why?

Solution:
a) W g =F g Δ r cos θ Fg=(4)9.8=39.2 N

b)

c) W g =F g Δ r cos θ

d) The Gravitational force is conservative, thus it is independent of the


22 / 28

path.For this reason all results are the same.


Problem 44:

Solution: a)

If the work done by a conservative force,
the work only depends on initial and final
position.

b)

xi=0, xf=5 m
yi=0, yf=5m

23 / 28
Relationship Between Conservative
Forces and Potential Energy

The work done by a conservative force equals the negative of the
change in potential energy of the system.


We can define the infinitesimal change in potential energy in
differential form as follows:


Force is the derivative of the potential energy:


In 3D, above equation becomes:

The symbol ∂ is used to


represent partial derivative.

Example: Obtain spring force from elastic potential energy.

24 / 28
Problem 49:

25 / 28
Problem 50:

−dU
a) F x=
dx
−F x dx=dU integrate both side of the equation
x f =x U f =U

− ∫ F x dx= ∫ dU =Δ U =U −0=U
x i =0 U i =0

b) ∆U=? from xi=2m to xf=3m

c) If a conservative force acts on a system, relationship


W& ∆K & ∆U is:
● Wint=∆K=-∆U 26 / 28
REFERENCES
1) Physics For Scientist and Engineers, SERWAY
and JEWETT, 9th Edition.

27 / 28
Recommended problems in chapter 7:

5,33,38,46,47,65,66

These problems are highly recommended. You make a good


practice by solving these problems.

28 / 28

You might also like