SOCIAL STUDIES

Class 10th
(HISTORY)
Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who

in 1848 prepared a series of four prints
visualising his dream of a world made up
of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’.

The features of Frédéric Sorrieu's

paintings were:
• The people of Europe and America
marching in a long line are paying
homage to the Statue of Liberty. This The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social
shows that they wanted and Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print
prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.
appreciated the principles of liberty,
equality and fraternity.
A Nation State refers to a country
• On the foreground of the image lie
with well-defined delineated
the shattered symbols of
boundaries, resided by people with a
monarchical regimes signifying the
similar culture,
downfall of the monarchical and
shared history and ethnic
absolutists regimes.
character. It is also supposed to
• In this image, people are grouped as
have a government of its choice. The
distinct nations identified by their
people in a Nation State are
flags and national costumes. This
supposed to have unity, strength
depict the rise of nation states in
and cooperation.
Europe and America.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

The French Revolution is regarded as one of the most important events in history. It not only gave a
huge setback to monarchy but also gave the first clear expression to the idea of ‘nationalism’. The
French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to the French citizens. The
Constitution in France came into existence and citizens were awarded with the rights of liberty and
equality.
The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people. These were:
• The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) was introduced.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• The Estates General was renamed the ‘National Assembly’. Its members were elected by active
citizens (citizens who paid taxes to the government).
• The new French flag replaced the former royal standard.
• Nation now became supreme. Hymns were composed and oaths were taken on the name of the
nation. It was regarded as a ‘fatherland’.
• The administrative system was centralised, and uniform laws were formulated for all citizens.
• A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted, and internal custom duties and dues were
abolished.
• The French language was made the common language of the people residing in France.
• The revolutionaries declared that their next motive is to help other people of Europe to become
nations.
The French Revolution impacted the middle class including professionals and students in several
countries such as Switzerland, Holland, Italy and Belgium. They also wanted to throw off the
monarchies in their countries and become nations.

Napoleon – Child of the French Revolution

The rise of Napoleon marked the rise of monarchy in France. However, Napoleon implemented some
revolutionary ideas and principles in France. He did this by taking the following steps:
• He introduced the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code.
This Code instituted the principle of equality of all people before the law,
right to property was established and all privileges enjoyed by the people
of high birth and class were abolished.
• This Code was also promulgated to other parts of Europe which were
controlled by France.
• In many European countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Dutch
Republic and Italy, he simplified the administrative machinery, ended
the feudal system and liberated the peasants from serfdom. Napoleon Bonaparte is
known as the ‘Child of the
• In towns, restrictions imposed on guilds were removed, and transport French Revolution’.
and communication systems were improved. Businessmen, small

industrialists and traders began to realise the importance and advantages of a uniform system of
laws.
• People of other European countries initially welcomed the French armies but later began to
oppose them because of increased taxation and censorship imposed on them.

The Beginning of Nationalism in Europe

During the mid-eighteenth century, there were no nation states in Europe. Italy, Germany and
Switzerland were not one nation but were divided into various kingdoms. Central and eastern Europe
was under absolute monarchies. Several factors led to the emergence of the idea of nationalism in
the later half the eighteenth century. Some of these were the rise of the middle class, liberalism
and the rise of a new conservatism after 1815 and its opposition by the people.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Rise of the new middle class: The aristocratic class in Europe was a dominant class, but it was
comprised of only few people. Most of the people in Europe were peasants. The Industrial
Revolution resulted in the emergence of the labour or working class. Many small industrialists,
businessmen and professionals who formed the middle class gained prominence. These classes
supported the abolition of aristocratic privileges, demanded equality and advocated the idea of
nationalism.
Liberalism: The middle class stood for ‘liberalism’. Liberalism in political terms stood for equality,
freedom, formation and working of government by consent. In the economic field, liberalism
advocated the freedom of markets and the abolition of unjust duties on the movement of goods
from one territory to the other. This led to the beginning of economic nationalism in Europe which
contributed to the rise of nationalism. The new commercial class argued for the creation of a
unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. Later,
several measures were introduced. Some of these were
•In 1834, a customs union called ‘zollverein’ was formed at the initiative of Prussia. Several
German states joined this union
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty
to two.
• The introduction of railways created mobility leading to the national unification.
• The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility harnessing economic
interests to national unification.
We find that a wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments
growing at the time.
Rise of New Conservatism and its opposition by the people
After the defeat of Napoleon, there was a rise of new conservatism.
They were of the opinion that the traditional institutions of
state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social
hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved

Conservatives
Did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary
days but realised that modernisation could in fact
strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy

The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815 in which Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria participated
to draw up settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke
Metternich. Some results of the Congress of Vienna were:
• Monarchy was restored in France and strengthened in Prussia, Belgium and Austria. Autocratic
governments were set up in these countries.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in
future.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate dissent and imposed
censorship on those materials and articles in newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected the
ideas of liberty and freedom.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

These conservative ideas gave rise to liberal nationalists and revolutionaries. Liberals were opposed
to monarchial governments. They advocated liberty and freedom and the creation of nation states.
After 1815, many liberal nationalist went underground and established several secret societies.

The Age of Revolutions (1830-48)

Nationalism emerged not only as a result of wars and battles. Culture played an important role in
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

creating the idea of the nation. Art, painting, poetry, stories and music played an important role in
strengthening the feeling of nationalism.
Romanticism was a cultural movement in which the artists romanticised human feelings and emotions.
This was done to create a common cultural past
as the basis of a nation. Stress was laid on vernacular
languages and folklore. This gave communities who were
living under the control of other powerful nations a
cultural identity. For example, the people of Poland who
were under Russian control defied the ban on speaking
Polish. This was a kind of struggle to overthrow the
Russian rule from their territory and to become an
independent nation. Similarly, German philosopher Johann
Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was
to be discovered among the common people – ‘das volk’.
The emphasis was laid on using vernacular language and
A painting by a French painter Delacroix who depicts
the collection of local folklore not only to discover an
an incident in which 20,000 Greeks were said to have
ancient national spirit, but also to carry the message of been killed by Turks on the island of Chios. Through
modern nationalists to illiterate people. this painting, he was trying to create sympathy for
the Greeks.

Hunger, Hardships and Revolts

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. It was because:
• During the 1830s, there was a large-scale unemployment in Europe. In most of the European
countries, employment opportunities were less whereas job seekers were many.
• Cities had come to be extremely overcrowded. As a result, slums had started coming up as more
people migrated from the rural to urban areas.
• Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from the imports of cheap
machine-made goods from England where industrialisation was more advanced, especially in
textile production.
• Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or
a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and country.

The Revolutions of the Liberals

The year 1848 was a year of revolts. These revolts were led by the educated middle class.
• In the revolution of February 1848, the French monarch was dethroned and the country became
a republic based on universal male suffrage (right to vote was given to all men).
• In other parts of Europe nation-states did not yet exist such as Germany, Italy and Poland. The
men and women of the liberal middle classes demanded constitutionalism with national unification
• In Germany, people of educated middle class came together and decided to vote for an all-
German National Assembly.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• On 18May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt
Parliament. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy
subjected to Parliamentary control.
• The Prussian monarch Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the constitution. The German Parliament
which resisted the demands of the workers and artisans lost their support. Later, the parliament
led by the educated middle class was forced to disband.
• At this time, women all over Europe campaigned for securing voting rights.

Unification of Germany and Italy

Germany and Italy were European nations which were divided into various kingdoms. The unification
of Germany and Italy were important events in world history.

Unification of Germany
• The newly emerged middle class in Germany in 1848 tried to unite several German kingdoms which
were suppressed by monarchies and large landowners into one nation state governed by an elected
body.
• Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto von
Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, aimed to achieve the goal of
unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
• Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French
and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small
German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
• In 1871, William I was declared as the emperor of Germany at the Palace of
Versailles. The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of Otto von Bismarck
the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency,
administration and judiciary in Germany.

Unification of Italy
• Italy was also politically fragmented into various small states which were ruled by
monarchies.
• During the mid-nineteenth century, only the state of Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled
by the Italian monarchy. The northern states were under the Austrian monarchy,
Central Italy was under the control of the Pope and the states in the south were
under the control of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a revolutionary who actively supported the unification of the
Italian states. For achieving this aim, he formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• The state of Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of fulfilling this task after Giuseppe Garibaldi
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

the failed uprisings in 1831 and 1848. The king of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, was
actively helped by his Chief Minister Cavour. Cavour led the process of the unification of Italy.
• In 1859, the state of Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrians. In 1860, the Italian forces
helped by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers marched into southern Italy and unified it with
Italy.
• King Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy. The complete unification of
Italy was achieved in 1871.

Great Britain – A Nation State

• The transformation of Great Britain into a nation state was not a sudden process. There was no
one British nation before the eighteenth century.
• People residing in the British Isles were mainly English, Welsh, Scots and Irish. These ethnic
groups had distinct political and social traditions.
• As the English nation grew in wealth and power, it began to dominate the other islands.
• In 1688, the English Parliament seized power from the monarchy. The Parliament passed the Act
of Union, 1707, by which England and Scotland were unified resulting in the formation of the
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
• The Parliament was dominated by the English, and the political and cultural identities of the Scots
were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland were brutally suppressed whenever
they wanted to regain their independence.
• Ireland was inhabited by the Protestants and the Catholics. The English supported the Protestants
and established their rule with their help and support. Catholics, who constituted a majority in
Ireland, revolted against the British on numerous occasions but were suppressed.
• Ireland forcibly became a part of Britain in 1801. The English language dominated. Both Scotland
and Ireland were subordinate to England.
The idea of a nation was expressed in various forms by artists and painters. Most of the nations were
portrayed as female figures. The female figure became an allegory of the nation. ‘Marianne’ in France
and ‘Germania’ in Germany became allegories of a nation.

An allegory is an abstract
Allegory idea which is expressed
through a person or a
thing. It can be literal or
symbolic.

‘Germania’ was an
allegory of the
German nation
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Nationalism and Imperialism

• Nationalism which is the feeling of love for one’s own nation became intense and narrow minded in
the mid-nineteenth century. Many nations became intolerant of each other and competed with one
another for the control of territories.
• Imperialism is territorial control of a region or a country by another country by using military
control.
• This feeling of nationalism became intense in the Balkan region. The Balkan region formerly
comprised the present-day territories of Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Greece, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The people in these countries were called Slavs.
• The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the region made the situation very explosive in the
region as every state was jealous of one another and hoped to gain independence at the cost of
the other.
• One by one, the European nationalities in the Balkan broke away from the control of the Ottoman
Empire and declared independence.
• As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the
Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
• During this time, many powerful European nations such as England, France, Russia and Germany
competed to gain control in the Balkan region. This competition for gaining prominence in the region
finally led to the First World War in 1914.
• Later, several Asian and African countries which were colonised by the European nations began to
oppose imperial domination. Anti- imperial movements that began in colonies were nationalist in
nature as people were fighting to form independent nation states.
HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure:
(a) cloth
(b) thread
(c) land
(d) height
2. Zollevrein started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a:
(a) Trade Union
(b) Customs Union
(c) Labour Union
(d) Farmer’s Union
3. What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the Utopian vision?
(a) Equality among people
(b) Fraternity among nations
(c) Freedom of nations
(d) Resentment against nations
4. Who were the ‘Junkers’?
(a) Soldiers
(b) Large landowners
(c) Aristocracy
(d) Weavers
5. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?
(a) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832
(b) Treaty of Vienna, 1815
(c) Treaty of Versailles, 1871
(d) None of these
6. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?
(a) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832
(b) Treaty of Vienna, 1815
(c) Treaty of Versailles, 1871
(d) None of these
7. Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?
(a) England, France, Italy, Russia
(b) England, Austria, Spain, Russia
(c) Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
(d) Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy
8. Romanticism refers to a:
(a) cultural movement
(b) religious movement
(c) political movement
(d) literary movement
9. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the
revolution of 1789?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Military
(c) Body of French Citizen
(d) Monarchy
10.Which of the following countries is considered as the ‘cradle of European civilization’?
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Greece
(d) Russia
11.Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a
society made up of Democratic and Social Republic.
(a) German
(b) Swiss
(c) French
(d) American
12.‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.
(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.
13.Match the term with the statements given below:
A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) (iii) only
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
14.Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.
(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal.
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or
reject a proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a parti-cular
region to accept or reject a proposal.
(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or
reject a proposal.
15.Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because
(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.
(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
Very Short:
1. Which French artist prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world ?
2. What do you understand by ‘absolutist’ ?
3. What is a Utopian ?
4. What are advantages of a nation ? State one advantage.
5. What is Plebiscite ?
6. What political and constitutional changes did take place in the wake of the French
Revolution in 1789 ?
7. State any one step that could create a sense of collective identity among the French
people.
8. Which clubs were set up after the French Revolution and by whom ?
9. How the Napoleon code was implemented in the regions under French control ?
10. Why did the people in the conquered territories become hostile to Napoleon’s rule ?
Short Questions:
1. What was said about Mazzini by Metternich ?
2. What Metternich remarked about events in France ?
3. Who was Lord Byron ? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence ?
4. What was Romanticism ?
5. What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland ?
6. Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s.
7. Who were Grimm brothers ? Why did they collect folktales ?
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
8. What happened in 1848 revolution in France ?
9. Define feminist.
10. What is ideology ?
Long Questions:
1. Question: Describe the political condition of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century.
2. Question: Describe the condition of the aristocracy and peasantry in Europe in the mid-
eighteenth century.
3. Question: When did industrialisation begin in Europe ? What were its consequences ?
4. Question: What do you understand by Liberalism ? Describe their ideas in the political,
social and economic spheres.
5. Question: Who were granted the right to vote in France during the period of revolution
?
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:
a. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
b. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
d. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
Reason (R): The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones –
such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political
traditions.
2. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:
a. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
b. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
d. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area
called the Balkans.
Reason (R): A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Case study Questions:
1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The
members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional
divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses. They spoke French
for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of
marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority
of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was
farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of
landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
i. Which was the dominant class on the continent of Europe?
a. Landed aristocracy.
b. Tenants.
c. Small owners.
d. High class society.
ii. What did the majority of population comprise of?
a. Tenants.
b. Small owners.
c. Land holders.
d. Peasantry.
iii. The given passage describes the social and political life of this class.
a. Serfs and peasants.
b. Big landowners.
c. Aristocracy and middle class.
d. Peasants and small owners.
iv. Aristocratic class used to speak French for the purpose of:
a. Diplomacy and high society.
b. Farming on a big land.
c. Unity among the members.
d. Educing regional divisions.
2. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
In other words, they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then
HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did
not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of
the nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as
Liberty, Justice, and the Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or
symbols. The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is
generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. Female allegories were
invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France, she has
christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s
nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap,
the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind
the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne
images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the
German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the
German oak stands for heroism.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
i. Why were Female allegories invented by artists?
a. Representation of heroism.
b. Representation of Imperialism.
c. Representation of the modern state.
d. Representation of the nation.
ii. Which of the following is an allegory for 'liberty'?
a. Red Cap.
b. Crown of Oak.
c. Olive Branch.
d. Sword.
iii. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?
a. Peace.
b. Equality.
c. Justice.
d. Liberty.
iv. Which of the following is not true with respect to "Allegory"?
a. It is a symbol representing an abstract idea.
b. Artist became an allegory of a nation.
c. It is an idea expressed through a person or a thing.
d. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
ANSWER KEY
MCQ:
1. Answer: a
2. Answer: a
3. Answer: b
4. Answer: b
5. Answer: a
6. Answer: b
7. Answer: c
8. Answer: c
9. Answer: d
10.Answer: c
11.Answer: b
12.Answer: a
13.Answer: b
14.Answer: d
15.Answer: b

Very Short Answer:

1. Answer:
Frederic Sorrieu.
2. Answer:
Absolutist, literally a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power
exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was
centralised, militarised and repressive.
3. Answer:
Utopian is a vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
4. Answer:
The existence of nations is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only
one law and only one master.
5. Answer:
Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
6. Answer:
The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of
French citizens.
The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the
nation and shape its destiny.
7. Answer:
The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of
French citizens.
The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the
nation and shape its destiny.
8. Answer:
As the news of events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other
members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
9. Answer:
In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and
manorial dues.
10.Answer:
The people became hostile due to increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into
the French armies required to conquer ihe rest of Europe. All these seemed to outweigh
the advantages of the administrative changes.

Short Answer:
1. Answer:
Metternich described him as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order”.
2. Answer:
Metternich once remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of the Europe catches
cold.”
3. Answer:
I. Lord Byron was an English poet.
II. He organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in
1824.
4. Answer: Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the
glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
5. Answer: Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music,
turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
6. Answer:
I. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.
II. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
7. Answer:
I. The Grimm brothers were born in the German city of Hanau in 1785 and 1786
respectively.
II. They collected folktales and considered their projects of collecting folk-tales and
developing the German language as part of the wider effort to oppose French
domination and create a German national identity.Answer:
8. Answer:
I. Louis Philippe was forced to flee and
II. National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
III. Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21.
IV. Right to work was guaranteed. National workshops to provide employment were set
up.
9. Answer: Feminist means awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief
of the social, economic and political equality of the genders.
10.Answer: Ideology is a system of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.

Long Answer:
1. Answer:
The political condition of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century was as mentioned below
:
(1) There were no nation states
(2) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons
whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
(3) There were autocratic monarchies in Eastern and Central Europe.
(4) People spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups,
I. For example, Habsburg Empire consisted of different regions and peoples.
II. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture,
III. It included German-speaking people of Bohemia as well as Italian-speaking people of
Lombardy and Venetia.
IV. Half of the population of Hungary was Magyar,
HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
V. Such differences did not promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding diverse
groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
2. Answer:
The condition of aristocracy and peasantry was as mentioned below :
(1) Landed aristocracy :
I. Socially and politically, ,a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
II. They were united by a common way of life, such as owning large estates and town
houses,use of French language for diplomacy and in high society.
III. They were also united with ties of marriage with each other. Thus, aristocracy was
powerful but they were in minority.
(2) Peasantry :
I. The majority of the population was peasants.
II. To the west, most of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners.
III. In the Eastern and Central Europe, there were large estates which were cultivated by
serfs.
3. Answer:
(1) Industrialisation : Industrialisation had begun in England in the second-half of the ’
eighteenth century. However, it took place in France and parts of the German states
during the nineteenth century.
(2) Its consequences were as mentioned below :
Growth of towns : Emergence of commercial classes – there was growth of towns and
the emergence of commercial classes in Western and some parts of Eastern Europe. This
was due to the growth of industrial production and trade. The existence of commercial
classes was based on production for the market.
A new working class and middle classes consisting of industrialists, businessmen,
professionals came into existence. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that
ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
4. Answer:
(1) The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free. Thus, for the
new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all
before “law.
(2) Political and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as given below :
(1) Political ideas :
I. It emphasised the concept of government by consent.
II. Since the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical
privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
 HISTORY RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
III. They did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
IV. In revolutionary France, which was the first example of liberal democracy, the right
to vote and election was exclusively granted to property-owning men. Men
without property and women were not granted political rights. Thus in the 19th
and 20th centuries there were movements demanding equal political rights.
(2) Economic ideas : They supported freedom of markets and the abolition of state-
imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the 19th century this
was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. Also see Textbook Question 4.
5. Answer:
I. In France, the right to vote and election was granted only to property-owning men.
II. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
III. During the period of Jacobins, all adult males were granted right to vote.
IV. The Napoleonic Code again granted limited right to vote. Women were reduced to
the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
V. Women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding
equal political rights during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Assertion Reason Answer:

1. (a) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
2. (b) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion

Case Study Answer:

1. i (a)Landed aristocracy.
i. (d) Peasantry.
ii. (c) Aristocracy and middle class.
iii. (a) Diplomacy and high society.

2. i (d) Representation of the nation.

ii. (a) Red Cap.
iii. (c) Justice.
iv. (b) Artist became an allegory of a nation.