ENG 19 ►In this case, any topic under the sweltering heat of the ●​ Be an observer; not a participant.

CAMPUS JOURNALISM sun may be written so long as there is no infraction to the ●​ Listen to your editor.
existing laws of the land.
LESSON 1.1: HISTORY AND FOUNDATIONS OF SOME CONCEPTS OF JOURNALISM
CAMPUS JOURNALISM [3] INDEPENDENCE
►Putting forward the life of one or two persons by slashing INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM
JOURNALISM the welfare of the general public is a clear violation of this ►Investigative journalism is a form of in-depth reporting
●​ is concerned, primarily, with the collection and tenet. that seeks to uncover hidden truths, corruption, or
dissemination of news through print media as well ►It, therefore, means that the services of a journalist misconduct in government, businesses, and other
as electronic media should be committed to the interest of the general public institutions.
●​ involves various areas of work like reporting, and not driven by the interest of money called ►Unlike daily news reporting, this requires extensive
writing, editing, photographing, broadcasting, or “envelopmental journalism.” research, analysis, and fact-checking over an extended
cable casting news items period.
●​ comes from the Latin word “diurnal” which means [4] TRUTHFULNESS AND ACCURACY ►Journalists often rely on confidential sources, public
daily ►Checking the veracity of data and information before records, and data analysis to support their findings.
●​ a communication of day-to-day information, they are published is an example of being accurate and
whether through sounds, pictures, and words truthful. DATA JOURNALISM
●​ covers the printed media that comes in the form of ►Since facts are the solid foundation of journalism, media ►Data journalism integrates statistical analysis, data
broadsheets, tabloids, newsletters, and magazines men should not therefore conceal the truth by fabricating visualization, and technology with traditional reporting to
●​ other places where journalism may also appear facts and by publishing misquoted statements and make complex information more accessible to the public.
include televisions, radio, and the internet erroneous statistics. ►It relies on large datasets, which are analyzed and
presented in interactive graphs, charts, or maps to
TENETS OF JOURNALISM [5] OBJECTIVITY AND FAIRNESS illustrate patterns and trends.
►Objectivity is simply avoiding conflicts of interest on the ►By combining data with storytelling, journalists help
[1] RESPONSIBILITY treatment of the articles and on the way arguments and audiences understand large-scale issues with clear,
►Journalists should always be aware of their obligations news are written. evidence-based insights.
to their readers to write the truth whatever it costs. ►The whole point in advocating objectivity is to be fair in
►For this reason, journalists must be brave enough to presenting information in any journalistic field. YELLOW JOURNALISM
defend facts and the truth behind the news. ►Remember, the public will see the topic according to the ►Yellow journalism is a sensationalized and often
►In this sense, the journalists’ main responsibility is to be way journalists present it; hence, reporters should exercise exaggerated form of reporting that prioritizes eye catching
the transmitter of veracity in any issue, and that they are putting the information in the right perspective. headlines over factual accuracy.
liable not to the company but to the public. ►To attain a balanced story whenever journalists face ►Emerging in the late 19th century, this type of journalism
controversial issues, they must consider the following: often relies on dramatic language, misleading information,
[2] FREEDOM OF THE PRESS ●​ Stick to the facts. and emotional appeals to attract readers.
►As a basic right, freedom of the press should be ●​ Never insert your opinion (in news). ►Common characteristics of yellow journalism include
safeguarded by the people of the media. ●​ Somebody with something to say deserves to be exaggerated headlines, scandalous stories, and the use of
heard. unnamed or unreliable sources.
 reporting for school-based publications (Brigoli & Mabulay, 1912
ADVOCACY JOURNALISM 2018). Carlos Romulo y Peña edited The Coconut, the official
►Advocacy journalism combines reporting with a clear ►With the advent of Campus Journalism Act of 1991, student publication of Manila High School (now Araullo
perspective or bias, aiming to promote a specific cause, otherwise known as Republic Act No.: 7079, the High School).
social issue, or political viewpoint. establishment of campus publication in basic education
►Unlike traditional journalism, this form openly supports and in higher learning institutions has been legalized. It is now considered the first and oldest high school
particular policies or movements, such as environmental ►It should be noted that the campus paper is newspaper in the country.
protection, human rights, or political reforms. contextualized within the institution; hence, priority issues
►While advocacy journalism can be a powerful tool for should emanate from the institution before touching local, 1923
raising awareness and inspiring action, it must balance national, and international concerns. La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high
passion with factual accuracy to maintain ►It is observed that the size and frequency of the paper school newspaper, was published by La Union High
vary, depending on the policies of the editorial board, the School.
CITIZEN JOURNALISM fund or publication budget, and the population of the
►Citizen journalism refers to the practice of ordinary learning institution. Since then, high school newspapers have come out one
individuals, rather than professional journalists, gathering ►There are higher learning institutions which can finance after the other.
and sharing news and information, often through social a semestral release of a newsletter, a tabloid, a magazine,
media platforms, blogs, or independent websites. a broadsheet, and sometimes a literary folio. 1925
►This has gained popularity due to the widespread ►The school may also release special editions of its ►The Pampangan of Pampanga High School (1925)
availability of smartphones and the internet, allowing publication during special occasions. ►The Rizalian of Rizal High School (1926)
real-time reporting of events such as protests, natural ►The Volcano of Batangas High School (1927)
disasters, and political unrest. HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM ►The Samarinian of Samar High School (1928)
►Citizen journalism plays a crucial role in covering stories ►The Melting Pot of Tarlac High School in (1929)
that mainstream media might overlook, offering diverse 1890 ►The Torres Torch of Torres High School (1930)
perspectives and immediate coverage. The history of campus journalism in the Philippines began ►The Cagayan Student Chronicle of Cagayan High
►However, the lack of editorial oversight and fact checking with the publication of El Liliputiense by the University of School (1931)
raises concerns about misinformation and bias. Santo Tomas (Valenzuela, 1933; Lent, 1964).
1931
DEFINITION AND HISTORY OF CAMPUS PAPER 1910 The first National Secondary Schools Press Conference
The University of the Philippines published The College (NSSPC) was held, recognizing the growing importance of
CAMPUS JOURNALISM Folio, which later became The Philippine Collegian; campus journalism.
►Campus journalism is the practice of gathering, writing,
editing, and publishing news and information by students Its contemporary include: 1970
within an educational institution, typically through school ►The Torch of the Philippine Normal University Ferdinand Marcos declared the Martial Law, which led to
newspapers, magazines, or digital platforms. ►The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University strict censorship and shutdowns of many campus papers.
►It refers to journalistic efforts carried out by students ►The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas
within a school setting, encompassing news writing,
editorial writing, feature writing, and other forms of
1986 ►The function of the adviser shall be limited to one of [4] EDUCATION FUNCTION
After Marcos was overthrown, student publications technical guidance. ►The school paper may showcase topics that may be
regained freedom, tackling issues such as democracy and discussed intensively and extensively for the reading public
governance. SECTION 7. SECURITY OF TENURE to be educated especially on tabooed topics.
►A member of publication staff must maintain his or her
1991 status as student in order to retain membership in the [5] WATCHDOG FUNCTION
Republic Act No. 7079, also known as the Campus publication staff. ►The school paper serves as the harbinger of truth in the
Journalism Act of 1991, was enacted to promote ►A student shall not be expelled or suspended solely on campus.
responsible and free journalism among students. the basis of articles he/she has written, or on the basis of ►The writers are the eyes of the readers to see what is
the performance of his/her duties in the student happening in the school and to guard the right of the young
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7079 publication. ones.

SECTION 2. DECLARATION OF POLICY SECTION 8. PRESS CONFERENCE AND TRAINING [6] DOCUMENTATION FUNCTION
►“to uphold and protect the freedom of the press even at SEMINARS ►The school paper also serves as a posterity tool of
the campus level and promote the development and ►The DECS shall sponsor periodic competitions, press worthy and must-be-remembered occasions in the
growth of campus journalism as a means of strengthening conferences and training seminars shall be held at the campus.
ethical values, encouraging critical and creative thinking, institutional, divisional, regional, and national levels. ►This is why the copies are stored in the campus library.
and developing moral character and personal discipline of
the Filipino youth” FUNCTIONS OF CAMPUS PAPER [7] LABORATORY FUNCTION
►“undertake various programs and projects aimed at ►The school paper is a miniature version of the daily
improving the journalistic skills of students and promoting [1] INFORMATION FUNCTION newspaper where all rights and privileges, including
responsible and free journalism” ►Information dissemination is the main purpose of the concepts and skills in journalism are practiced.
campus paper. ►It becomes an avenue of teaching budding.
SECTION 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS ►It gives readers information concerning the things
►School – an institution for learning around the community and within the school. SCOPE OF CAMPUS PAPER
►Student Publication – the issue of any printed material The parts of the school paper typically include:
that is independently published by the studentry [2] OPINION FUNCTION ►News Section
►Student Journalist – any bona fide student enrolled ►Editors have the chance to post their opinion regarding ►Editorial-Opinion Section
who passed the qualifications of the editorial board current events inside the school and the community. ►Feature Section
►Editorial Board – composed of student journalists who ►The main purpose for this is to persuade the reader ►Special Sections (Literary, DevComm, Science)
have qualified in placement examinations toward a certain point of view. ►Sports Section
►Editorial Policies – set of guidelines
[3] ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION
SECTION 6. PUBLICATION ADVISER ►The school paper likewise showcases feature stories,
►The publication adviser shall be selected by the school ►These stimulate the soul and feed the brain at the same
administration from a list of recommended submitted by time.
the publication staff.
COMPOSITION OF CAMPUS PAPER (SIMPLE) CIRCULATION MANAGER
►ensures the release and distribution of the paper
►guarantees smooth flow of the passing of articles from
reporters to section editors
►keeps records of recipients of the newspapers

NEWS, FEATURES, SPORTS EDITOR

►assigns writers to cover events and write articles
►first check/edit and approve the articles submitted under
his/her section

COPY EDITOR
►edits all the articles for content, grammar, style, and tone

LAYOUT ARTIST
►designs and format all the pages of the paper

EDITOR IN CHIEF
►supervises the editorial staff of the paper
►writes the editorial in consultation with the members of
the staff
►edits all articles preparatory of the layout
►acts as a liaison officer

ASSOCIATE EDITOR
►edits articles in cooperation with the editor-in-chief
►may be delegated to write the editorial
►coordinates with the EIC and the managing editor
►acts as OIC when the EIC is not around

MANAGING EDITOR
►brings the articles to the press for typesetting (traditional)
►manages the day-to-day processes of the publication
►may act as the secretary of the publication and do all the
admin-related works
LESSON 1.2: THE BASICS OF NEWS WRITING NEWS VALUES (FINDING NEWSWORTHY) In addition, there are also:
►Fact Story
NEWS TIMELINESS ►Speech Story
●​ information only The more recent the event, the more appealing to the
●​ any oral or written report of an event that reader. TYPES OF NEWS
happened, is happening, or will happen in the
North, East, West, and South that is of interest to PROXIMITY [1] HARD NEWS
the reader and which should be reported (Soriano, Although proximity refers to geographical location, it Also known as the straight news, the first paragraph
2012) likewise means the nearness of interest and appeal. answers most of the 5Ws and 1H.
●​ about an event or a reaction that is presented
factually and simply in written form to give the PROMINENCE The body paragraphs consist of elaboration of the 5Ws
reader an idea of what is currently happening Popular names can effectuate situations and their acts and 1H.
around him or her (Malinao, 2008) may be more interesting to others.
●​ ‘literature in a hurry’ (Estrada and Singh, 1987) It is written using the inverted triangle structure.
SIGNIFICANCE
PERSONAL INTAKE If something is important to the reader, surely he/she will [2] SOFT NEWS
●​ News Writing is central to campus journalism, read the news as it bears high degree of significance. This is often associated to feature writing, although it may
delivery of factual information. also include the space in between – the news feature.
●​ With a different purpose (to give an opinion), there IMPACT
comes editorial writing. Considering progress, attaining breakthroughs and It may follow the serifed “I” with the first paragraph being a
●​ With a different approach (softer, not much achieving a sense of development in society are given novelty lead, followed by the body, then a conclusion.
straight), there comes feature writing. much attention by readers.
●​ With a different media (using visual elements), [3] FACT STORY
there comes photojournalism. ODDITY This is plain exposition of a simple situation or a series of
●​ With a specific content (topics in specific areas), When persons are curious about a phenomenon deviating closely related events which conforms to the inverted
there comes sports writing as well as science and from a natural course, they will be interested in such a triangle.
devcomm writing. topic or issue.
The component parts are the series of facts that may be
ABC PRINCIPLES CONFLICT likened to rectangles of diminishing length arranged one
●​ Accuracy The physical and mental struggles of persons are also after the other in order of their importance.
●​ Brevity newsworthy, typically competitions.
●​ Clarity Example: news about enrollment
TYPES OF NEWS
In general, there are two types of news:
►Hard News
►Soft News
[4] SPEECH STORY Communication Arts Festival at the LSPU Mini Theater, TIP-BITS
This is a news geared towards a delivered speech (usually December 13. ●​ Avoid editorializing
done within an event) to highlight its points. ●​ Avoid using first and second person
The body of news includes: ●​ Avoid too long paragraphs
The structure may be chartered as alternating large and ●​ elaboration of information ●​ Avoid messy handwriting, poor grammar, and
small rectangles of diminishing size: lead, nut graph, ●​ background story misspelling
quotes, transition, quote, transition, etc ●​ quotations and attributions
●​ transitions
Example: news about the commencement speech
THE HEADLINE: DEFINITION AND FORMAT
With all the types of news, the following can be possible
sources of news in the campus: HEADLINE
●​ School Activities and Events Headline is an assemblage of words in bigger fonts above
●​ Policies and Programs news articles, serving as the TITLE.
●​ Recent Development
●​ Untoward Incidents As a general rule, the headline follows the format of a
●​ Speeches sentence without a period.

SUMMARY LEAD Examples:

Summary lead is the type of lead used in straight news. It S-TV-DO
carries most of the 5Ws and 1H. Depending on which of ●​ SHS holds Comm Arts Fest
these info you start, it can be weak, average, or strong.
S-IV
WEAK LEADS: When, Where ●​ Cabiente sits as new CD
AVERAGE LEADS: What, Who ●​ Enrollment drops
STRONG LEADS: Why, How
For past and present events, use the present tense:
Why Lead ●​ LSPU opens new courses
To serve as culminating activity for the subject Oral ●​ English majors train on campus journ
Communication in Context, the Senior High School
Department conducted the 1st Communication Arts For future events, use the infinitive form of the verb (to +
Festival at the LSPU Mini Theater, December 13. base form of the verb):
●​ CTE to host 2020 Commencement
How Lead ●​ Alberto to run for presidency
Ending the first semester of the academic year 2019-2020,
the Senior High School Department conducted the 1st
LESSON 2.1: WRITING FEATURES & EDITORIALS INFORMATIVE FEATURE
[6] RELATABLE - gives information on subjects or current interest to the
Next to news, the other basic journal forms essential in a May connect with readers by tapping into shared public
school paper are feature and editorial. These two experiences. - usually based on interviews and/or research
categories are emerged from news writing:
●​ with a different approach to delivering facts, comes [7] ENGAGING ●​ the emergence of translanguaging in English
feature writing Captivates readers’ emotions and holds their interest. Language Teaching
●​ with a different purpose of expression, comes ●​ the mystery behind the Yamashita treasure
editorial writing
Like a news article, a feature A feature story is not an
story also… editorial because… HUMAN INTEREST FEATURE
FEATURE WRITING - called “concerned” story
- an interesting article that focuses on certain people, ●​ Follows the principles ●​ It does not aim to - deals with incidents that deserve attention because of a
places, events, or various subject matters of accuracy, brevity, share an opinion. dramatic, humorous, tragic, or odd angle
- “breaks the box of rules” where news writing is and clarity. ●​ It barely has a stand or - appeals to the emotion
incarcerates ●​ Base its contents on argument.
facts.
- longer, more in depth, and more elaborate ●​ Recovery from the aftermath of Typhoon Kristine
- called a “jewel” in a newspaper Unlike a news article, a feature A feature story is not a ●​ Esnyr’s relatable skits and characters
story… creative writing piece
A FEATURE STORY IS… because… HOW-TO FEATURE
[1] FACTUAL ●​ Uses novelty lead. - educational in essence
●​ Does not limit itself to ●​ It does not primarily
Based on real events, people or issues, even when written - provide knowledge about process or activity
one sentence, one stem from the
creatively. paragraph. imagination of the - showcase step-by-step procedures
●​ Puts ‘spices’ in the author.
[2] EVOCATIVE delivery of facts. ●​ starting a small online business
Creates mental images through vivid and detailed ●​ preparing for a natural disaster
storytelling. ●​ DIY dalgona coffee
TYPES OF FEATURE STORIES

[3] ANECDOTAL PERSONALITY SKETCH

NEWS FEATURE
Often uses anecdotes to personalize and humanize the - also known as profile features
- based on current news; gets its material from current
topic. - may be about celebrities, political figures, athletes,
events
beauty queens, etc
- covers details that were omitted in the hard straight news
[4] TIMELESS - about “people” whom people might be interested
Can remain meaningful long after they are published.
●​ FPRRD’s arrest on March 11
●​ personal and political journey of Leni Robredo
●​ Pope Francis’s health status after having been
[5] UNIQUE ●​ simple individuals with triumphs and success
admitted to the hospital
Presents a fresh perspective or a different take on a
common topic.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE [5] DESCRIPTIVE LEAD
- tells some unusual true-to-life and first-hand experiences Example Creates a strong image in the mind of the reader using
of the writer Have you ever wondered what life would be like in a place colorful and concrete words.
- written in the first-person account where no one locks their doors? In Batanes, a province
- often reflective where crime is almost nonexistent, locals trust their Example
neighbors so much that leaving homes and stores As the sun bids goodbye for one hot tiring day, I see on my
●​ experiences of a writer growing up in a broken unlocked is a norm. left the green robust hills. On my right are the unending
family curves and twists of the majestic landscapes of Batan
●​ grief recovery journey of a writer from a deceased [2] STRIKING STATEMENT LEAD Island. In front of me is the bluish ocean whose waves are
loved one An enticing piece of information in a short punch line. May unendingly racing towards the rocks…
be used to compel attention.
TRAVELOGUE [6] STACCATO
- account of one’s travel experience and a vivid description Example Series of sudden and brief ideas, words, or phrases
of places visited Batanes is proof that not all paradises are lost. While describing the subject.
- highlights the beauty of interacting with people and modernization has rapidly changed many tourist
places destinations, Batanes remains untouched – its raw beauty Example
preserved by the very people who call it home. Breathtaking. Mesmerizing. Enchanting. Jaw-dropping.
●​ travel to tourist spots like Batanes, Boracay, etc These are only four words among the 101 was to describe
●​ simple travel that allows one to have realizations [3] QUOTATION LEAD Batanes.
Famous quotes that can arrest the attention of readers.
OTHER TYPES OF FEATURE STORIES May be overused or not. BODY
●​ Seasonal or Holiday ●​ provides the “thread” of the narrative
●​ Science and Technology Example ●​ adds background information when necessary
●​ Historical and Cultural “Honesty is the best policy.” In Batanes, this is not merely a ●​ depends its organization on the information or
●​ Lifestyle quotation. It is the people’s policy deeply reflected in their topic, typically arranged: chronologically, in order of
●​ Entertainment culture of values and hospitality. importance, by logical/spatial patterns
●​ may include dialogues for authenticity
STRUCTURE OF A FEATURE STORY [4] PARODY LEAD
Imitates a well-known phrase or line for a creative opening. CONCLUSION/ENDING
INTRODUCTION/LEAD Uses lines from a song, movie, or book. ●​ establishes a link with the introduction or the lead
●​ sets the tone for the rest of the article ●​ should still be engaging for the readers even until
●​ provokes the readers’ interest by making an usual Example the last moment
statement which can be: “Mirror, mirror on the wall, which is the fairest province of ●​ may be done using:
them all?” If breathtaking landscapes, untouched nature,
[1] QUESTION LEAD and a peaceful way of life are the standards for beauty,
Raises a rhetorical question that the article may try to then Batanes is the undisputed queen.
explore or discuss.
[1] QUESTION [4] GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE
Not intended to leave the readers hanging, but to let them Offers a logical guess of the future based on the story.
ponder whether they are full or still wanting. May also pose
a challenge. Example
Batanes will continue to stand resilient, just as it always
Example has. As waves crash against its cliffs and the wind sweeps
As you stand atop the rolling hills, watching the waves across its rolling hills, the province will remain a sanctuary
crash against the rugged cliffs, you can’t help but wonder: of nature and culture.
Is this the closest thing to paradise? And if so, how far
would you go to keep it that way? TIP-BITS

[2] QUOTATION In making a title, you may use…

Quotation that can conclude the whole feature. ●​ one-word title
●​ brief question (sparingly)
Example ●​ contrasting phrase
An Ivatan elder once said, “In Batanes, nature does not
belong to us – we belong to nature.” Perhaps that is why In deciding the length, remember that…
this province remains untouched, its beauty unspoiled. ●​ feature articles in contests shall not be very long
Here, people live not to conquer the land but to coexist (more or less 500 words)
with it. ●​ feature articles for publication are longer (especially
for magazines)
[3] CIRCUMFERENCE
Stating an idea from the beginning, somehow making the In delivery…
story tied up. ●​ show, don’t tell
●​ use figurative language cautiously (idiomatic
Example expressions, imagery, figures of speech)
As the sun bids goodbye once more, I take one last glance ●​ use a lot of adjectives and adverbs
at the green hills, the winding landscapes, and the restless ●​ avoid high-brow language
waves. What was once just a breathtaking view has now
become a memory etched in my heart – one that whispers In general…enjoy and feel what you are writing!
an invitation to return.

​
EDITORIAL WRITING [5] OPINIONATED EDITORIAL OF PRAISE OR COMMENDATION
Take a stand on an issue rather than merely presenting Praises worthy deeds done by a person or by an
EDITORIAL neutral facts. institution. Done for very sensitive topics.
●​ an article that presents the newspaper’s opinion on
a pressing issue [6] RATIONAL STRUCTURE OF AN EDITORIAL
●​ typically unsigned or had no by-line Must have arguments that are free from fallacies.
●​ a concise expression of facts and opinions or an INTRODUCTION
analytical interpretation of significant and timely [7] INFLUENTIAL Includes two key elements: the newspeg and the thesis
topics or issues Has the power to shape public view, influence policies, or statement.
inspire action.
Similar to debate an editorial has the following elements: ●​ NEWSPEG - the issue to which the editorial is
●​ Issue - a topic that sparks diverging opinions and [8] AGREED UPON anchored
needs to be talked about Reflect the collective stance of a publication or editorial ●​ THESIS STATEMENT - a sentence that contains
●​ Group - pertains to the collective individuals board. the main argument or reaction to the issue
sharing the same stand
●​ Stand - the claim or the main position of the group [9] LOGICAL Example (Highlighted - Newspeg, Left Out - Thesis)
in the issue Must follow a coherent, structured flow, ensuring clarity Not more than a month ago, Sec. Leonor Briones received
●​ Support - specific pieces of evidence that provides and impact. mixed feedback on the Department of Education’s
strength to the stand statement that supports the “No Homework Policy” Bill
Generally, an editorial aims to express opinion. Depending separately proposed by House Deputy Speaker Evelina
An editorial is… on specific aims, this may take several types. Escudero and Quezon City Representative Alfred Vargas.
Though there are points to consider, the bill seems
[1] EVIDENCE - BASED TYPES OF EDITORIAL irrational.
Built on facts, data, and credible sources to support
arguments. EDITORIAL OF INTERPRETATION BODY
Mainly aims to put the news in its proper perspective. Done Provides reasoning to the main claim. At least three
[2] DEBATABLE for issues that are new and not common. reasons to support the claim.
Tackles controversial or thought-provoking issues.
EDITORIAL OF CRITICISM Ideally, each reason shall take a separate paragraph and
[3] ISSUE - CENTERED Points out the faults in a situation or in an issue mentioned shall be supported by further details, elaboration, etc.
Focuses on a current news event or a specific issue. in the news. Done for very sensitive topics.
Example
[4] THESIS - GUIDED EDITORIAL OF ARGUMENTATION/PERSUASION Homework, also known as assignment is any task given by
Follows a clear central argument that is developed Follows the principles of argumentation and tries to teachers to students to be completed outside the school
throughout the article. convince readers. Done for issues that need balanced premises. As the name suggests, it is usually done at
views. home. These tasks strengthen what the students learned
from a certain topic, keeping it refreshed as they answer or
complete the given tasks. If there is no homework’s, the Example (Highlight - Summary, Left Out - Advice)
students may just simply forget the lesson as they reach Summing up, homework is a helpful tool in reinforcing
home. learning. Before, the department already banned teachers
from giving homework on weekends. Totally forbidding
When shifting from one topic to another, some teachers teachers to give homework even on weekdays is a step
would give homework for the students in the form of backward from quality education. However, to solve
advanced reading. In such instances, the topic may be too problems on excessive giving of homework, a joint
broad for an hour or less of classroom discussion. In consultation shall be teachers together with the students.
subjects such as English or Filipino, reading a long
selection or literature in class may consume too much
EDITORIAL OPINION COLUMN
time. If these tasks will be given as homework, then there
would be not much time constraints. In terms of perspective… In terms of perspective…
●​ represents the official ●​ represents the
As the bill says, homework can deprive students and stance of the personal opinion of its
parents of quality time for rest, relaxation and interaction, publication writer
but why does it have to be that way? Parents can use the In terms of tone… In terms of tone…
homework time to bond with their children by guiding them ●​ formal and authoritative ●​ can be informal,
in answering the questions and completing the tasks. As conversational, and
the saying goes, you are hitting two birds with one stone. even emotional

In terms of content In terms of content

Three reasoning used:
treatment… treatments…
●​ Assignments strengthened what the students ●​ rational and fact-based, ●​ can be highly
learned from a certain topic. though it reflects subjective, even
●​ Assignments can be in the form of advanced opinion provocative
reading, limiting time constraints.
●​ Doing assignments can be a bonding between A feature article is primarily designed to entertain, or
parents and children. engage readers through storytelling, often using
descriptive language and a flexible structure. It can cover a
CONCLUSION wide range of topics.
Provides a strong end to the editorial. It may include:
●​ summary - sums up the claim and reasons in a In contrast, an editorial is a formal piece that represents
striking statement the collective stance of a publication on a current issue,
●​ advice - suggests a possible solution on the issue aiming to persuade or influence public opinion. It follows a
raised structured, argumentative format, using logic and evidence
to support its position.
LESSON 2.2: WRITING ABOUT SPECIFIC TOPICS
INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH (1980s-1990s) TECHNIQUES IN DEVCOMM
DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION WRITING ●​ Information Dissemination
1987 - The department was elevated to the Institute of ●​ Behavior Change
DEVCOMM Development Communication. ●​ Social Marketing
- systematic use of communication to persuade target ●​ Community Participation
groups to change their habits, lifestyle and ways of 1998 - It became the College of Development
thought, so that they may support to and actively Communication (CDC) at UPLB. WORTHY SUBJECTS IN DEVCOMM
participate in the promotion of development ●​ Agriculture
- dissemination of information that would enable the 1999 - CHED recognized CDC as a Center of Excellence ●​ Education
individual help himself to become progressive and in Communication. ●​ Environment
productive citizen ●​ Health
EXPANSION (2000s) ●​ Housing
AGRICULTURAL FOUNDATIONS (1950s-1960s) ●​ More schools offered degree programs in ●​ Population
Development Communication. ●​ Security
1954 - The University of the Philippines’ College of ●​ DevComm research focus on key areas such as ●​ Science
Agriculture (UPCA) established the Office of Extension and climate change communication, health ●​ Welfare
Publications (OEP), initiating research on communication’s communication, sustainable development, and
role in natural development. community empowerment. In the elementary and high school level, devcomm writing
is not an individual category in the school press
1962 - The OEP was elevated to the Department of THE APPROACH IN DEVCOMM conferences. However, at the college level, devcomm
Agricultural Information and Communication (DAIC), which writing is one of the 12 individual contests.
offered the country’s first communication course in 1960 as According to Quebral (1971), development communication
part of the Bachelor of Science in Agriculture curriculum. is the art and science of human communication to elevate While devcomm may take various forms (eg, news and
the condition of the society and to attain human editorial/opinion), it usually comes as a feature article with
EMERGENCE OF DEVCOMM (1970s) development for the ultimate benefit of the society. some differences.

1971 - Nora C. Quebral, a faculty member at UPLB, An ART because in relaying a message, creativity is FEATURE & DEVCOMM SIMILARITIES
defined Development Communication in her paper needed to attract the attention of its audience. ●​ Both require factual reporting
Development Communication in the Agricultural Context ●​ Both use free-flowing words
presented at a symposium at UPLB. A SCIENCE because a systematic approach which mostly ●​ Both are slightly editorialized
based on the methods of science is followed in order to ●​ Both are personal and have humanizing qualities
1973 - DAIC was renamed the Department of address a situation.
Development Communication, reflecting its broader focus FEATURE & DEVCOMM DIFFERENCES
beyond agriculture; it began offering the world’s first About HUMAN COMMUNICATION because ●​ F writers write anything under the sun; D writers
degree programs in Development Communication, people-centeredness is the most important aspect for write anything that has a great impact on society.
including bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. development communication.
 ●​ F articles are about human interest; D articles are ●​ ANATOMY - structure of living organisms, like humans professional or academic purposes; the goal is precision
all about human development. ●​ ENTOMOLOGY - insects and their classifications and clarity for reproducibility
●​ F are emotional and entertaining; D articles are ●​ MYCOLOGY - fungi, their form and function - in terms of audience, it is targeted towards experts,
also emotional but serious eye-openers. ●​ SEISMOLOGY - earthquakes, seismic waves researchers, or professionals within a specific field who
●​ ICHTHYOLOGY - fish
require detailed and accurate technical information
●​ HERPETOLOGY - reptiles, amphibians
TIPS FOR CONTENT - in terms of style, it is very formal, concise, and
●​ PALEONTOLOGY - fossils, ancient life forms
●​ Humanize the context data-driven with specialized terminology and formats
●​ Simplify technical terms; avoid technical jargons TECHNOLOGY
●​ Use statistics carefully - practical application of scientific knowledge to create SCI-TECH WRITING
●​ Keep in mind your purpose in writing tools, systems, and processes that solve problems or - also known as popular science writing or science
improve human life journalism
TIPS FOR STYLE - involves designing, developing, and using machines, - in terms of purpose, it aims to inform, educate, or even
●​ Use shorter and simpler sentence structures software, and techniques to enhance efficiency and entertain readers by making scientific concepts and
●​ Observe basic principles of good writing (ABC - productivity discoveries accessible to a general audience
, UCE - , grammar - in terms of audience, it is targeted towards non-experts,
​ and mechanics) Examples such as general public, students, or enthusiasts with no
●​ Farming applies the science of biology. formal scientific background
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WRITING ●​ Pharmacy applies the science of chemistry. - in terms of style, it uses clear, engaging language and
●​ Robotics applies the science of physics. often incorporates storytelling, analogies, or vivid
SCIENCE descriptions to simplify complex topics
- body of knowledge OTHER FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY
- systematic study of natural world through observation, ●​ Information and Communication Like devcomm, sci-tech writing may take various forms
experimentation, and analysis ●​ Industrial and Engineering (news, editorial/opinion, feature). In school papers, all
- drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence ●​ Health and Medical these forms of sci-tech writing may be published, mostly
- divided into various branches, each focusing on different ●​ Agricultural and Environmental news and feature.
aspects of knowledge ●​ Transportation
In elementary and high school, sci-tech writing is one of
Under Natural Sciences, there’s Life Sciences, Physical Although often confused and thought of as similar, the individual categories in the press conference. Usually,
Sciences, and Earth Sciences. scientific writing and sci-tech writing are not the same sci-tech is required in the contest.
thing. They can be contrasted by purpose, audience, and
BRANCH OF SCIENCE style of communication. FORMS OF SCI-TECH WRITING
●​ BOTANY - plants
●​ CHEMISTRY - substance and their properties SCI-TECH NEWS
SCIENTIFIC WRITING
●​ ASTRONOMY - celestial objects, space, and the - purely factual and straight-forward
universe - also known as technical writing
- in terms of purpose, it aims to document detailed - information regarding science discoveries, technological
●​ GENETICS - heredity and patterns of inherited traits
scientific data, methods, and findings, often for advancements, medical and health issues, etc
●​ METEOROLOGY - weather, climate, atmosphere
- follows the decreasing importance (flows from the most SPORTS WRITING [3] SPORTS LINGO
important to the least important information) Each sport has its own technical vocabulary. Using the
DEFINITION correct terms adds precision and builds trust with informed
Lead - specialized form of reporting that focuses on athletic readers.
Supporting Details (Findings, Process, Interview of events and related topics within a school setting or even
Professionals) - Elaboration national ●​ Basketball - dunk, fadeaway, rebound, turnover
- depends on the type, it goes beyond mere game ●​ Volleyball - block, dig, spike, serve
SCI-TECH FEATURE coverage, incorporating analysis, human interest stories, ●​ Badminton - backhand, love, smash, rally
- interesting science story and the emotions tied to competition
- more fluid than science news and science - in journalism, sports page is considered the toy Like devcomm and sci-tech, sports articles may take
editorial/opinion; free writing department of the newspaper various forms (news, editorial/opinion, feature).
- from semi-formal, to more on reader-friendly, to almost - it is essential for the sports writer to not only know about
conversational a specific sport but be passionate and enthusiastic about it Sports feature may be about the following:
- may have an introduction, body paragraphs, and ●​ School athletes’ profile
conclusion, but still free LANGUAGE TOOLS FOR SPORTS WRITERS ●​ Behind-the-scenes
●​ Sports trends
Introduction (Catchy Statement, Hooking Start) [1] ACTION-ORIENTED VERBS
Body (Details, Quotes, Statistics) Sports writing thrives on verbs that convey motion, In all levels, sports writing contests in school press
Conclusion (Conclusive or Predictive Statement, Witty intensity, and impact. These words bring the game to life conferences always require sports news. This can be:
Statement) for readers, especially those who didn't witness the match.
COVERAGE STORY
TIP-BITS ●​ The Tigers demolished their rivals with a 42-10 A report of the outcome of the game, how it is played,
●​ avoid using jargons (limit to 5, if inevitable, provide finish. includes the highlight.
an explanation before or after the term) ●​ She sliced through the defense and drilled the ball
●​ avoid exaggerating (misinterpretation to into the net. ADVANCE STORY
misinformation, overstating results can distort Presents facts of the upcoming event; tells the line-ups of
scientific truth) [2] FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE competing teams.
●​ simplify explanations (break down concepts in Figurative language turns routine descriptions into
understandable language, use analogies) memorable storytelling. It adds emotion and color to the Lead (Mentions the winners and score)
●​ bear in mind the audience (always consider the “plainness” of usual news writing. Body (Crowd and celebration, Highlights of the game,
audience, ask yourself if you would read the article) Weather condition, Play by play, Quotation)
●​ The goalkeeper was a brick wall, blocking every
shot that came his way. TIP-BITS
●​ Like a bullet, the ball streaked across the field into Before the game…
the top corner. ●​ know the rules of the game
●​ Fate smiled on the underdogs that night. ●​ Know key people
●​ list down the names in full and check the spelling
 ●​ interview key people involved in the game

During the actual game…

●​ look for a good place where you can get the best
view of the game
●​ observe closely and take down details

After the game…

●​ check the accuracy of the scores from the officials
●​ interview the star player or coach of the winning
team