CHAPTER

2 Animal Kingdom

Kingdom Levels of Body Cavity

Organisation Symmetry Phylum
or Coelom
Cellular level mostly acoelomata Porifera
asymmetrical
Coelenterata
Animalia
Radial acoelomata (Cnidaria)
(multicellular)
Ctenophora
Tissue/ Organ/
Organ system Without body cavity Platyhelminthes
(acoelomates)

With false coelom Aschelminthes

Bilateral (pseudocoelomates)
Annelida
Arthropoda
With true coelom Mollusca
(coelomates)
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata

Level of Digestive Circulatory Respiratory

Phylum Symmetry Coelom Segmentation Distinctive Features
Organisation System System System

Body with pores and canals in

Porifera Cellular Various Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
walls.

Coelenterata
Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Cnidoblasts present.
(Cnidaria)

Ctenophora Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Comb plates for locomotion.

Organ &
Platyhelminthes Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Flat body, suckers.
Organ-system

Pseudo-
Aschelminthes Organ-system Bilateral Absent Complete Absent Absent Often worm-shaped, elongated.
coelomate

Annelida Organ-system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Absent Body segmentation like rings.

Exoskeleton of cuticle, jointed

Arthropoda Organ-system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present
appendages.

External skeleton of shell

Mollusca Organ-system Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
usually present.

Water vascular system, radial

Echinodermata Organ-system Radial Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
symmetry.

Worm-like with proboscis,

Hemichordata Organ-system Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
collar and trunk.

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve

Chordata Organ-system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present
cord, gill slits with limbs or fins.
Classification of Chordata
Phylum : CHORDATA

Group: Acraniata Craniata/Euchordata

or (Higher chordates)
Protochordata (lower chordates)

Subphylum: Urochordata Subphylum: Cephalochaordata

(Tunicates) (Lancelets)

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Division: Agnatha Division: Gnathostomata

(Jawless) (bear jaw)

Class: Agnatha (Jawless)

Superclass: PISCES Superclass: Tetrapoda

Class Class

Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Anamniotes Amniotes
(lower vertebrates) (Higher vertebrates)

Classification of Mammals
Class Mammalia

Sub-class: Prototheria Sub-class: Theria

Order
Monotremata Infra-class Infra-class
Metatheria Eutheria
E.g. Ornithorhynchus (Duck-
billed platypus), Tachyglossus Marsupial Placental
(Echidna or spiny ant-eater) (7 orders) Mammals (19 orders)

E.g. Marcopus (Kangaroo), Macacus E.g. Macaca (Monkey),

(Monkey), Homo sapiens (human being) Homo sapiens (Human being)

6 NEET (XI) Module-1 Zoology PW

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Levels
Levels of
of Organisation
organisation Coelom
Coelom
Cellular: Sponges. Acoelomate- Sponges, Coelenterate,
Tissue level: Coelenterates, Ctenophores. Platyhelminthes.
Organ level: Platyhelmenthes. Pseudocoelomate- Aschelminthes.
Organ system-Annelida, Arthropoda and Coelomate- Annelids and higher
higher animals. animals.

Symmetry
Asymmetric-Sponges. Circulatory system
Radially symmetry: Coelenterates, Adult
Echinoderms, Ctenophores. Open: blood vessels absent.
Bilateral symmetry: Annelida to Chordate, Closed: blood vessels present.

BASIS OF
larvae of Echinoderm.

CLASSIFICATION
Notochord
Germ layer It is mesodermally derived rod like structure
formed on dorsal side during embryonic stage.
Diploblastic: Sponge, Coelenterates,
Chordates: animals with notochord in any
Ctenophores. stage of life.
Triploblastic: Platyhelminthes and higher Eg-Fish, Amphibia, Reptile, Bird, Mammal.
animals. Non-chordates: Porifera to Hemichordata.

Segmentation
Digestive system Body is externally & internally divided into
Incomplete- Platyhelminthes, segments with serial repetition of at least
Coelenterates. some organs. Show Metameric
segmentation.
Complete- Aschelminthes to Chordates.
Eg-Earthworm(Annelida).
Segmentation also seen in Arthropodes
& Chordates.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM COELENTRATA PHYLUM

(CNIDARIA) CTENOPHORA

• Habitat-They are generally marine; some • Habitat- Aquatic; mostly marine; sessile or Also called sea walnuts/comb jellies
fresh water. free swimming. • Habitat-exclusively marine
• Canal system-water enter through ostia into • Cnidoblasts/Cnidocytes- Contain stinging Special organ-8 external rows of ciliated
central cavity (spongocoel) & goes out capsules/nematocysts & present on comb plates help in locomotion.
through osculum. tentacles & used for anchorage, defense, • Digestion-both extra & intra-cellular
prey capturing. • Special property- bioluminescence
• Helpful in food gathering, respiratory
• Body cavity- have central gastrovascular (emits light).
exchange & waste removal.
cavity with single opening (hypostome) • Reproduction- only sexual
• Choanocytes/collar cells (flagellated)-lines
• Digestion- both extra & intracellular. (hermaphrodite).
spongocoel.
• Skeleton- Corals have calcium carbonate • Fertilisation-external with indirect
• Digestion-intracellular.
skeleton. development.
• Skeleton-spicules & spongin fibres. • Eg- Pleurobrachia & Ctenoplana.
• Basic body forms- Polyp (sessile &
• Reproduction- hermaphrodite (bisexual);
cylindrical form of Hydra, Adamsia) &
asexually by fragmentation.
medusa (umbrella-shaped & free swimming
• Fertilisation-internal with indirect
like Aurelia/ Jellyfish).
development (larval stage is found with
• Eg-Hydra, Aurelia (Jelly fish), Obelia (Sea
morphologically dissimilar larvae). fur), Physalia (Portugese man of war),
• Eg- Sycon (scypha), Spongilla (fresh water Adamsia(sea anemone), Pennatula (sea
sponge), Euspongia (bath sponge). pen),Gorgonia (sea fan), Meardrina (brain
coral) Alternation of generation
(metagenesis), Shown by Obelia.
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
FLAT WORMS ROUND WORMS

• Body shape-dorsoventrally flattened. • Body shape- circular cross section.

• Habitat-mostly endoparasites (in animals.) • Habitat- free-living,aquatic, terrestrial, parasite on
• Special structure-hooks & suckers are found for clinging plant & animal.
& absorption. Some absorb nutrients directly from • Digestive system-complete with well developed
surface of host. muscular pharynx.
• Excretory cells-flame cells help in osmoregulation. • Excretion-Rennet cells(H-shaped tube) removes waste
• Reproduction- hermaphrodites. through excretory pore.
• Fertilisation-internal with indirect development • Reproduction-unisexual/ dioecious.
(many larval stages). • Dimorphism- male smaller than female.
Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. • Fertilisation-internal with direct or indirect development.
• Eg-Taenia (tape worm), Fasciola(liver fluke), Planaria. • Eg- Ascaris (round worm), Wucheria (filarial worm).

PHYLUM ANNELIDA PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Largest phylum (includes insects).

• Body shape-marked out into metameres/ segments
• Segmentation-present.
(latin-annulus or little ring).
• Skeleton-exoskeleton is of Chitin.
• Habitat- aquatic, terrestrial, free-living, rarely parasite • Body division-head, thorax, abdomen.
• Locomotory organs-body wall has longitudinal & circular • Locomotion-by jointed appendages.
muscles. Aquatic annelids like Neries possess lateral • Respiration-by gills, book gills, book lungs, tracheal system.
appendages, Parapodia for swimming. • Circulatory system-open.
• Circulatory system-closed. • Sensory organs-antennae, compound & simple eye,
statocysts/balance organs are found.
• Excretory system-nephridia help in osmoregulation.
• Excretion-through malphigian tubules.
• Nervous system-paired ganglia connected by lateral
• Reproduction-dioecious Fertilisation-usually
nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.
internal (oviparous) with direct or indirect development.
• Reproduction- some unisexual (Neries),some bisexual • Eg- Economically useful-
(Earthworm, Leech). Apis (honeybee), Bombyx (silkworm), Laccifer (lac insect)
• Eg- Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm), Hirudinaria • Vectors- Anopheles, Culex, Aedes (Mosquitoes)
(blood sucking leech). • Gregarious pest-Locusta(locust).
• Living fossil-Limulus (king crab).

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

2ND LARGEST PHYLUM SPINY BODIED

• Habitat-terrestrial or aquatic(marine/ freshwater). • Habitat-all marine.

• Body division-covered by calcareous shell & is • Endoskeleton-Calcareous ossicles.
unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot, visceral Show retrogressive metamorphism (larvae is bilateral
hump. symmetrical but adult is radial).
• Special structure-soft & spongy layer of skin forms a • Digestive system-complete with mouth on ventral/ lower
mantle over the viscera hump. & anus on dorsal/ upper side.
• Respiration & excretion-space between hump & mantle • Water vascular system-help in locomotion, capture &
(mantle cavity) have feather like gills which perform transport of food, respiration.
respiration & excretion. • Excretory system-absent Reproduction-dioecious.
• Sense organ-anterior head has sensory tentacles. • Fertilisation-usually external with indirect development
• Feeding organ-mouth have file like rasping organ called (free swimming larvae).
radula. • Eg- Asterias (starfish), Echinus(sea urchin), Antedon (sea
• Reproduction-usually dioecious & oviparous with indirect lily), Cucumaria (sea cucumber) & Ophiura (brittle star).
development.
• Eg-pila (apple snail), pinctada (pearl oyster) Sepia
(cuttle fish), Loligo(squid), Octopus (devil fish), Aplysia
(sea hare), Dentalium (tusk shell), Chaetuplura (chiton).
 PHYLUM
PHYLUM PLATYHELMENTHIS
HEMICHORDATA PHYLUMCHORDATA
PHYLUM ASCHELMENTHIS
FLAT WORMS ROUND WORMS

• Earlier was considered as a sub- phylum under Chordata Characteristic features:- notochord, dorsal hollow

but now placed separately under non-chordata. nerve chord, paired pharyngeal gill slits,post anal

• Habitat-worm like marine organisms tail,closed circulatory system

• Body shape & division-body is cylindrical & contains It is divided into 3 sub-phyla

anterior proboscis, a collar & a long trunk. Proboscis 1. Urochordata/tunicata,

gland is present. 2. Cephalochordata

• Circulatory system-open Respiration-by gills 3. Vertebrata

• Excretory organ-proboscis gland

• Reproduction-dioecious animals
CHORDATA
• Fertilisation-external with indirect development
• Eg-Balanoglossus & Saccoglossus
Urochordata Cephalochordata
Exclusively marine, notochord present only Notochord extends from head to tail & is
in larval tail. persistent throughout their life.
Eg- Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum. Eg- Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet)

VERTEBRATA PISCES

Class Cyclostomata Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichtyes (Bony Fish)

(Cartilaginous Fish)
• Ectoparasites on fishes,6-15 pair of • Cartilaginous endoskeleton, ventral mouth • Mouth is terminal,4 pair of gill covered by
(notochord persistent throughout life), gill operculum,cycloid/ ctenoid scales are
gill slits, cranium & vertebral column
slits are separate without operculum, present,air bladder is present which
are cartilaginous (sucking circular placoid scales are present(modification regulates buoyancy,development is
mouth), they migrate to fresh water of teeth), lack air bladder,poikilothermous indirect.
(cold blooded),male bear claspers, • Eg- Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus
for spawning
internal fertilisation, viviparous. (Sea Horse), Fresh Water- Labeo(Rohu),
• Eg- Petromyzon(Lamprey), •Eg- Electric Organ Present(Torpedo), Catla(Katla), Clarias( Magur)
Poison Sting-trygon(Sting Ray),Scolidon Aquarium-betta(Fighting fish),
Myxine (Hagfish)
(Dog fish),Pristis(Saw fish), Carcharodon Pterophyllum(Angel fish)
(Great White Shark)

TETRAPODE

Class Amphibia
Cold blooded,body divided into head & trunk,have eyelids, have tympanum which represents ear,have common chamber cloaca for alimentary
canal, urinary & reproductive tracts which open outsides,3- chambered heart.
Eg- Bufo(Toad), Rana(Frog),Hyla(Tree Frog), Salamandra (Salmander),Ichthyophis (Limbless Amphibia)

Class Aves
feathers are found, forelimbs modified into wings,oil glands are present at the base of the tail, hindlimbs have scales, endoskeleton is bony
(ossified) & long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic), crop & gizzard are found, warm blooded organisms (homiothermous).
Eg- Corvus(Crow).Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio(Ostrich), Pavo(Peacock),Aptenodytes(Penguin), Neophron(Vulture)

Class Reptilia
Cold blooded,skin is cornified & epidermal scaled or scutes are found,tympanum represents ear, 3-chamber heart except crocodile, snakes &
lizard shed their scales as skin cast, fertilisation is internal(direct development)
Eg- Chelone (Turtle), Testude(Tortoise), Chamelion(Tree Lizard), Calotes (Garden Lizard),Crocodilus(Crocodile), Allig Ator(Alligator),Hemidactylus
(Wall Lizard), Poisoning Snakes- Naja(Cobra), Bangarus (Crait), Vipera(Viper)

Class Mammalia
Found in various habitat,mammary glands are found, skin possess hair,external ear in form of pinnae,different types of teeth are found, warm
blooded.
Eg- Oviparous-> Ornithorhynchus (Platypus), Viviparous-> Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus(Flying Fox),Camelus(Camel), Macaca(Monkey),Rattus
(Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis(Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Eqqus(Horse), Delphinus(Common Dolphin), Balaenoptera(Blue Whale), Tiger, Lion, Pterous(Bat)