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Fifiti VI - Transport Mechanism

This document outlines the structure and functions of the cell membrane, including the fluid mosaic model and various transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport, as well as bulk transport methods like endocytosis and exocytosis. It details the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates in maintaining cell integrity and regulating substance movement. The document also explains the differences between transport types and their significance in cellular processes.

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Joselito Ubaldo
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2 views36 pages

Fifiti VI - Transport Mechanism

This document outlines the structure and functions of the cell membrane, including the fluid mosaic model and various transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport, as well as bulk transport methods like endocytosis and exocytosis. It details the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates in maintaining cell integrity and regulating substance movement. The document also explains the differences between transport types and their significance in cellular processes.

Uploaded by

Joselito Ubaldo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transport

Mechanism
General Biology 1
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:


• describe the structure of a cell membrane,
• relate the structural components of cell membrane to their functions,
• explain the different transport mechanisms in cells, and
• explain the differences between exocytosis and endocytosis.
Outline

• Cell Membrane
• Fluid Mosaic Model
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Bulk Transport
Review

What are the differences of mitosis and meiosis?


Cell Membrane
• A cell membrane is a structure that envelopes the entire cell and whose
function is to regulate substances that enter the cell and substances that
leave the cell.
• It is a membrane which is selectively permeable to ions and organic
molecules.
• What this means is some ions and organic molecules can enter the
membrane freely, some cannot.
• Overall, the basic function of a cell membrane is to protect the cell from its
external environment.
• The cell membrane is also called by other names, plasma membrane or
cytoplasmic membrane.
• It regulates what substances enter and
what substances leave the cell.

Functions • It is the base attachment for the


cytoskeleton of cells and cell wall for
plants.
of Cell • It regulates cell growth by balancing
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Membrane • It protects the cell from its external
environment and helps maintain its
structural integrity and shape.
Fluid
Mosaic
Model (Cell
Membrane)
Fluid Mosaic Model (Cell Membrane)

COMPONENT FUNCTION LOCATION

Controls the movement of substances in and out of


Phospholipid Main body of the cell membrane.
the cell.

Helps maintain the membrane fluid consistent, it Found between the hydrophobic tails of the
Cholesterol
adds strength to the cell membrane. phospholipid.

Assist the phospholipid bilayer in moving biological Integral proteins are embedded in the phospholipid
Membrane
molecules across the membrane and regulate the bilayer, peripheral proteins are on the surface of the
proteins
cell’s chemical composition. inner and outer surface of phospholipid bilayer.

Forms the glycocalyx which is a coating of the cell Attached to proteins and lipid on the external side of
Carbohydrates membrane’s external surface. It also functions in the membrane where they form glycoproteins and
cell recognition. glycolipids.
Cell Membrane
• Phospholipids – molecules
composed of a glycerol
molecule, two fatty acids, and a
phosphate group.
• Phospholipid bilayer – two
layers of phospholipid molecules
arranged in such a way that their
hydrophobic tails face inwards
and their hydrophilic heads face
outwards.
Cell Membrane
• Cholesterol – a modified steroid synthesized by animals and is an essential
component of animal cell membranes.
• Proteins – biological macromolecules consisting of a chain of amino acids.
• Integral protein membranes – proteins embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer.
• Peripheral protein membranes – proteins attached to the inside and
outside surfaces of cell membranes.
Cell Membrane
• Carbohydrates – found on the
outside surface of cell
membranes and are attached
either to proteins or lipids.
• Glycocalyx – the pericellular
matrix, a glycoprotein and
glycolipid covering that
surrounds the cell membranes
of bacteria, epithelial cells, and
other cells.
Cell Membrane
• Glycolipids – lipids with
carbohydrates attached to them.
They maintain the stability of the
membrane and serve the purpose of
cellular identification.
• Glycoproteins (Glycopeptides) –
proteins with carbohydrates
attached to them. They help stabilize
the membrane structure and
contribute to cell recognition.
Passive Transport
• Molecules move across cell membranes without the help of energy. Passive
transport takes place largely due to differences in either chemical gradient
or electrical gradient.
Passive Transport
• Gradient – imbalance in
concentrations.
• Chemical gradient – differences
in concentrations of ions across
a membrane.
• Electrical gradient – differences
in electrical charges of ions
across a membrane.
Passive Transport
• Tonicity – the relative concentration
of solutes in two fluids separated by a
selectively permeable membrane.
• Channel protein – type of integral
proteins.
• Carrier protein – another type of
integral proteins which serve as
channels for water soluble
substances, such as glucose and
electrolytes.
Types of Passive
Transport
• Simple diffusion - particles
move from regions of high
concentration to regions of
low concentration.
Types of Passive
Transport
• Facilitated diffusion -
diffusion facilitated by
membrane transport
channels.
Passive Transport
Relative permeability of phospholipids bilayer to substances
Substance Examples Relative Permeability
Gases O2 , CO2 , N2 Permeable
Small uncharged polar Urea, water, ethanol Partially or totally
molecules permeable
Large uncharged polar Glucose, fructose Not permeable
molecules
Ions K + , Na+ , Cl− , HCO3 Not permeable
Charged polar ATP, amino acids, glucose-6- Not permeable
molecules phosphate
Factors that affect diffusion rate
The larger the surface area of the membrane, the faster the
Surface area of
rate of diffusion because a molecule is given a wider space to
membrane
enter the cell.

Steepness of The greater the difference in concentrations of diffusing

Passive
gradient molecule across the membrane the faster the diffusion rate.

A high temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules


Temperature

Transport Solubility
and velocity of movement.
Nonpolar and lipid-soluble materials cross cell membranes
more easily than polar materials.
Thickness of A thick membrane gives molecules a longer distance to cross,
membrane thus it slows down diffusion rate.
Mass of diffusing Heavier molecules move slowly than molecules with a lighter
molecule mass.

When the medium is dense, it is difficult for diffusing


Density of solvent molecules to move. Thus, a dense solvent slows down
diffusion rate
Active Transport
• In cases when molecules must move against the flow of gradient,
transporting molecules across a cellular membrane must be assisted by
energy.
• Active transport describes the movement of molecules with the help of
energy.
Types of Active
Transport
• Primary Active
Transport
• Uses ATP and ADP
to move molecules
across a
membrane against
the gradient.
The Sodium-Potassium
Exchange Pump
• In maintaining the correct
concentrations of Na+ and
K + in living cells, the cell
requires to transport
three sodium ions to the
cell exterior and transport
two potassium ions to the
cell interior.
The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
1. Pump binds with sodium ions from inside of the cell. It binds with 3 Na+ .
2. Pump breaks down ATP. Phosphate attaches to the pump, releases ADP.
3. Phosphate causes pump to change shape (conformation) and release 3
Na+ to the exterior of the cell.
4. Pump from the exterior binds with 2 potassium ions and releases
phosphate group from ATP.
5. The exterior pump returns to its original shape and opens towards the
cell interior.
6. Two K + ions are released into the cell interior, and the cycle repeats step
1.
Types of Active
Transport
• Secondary Active Transport
(Cotransport)
• Uses the electrochemical
gradient generated by
primary active transport.
The Sodium-Glucose
Cotransporter
• Some sodium ions will be pulled
into the open carrier protein and
released to the cell interior.
• Incidentally, amino acids and
glucose which are in the
neighborhood of sodium ions in
the cell exterior are also pulled
into the carrier protein and
released into the cell interior.
Bulk Transport
• Referred to as vesicular transport.
• Pertains to the movement of large quantities of materials in and out of the
cell.
• Here, the cell is moving large quantities of materials, energy is needed to
facilitate this movement.
• Hence, bulk transport is also a form of active transport.
Types of Bulk Transport
• Endocytosis
• A cell takes in particles from its external environment into the cell
interior.
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
• The cell surrounds the material
with part of its membrane in the
act similar to engulfing.
Pinocytosis
• The cell engulfs drops of liquid,
forms vesicles small than
phagocytes, and brings them to
the lysosome for digestion.
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
• The cell targets specific molecules.
• These molecules bind with the
protein receptors, located in
coated pits, on the surface of a cell
membrane.
• The membrane then folds and
makes a pocket around the
molecule which is transported
to lysosome where it is
digested.
Types of Bulk
Transport
• Exocytosis
• A cell exports materials out
of the cell through secretory
vesicles.
• Secretory vesicles carrying
cellular materials fuse with
the cell membrane where
they open and spill out their
contents into the cell
exterior.
Remember • Phagosome – a vesicle formed
around a material engulfed through
me! phagocytosis.
• Hydrolysis – the process of
breaking down molecules by
introducing water into the
substance.
• Hydrolytic enzyme – enzymes that
allow the hydrolysis of protein, fats,
oils, and carbohydrates.
• Endosome – the vacuole that
contains the particle engulfed
through phagocytosis.
Reference
Reyes, J. A. C., & Reyes,
M. A. C. (2018). General
biology 1: Our scientific
guide to life. Intramuros,
Manila: Unlimited Books
Library Services and
Publishing Inc.

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