ASSIGNMENT 1

Student Name: Khushboo Kaushal UID: 21MBA3081

Branch: B.sc(medical) Section/Group: 14

Semester:1 Date of Performance:18 OCTOBER, 2021

Subject Name: Decision Science Subject Code: 21BAT-604

Statistics is all about data. Presenting data effectively and efficiently is an art. You may have uncovered many truths that
are complex and need long explanations while writing. This is where the importance of presentation of data comes in.
You have to present your findings in such a way that the readers can go through them quickly and understand each and
every point that you wanted to showcase. As time progressed and new and complex research started happening, people
realised the importance of the presentation of data to make sense of the findings.

Data presentation is defined as the process of using various graphical formats to visually represent the relationship
between two or more data sets so that an informed decision can be made based on them.

Let’s talk about a few of the most common types of numerical charts:

 Bar graphs
 Line graphs
 Pie charts
 Stacked comparison charts
Bar Graphs
Bar graphs are used to compare categories. The x-axis (the horizontal line at the bottom of a graph) is usually
used to show the categories: in this case, countries with universal healthcare expenses for 2015. The y-axis
(the vertical line) isn’t marked here, but it’s clearly showing dollars spent in millions. The taller the bar, the
more dollars were spent. This chart clearly shows that the United States spends more on health care per
citizen than other countries. This is clearly identified on this chart with bars in contrasting colors. You can’t
help but notice it—it breaks pattern and it’s a bold color that draws the eye.

Figure 1. An example of a bar graph

Line Graphs
Like bar graphs, line graphs compare categories, but they’re most often used to show trends. With the x-axis
frequently showing the passage of time, the graphed data points will show an upward or downward trend of the
categories in question.
Figure 2. An example of a line graph

The line graph above illustrates social media traffic trends. Each social media organization is represented by a
different colored line. The x-axis shows the passage of time, and the y-axis shows the percentage of media
traffic each organization is capturing. The graph shows that Facebook traffic is trending up, while Pinterest has
experienced some ups and downs. Third-place Twitter traffic is relatively flat.

Pie Charts

Figure 3. An example of a pie chart

Pie charts show the composition of data, or the pieces of a whole. It can be as simple as “the team here is
composed of 50 percent men and 50 percent women” or “Our sales are made up of 30 percent fiction books and
70 percent non-fiction.”

In Figure 3, the whole pie (the whole circle) represents the total products sold at a store; the pieces of that pie
show you the percentage of sales each department made. A chart like this makes it very easy to see that the
clothing and accessory departments make up the largest section of sales, and fragrances the smallest.

Some comparison charts aren’t shaped like a circle. Sometimes they’re shaped like donuts, and other times
they’re shown using bars, as we’ll see next.

Stacked Comparison Charts

You can compare categories with a “pie chart” approach, incorporating the composition factor in a variety of
ways. The categories in this chart are represented by bars, but the bars themselves are composition charts. Each
bar is valued at 100%, and the colored blocks represent different levels of pet ownership within the population.

Figure 4. An example of a stacked bar graph

Similarly, the line graph below is “stacked” to show the level of sales based on product type. You’re seeing a
trend as well as a portion of a whole – comparing and viewing composition.
Figure 5. An example of a stacked line graph

Non-Numerical Data Charts

The charts above are very handy when your data is numeric. But there are charts for other types of data. Let’s
talk about a few of the most common types of non-numerical charts.

 Venn diagrams
 Flow charts
 Gantt charts
 Organizational charts
 Pictographs
 Infographics
Venn Diagrams
A Venn diagram shows a comparison of two different categories and the items they have in common. The
diagram in Figure 6 shows us the different types of image types that can be safely shared on the Internet.

Figure 6. An example of a Venn diagram

Wherever the circles overlap represents a shared characteristic. For example, JPG and PNG files both have a
large color palette, so they overlap in that area. “Web safe” is a characteristic shared by all three, so it’s in the
middle where all the circles overlap. Areas of each circle that do not overlap represent characteristics unique
to each file type—something they don’t share with any other file type represented.

Flow Charts
Flow charts show a process. Flow charts document a sequence of events from start to finish so that the
process can be documented, followed, and managed.

The flow chart in Figure 7 shows the process of how theories are created, spread, and accepted.
Figure 7. An example of a flow chart

You can see at the top there is an idea that leads to an experiment, and then the results determine which path
is taken. If the experiment is successful or unsuccessful, then different paths will be chosen. Along the path of
the flow chart, all alternatives are presented and choices are made between them. Your eye follows the path
from start to finish for every part of the scenario.

Gantt Chart
A Gantt chart is a timeline. Multiple projects can be added to the timeline with start and finish dates, and
milestones and deadlines are also reflected. This chart is used to determine how long a project will take, the
resources needed, and the order in which tasks need to be completed.
Figure 8. An example of a Gantt chart

In Figure 8, you have two different teams running one project. The Market Team (red) completes the market
research and defines specifications by the week of July 23rd (the date of the first milestone). Then, the
Planning Team (blue) takes over with the overall architecture and project planning and is responsible for
hitting that second milestone on August 6th. As you can see, the Market and Planning Teams have additional
work to contribute even after their milestones are hit, and the project is not complete until the end of
November.

Organizational Charts
Organizational charts (sometimes call hierarchy charts) show the people in an organization and their reporting
relationships. Usually, the organizational chart will have a chairman or CEO at the top, followed by a team of
presidents and vice presidents, and then their direct reports, and so on. An organizational chart is usually
created and maintained by human resource professionals who want a visual view of their organization’s
structure and reporting relationships so they can make better decisions about leveraging the company’s
talent.

The organizational chart in Figure 8 shows a chairman at the top of the hierarchy and a managing director,
quality assurance leader and a secretary reporting directly to the chairman. Each of those direct reports has
direct reports of his or her own, and so on.
Figure 9. An example of an organizational chart

Tables
A communicator can also use tables to display data. Tables can be formatted for words or for numerical data.
They can be used for comparing data, or when one item has several data points associated with it.

Table 1 is a simple table of three people who are running races. George, Alana, and Sebastián each have four
data points associated with them. By using a simple table, you can put all of this data in front of your
audience. They can compare best times and review rankings of each runner.
 Table 1. Running a Race
Participants Races Run Best Time Average Time Ranking
George 2 3:23 3:47 3
Alana 3 2:56 3:12 1
Sebastián 2 2:54 3:36 2
Table 2 is a bit more complex, and because of that, the data is not quite as accessible to the reader. But the
data is complex as well, and if it’s going to be displayed for ease of review, this seems like a decent choice.
Table 2 shows the results of a survey where participants were asked to rank eight speakers (a male and a
female of different English Language dialects) according to their professionalism, intelligence, education,
friendliness, and sociability. The response rates are shown for male and female speakers, and then an average
is calculated for each dialect.

Table 2. Average Perceptions of English Speakers*

Standard American English
Gender Professional Intelligent Educated Friendly Extroverted
Female Speaker 5.83 5.83 5.75 5.42 4.92
Male Speaker 6.92 6.67 6.75 6.42 6.33
Southern American English
Gender Professional Intelligent Educated Friendly Extroverted
Female Speaker 5.75 5.17 5.00 7.25 7.00
Male Speaker 4.33 4.17 3.75 5.92 6.42
British English
Gender Professional Intelligent Educated Friendly Extroverted
Female Speaker 7.50 7.33 7.33 5.50 5.25
Male Speaker 6.50 6.25 6.17 5.17 4.92
Australian English
Gender Professional Intelligent Educated Friendly Extroverted
Female Speaker 7.00 6.92 7.08 6.25 6.42
Male Speaker 6.92 6.92 6.75 6.17 6.00
*Participants in this survey were asked to rate speakers on a scale of 1–10.
Tables help you manage more complex sets of data. A table can be used if you’re looking to display individual
values, if values are being compared, or if data is going to be shown and then summarized. They won’t convey
your story to the reader as quickly as a graph might, but you will still be conveying a large amount of
information in an easy-to-understand way

THE DATA IS TAKEN FROM TIMES OF INDIA

10 DECEMBER 2020
Thanks & Regards

Khushboo Kaushal