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cÖ_g RvZxq wfwËK Av‡›`vjb

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nvIjv`vi
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iPbv| GB Uvg© †ccviwU Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefv‡Mi gv÷vm© †kl c‡e©i Ges Gi Av‡M
GwU m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c ev Gi Ask we‡kl Ab¨ †Kv_vI Uvg© †ccvi wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nqwb| gv÷vm©
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Kiv n‡jv|

‡gvmv: Lvw`Rv
K¬vm †ivj : 37
‡iwR. bs :
15316019372
wkÿvel© : 2015-16
Bs
‡gvevBj :
01714974258
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ
wefvM
miKvwi eªR‡gvnb K‡jR,
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Uvg© †ccvi iPbv K‡iwQ| ÒHcwb‡ewmK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ †LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
wQ‡jv cÖ_g RvZxq wfwËK Av‡›`vjb G welq Z_¨ Av‡nvi‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g K…ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ Gi
mvgwMÖK M‡elbv ZË¡veavqK Rbve †gvt kvn&Avjg nvIjv`vi m¨v‡ii cÖwZ| whwb kZ e¨¯ÍZvi
g‡a¨ Avgv‡K G Uvg© †ccvi iPbvi Aa¨vq web¨vm I M‡elbv K‡g© mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb|
wb‡Ri kZ e¨¯ÍZvi gv‡SI Avgvi cÖwZ AvšÍwiK n‡q Gi ZË¡veavq‡b `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avgvi
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wewfbœ MÖš’vMvi ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ| we‡kl K‡i ewikvj wefvMxq miKvwi MÖš’vMvi,
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Uvg© †ccvi iPbvq Zviv Avgv‡K A‡bK mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| GB ÿz`ª M‡elbv K‡g© †h me ÎæwU
wePz¨wZ i‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨ Avgvi AÿgZvB `vqx|
‡gvmv: Lvw`Rv
K¬vm †ivj : 37
‡iwR. bs :
15316019372
wkÿvel© : 2015-16
Bs
‡gvevBj :
01714974258
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ
wefvM
miKvwi eªR‡gvnb K‡jR,
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1
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mvims‡ÿc 1
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Jcwb‡ewkK hyM I evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi msM«vg
Jcwb‡ewkK hyM 2
evsjv‡`‡k ewnivMZ kw³ cÖ‡ek 2
gymwjg kvm‡bi we¯Ívi 3
evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvmb 3
evsjvq BD‡ivcxq‡`i we¯Ívi 3
BD‡ivcxq‡`i evwYR¨ we¯Ívi 3
evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weR‡qi KviY 4
evsjvq Bs‡iR kw³i DÌvb 5
evsjvq ‡Kv¤úvbx kvmb 6

wØZxq Aa¨vq
Dcgnv‡`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb Ges 1947 cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx `j¸‡jvi f~wgKv
Dcgnv‡`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb 7
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j G A‡j Bmjvgx `j¸‡jvi f~wgKv 10
gymwjg jxM 11
Rvgq‡Z Djvgv‡q Bmjvg 13
‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© 13
hy³d«›U MVb I wbe©vwPZ miKv‡i ‡bRv‡g Bmjv‡gi Ask M«nY 14

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx I ‡Kb
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx I ‡Kb 16
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg 18
Av‡›`vj‡bi mvdj¨ e¨_©Zv 19

PZz_© Aa¨vq
cvK fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b ‡LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
‡LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb 21
djvdj we‡kølY 25

cÂg Aa¨vq
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mnvqK M«š’ I I‡qemvBU 28

mvims‡ÿc

evsjvq BD‡ivcxq ewbK‡`i evwb‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ AvMgb PjwQj A‡bKw`b ‡_‡K | G‡`i g‡a¨ Bs‡iR
B÷wB&Ûqv ‡Kv¤úvwb c«wZ‡hvwMZvq GwM‡q hvq |GK mgq Zviv evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb
K‡i | Gfv‡e 1757 mvj ‡_‡K evsjv‡`‡k ‡h kvmb c«wZwôZ nq mvaviYZ Avgiv G‡K Jcwb‡ewkK
kvmb ewj | ga¨hy‡Mi Aemv‡bi ci GB Kvj ce©‡K AvaywbK hyM ejvi K_v | Gfv‡e ej‡j fyj ejv n‡e
bv | Z‡e we‡kl ‰ewkó¨i Kvi‡Y Bs‡iR‡`i kvmb ce©‡K Jcwb‡ewkK hyM ejv nq | mvaviYZ ‡Kvb
we‡`wk kw³ ‡Kvb ‡`k `Lj K‡i kvmb c«wZôv Ki‡jB Zv‡K Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb ejv nq bv | Jcwb‡ewkK
kvm‡bi ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q `Lj`vi kw³ wPi¯’vqxfv‡e kvmb c«wZôv Ki‡Z Av‡m bv Zviv Rv‡b GKw`b
kvm‡bi cvV DwV‡q Zv‡`i wd‡i ‡h‡Z n‡e wbR ‡`‡k | Z‡e hZw`b kvmK wnmv‡e _vK‡e ZZw`b
‡mB ‡`‡ki ab-m¤ú` wbR ‡`‡k cvPvi Ki‡e | Zvici hLb Zv‡`i kvm‡bi wei“‡× ¯’vbxq gvbyq we¶y×
n‡q DV‡e ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y A‡b¨i ‡`k kvmb Kiv Avi myweav RbK g‡b n‡e bv ZLb wd‡i hv‡e
wbR ‡`‡k |Gfv‡e Ab¨ ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki Dci Ry‡o emv‡K e‡j Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb | Avi GB Dcwb‡e‡k c«wZôv
Kiv kvmb‡K ejv nq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb | fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k `yB'k eQ‡ii e…wUk kvmbvg‡j me‡P‡q
‡ekx ¶wZM«¯’ n‡q‡Q nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨evnx Bmjvgx mf¨Zv| me©vwaK wbh©vZb I wbM«‡ni
wkKvi n‡q‡Q gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx| Avi AÂj wnmv‡e AwaK cwigv‡Y ‡kvwlZ n‡q‡Q gymwjg c«avb
c~e©evsjv| G mg‡q `Lj`vi Rvwjg Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i‡K weZvo‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Av‡›`vjb-msM«vg
n‡q‡Q| eû c«vYnvbx I i³cv‡Zi NUbv N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ ‡Kvb Av‡›`vjbB G A‡ji gymjgvb‡`i‡K G‡ZvUv
HK¨e× I msMwVZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, hZUv ‡c‡iwQj 'wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb bv‡g' cwiwPwZ GK D¤§vn&
2
Kb&‌‡mÞ ‡_‡K DrmvwiZ HwZnvwmK GKwU Av‡›`vjb| Aek¨ 1924 mv‡j Zyi‡¯‹ Dmgvbx wLjvdZ
cZ‡bi ci G Av‡›`vjb A‡bKUv w¯—wgZ n‡q c‡o| gymwjg ‡bZviv wLjvdZ cybtc«wZôvi Av‡›`vj‡bi
cwie‡Z© fviZel©‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi j‡¶¨ Bs‡iR ‡L`vI Av‡›`vj‡bi c«wZ me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡ib|
Avi GB my‡hv‡M PZyi Bs‡iRiv ¯^vaxbZvi c«‡kœ gymjvb‡`i gv‡S wØRvwZ ZË¡ Avi Awef³ fvi‡Zi
`vex‡Z GK weivU wefw³ m…wó K‡i ‡`q| d‡j MwZnviv n‡q hvq gymjgvb‡`i Av‡›`vjb| Bmjvg
c«wZôvi g~j `vex nvwi‡q hvq mvgwqK Bm¨y‡Z Av‡›`vj‡bi Wvgv‡Wv‡j| hvi avivevwnKZv
evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx `j¸‡jv GLbI enb K‡i Pj‡Q|

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Jcwb‡ewkK hyM I evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi msM«vg

Jcwb‡ewkK hyM
evsjvq BD‡ivcxq ewbK‡`i evwb‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ AvMgb PjwQj A‡bKw`b ‡_‡K | G‡`i g‡a¨ Bs‡iR
B÷BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwb c«wZ‡hvwMZvq GwM‡q hvq | GK mgq Zviv evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡i
| Gfv‡e 1757 mvj ‡_‡K evsjv‡`‡k ‡h kvmb c«wZwôZ nq mvaviYZ Avgiv G‡K Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb
ewj | ga¨hy‡Mi Aemv‡bi ci GB Kvj ce©‡K AvaywbK hyM ejvi K_v | Gfv‡e ej‡j fyj ejv n‡e bv | Z‡e
we‡kl ‰ewkó¨i Kvi‡Y Bs‡iR‡`i kvmb ce©‡K Jcwb‡ewkK hyM ejv nq | mvaviYZ ‡Kvb we‡`wk
kw³ ‡Kvb ‡`k `Lj K‡i kvmb c«wZôv Ki‡jB Zv‡K Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb ejv nq bv | Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi
‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q `Lj`vi kw³ wPi¯’vqxfv‡e kvmb c«wZôv Ki‡Z Av‡m bv Zviv Rv‡b GKw`b kvm‡bi
cvV DwV‡q Zv‡`i wd‡i ‡h‡Z n‡e wbR ‡`‡k | Z‡e hZw`b kvmK wnmv‡e _vK‡e ZZw`b ‡mB ‡`‡ki
ab-m¤ú` wbR ‡`‡k cvPvi Ki‡e | Zvici hLb Zv‡`i kvm‡bi wei“‡× ¯’vbxq gvbyq we¶y× n‡q DV‡e
ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y A‡b¨i ‡`k kvmb Kiv Avi myweav RbK g‡b n‡e bv ZLb wd‡i hv‡e wbR ‡`‡k |
Gfv‡e Ab¨ ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki Dci Ry‡o emv‡K e‡j Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb | Avi GB Dcwb‡e‡k c«wZôv Kiv
kvmb‡K ejv nq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb |
c«_‡g evsjv Ges c‡i fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR ‡h kvmb c«wZôv K‡i Zvi ‰ewkó¨ Dc‡ii msÁvi mv‡_
wg‡j hvq | G Kvi‡Y evsjv I fvi‡Z c«wZwôZ Bs‡iR kvmbhyM‡K ejv nq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb |

evsjv‡`‡k ewnivMZ kw³ cÖ‡ek

Bs‡iR AvMg‡bi A‡b‡K Av‡M ‡_‡KB evsjv‡`‡k ewnivMZ kw³ c«‡ek K‡iwQj | GB De©i ‡`‡k
abm¤ú‡`i AvKl‡Y©B mK‡ji `…wó wQj evsjvi w`‡K | wL…óc~e& ©h~‡M ewnivMZ Avhi©v
evsjvq c«‡ek K‡iwQj | wKš‘ Avh©iv GLv‡b ‡Kvb kvmb c«wZôv K‡iwb | wL…óc~e 3 kZ‡K evsivi
DËivsk `Lj K‡ib fvi‡Zi ‡gŠh© mg«vU gnvgwZ A‡kvK | ‡mmgq cyÛ«ea©bfyw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ DËi
evsjv ‡gŠh©‡`i c«‡`‡k cwiwPZ nq | ‡gŠh©‡`i c‡i fvi‡Z c«wZwôZ nq ¸ß mvg«vR¨ | Pvi kZ‡K DËi
evsjv I `w¶Y- c~e©evsjvi wKQy Ask ¸ß mvg«vR¨ AwaKv‡i G‡m hvq |

gymwjg kvm‡bi we¯Ívi

1204 ‡_‡K 1206 chš— evsjvi cwð‡g b`xqv I DËi evsjvi wKQyUv Ask e_wZqvi LjwRi `_‡j wQj |
c~e evsjv Gi A‡bK Kvj ci ch©š— ‡mb kvmK‡`i Aax‡b wQj | eLwZqv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq ZywK©
myjZvb‡`i kvm‡bi c_ c«m¯— n‡qwQj | 1206 mv‡j e_wZqvi LjwRi g…Z¨yi ci ‡_‡K 1338 mvj chš—
evsjv Ry‡o gymwjg kvm‡bi we¯—vi NU‡Z _v‡K | G mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjvi wZbwU As‡k w`jxi
gymwjg myjZvb‡`i wZbwU wefvM ev c«‡`k c«wZwôZ nq | wefvM ¸‡jv‡K dviwm fvlvq ÔBKwjgÕ
ejv nq | DËi evsjv Ry‡o c«wZwôZ wVj BKwjg jL‡bŠwZ, cwðg evsjvq BKwjg mvZMvuI Ges c~e
evsjvq BKwjg ‡mvbviMvuI |

evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvmb

1338 mv‡j ‡mvbviMvuI‡qi kvmbKZ©v dKi“wÏb gyeviK kvn w`wj«i gymjgvb myjZvb‡`i wei“‡×
we‡`«vn K‡i ¯^vaxbZv ‡Nvlbv K‡ib | Gfv‡e c«wZwôZ nq evsjvq `yÕk eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb
hyM ce | 1538 mv‡j Aemvb N‡U evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvm‡bi | myjZvbMb ewnivMZ
AevOvwj kvmK n‡jI G‡`‡k mykvmb c«wZô K‡i wQ‡jb Ges ‡KD wbR ‡`‡k wd‡i hvbwb | Aek¨ Gi
Av‡MB we‡`wk ‡gvNvjiv w`wj `Lj K‡iwQj |‡gvNvj m,«vU ûgvDb 1538DËi evsjvi ‡MŠo A_©vr
BKwjg jL‡bŠwZ `Lj Ki‡jI evsjvq ZLb ‡gvNj kvmb c«wZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb | Gi Kvib wenv‡ii AvdMvb
kvmK ‡ki Lvb myi ûgvDb‡K c«_‡g evsjv I c‡i fviZ ‡_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib | G c‡e© AevOvwj
AvdMvb‡`i nv‡Z P‡j hvh evsvjvi wmsnvmb |

evsjvq BD‡ivcxq‡`i we¯Ívi

BD‡iv‡ci ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv ‡`‡k LwbR m¤ú‡`i Avwe®‹vi, mgy`«c‡_ evwY‡R¨i we¯—vi Ges
KvwiMwi I evwYwR¨K weKv‡ki d‡j A_b©xwZ ‡ZwR n‡q D‡VwQj| Gi d‡j 14k kZK ‡_‡K BD‡iv‡c
3
hyMvš—Kvix evwYR¨ – wec‡ei m~Pbv nq| ZLb GKw`‡K Zv‡`i Af¨š—ixY A_‰bwZK e¨el&_v I
msMVb¸‡jv kw³kvjx n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Avi Ab¨w`‡K KvuPvgvj I Drcvw`Z mvgM«xi R‡b¨ evRv‡ii mÜvbI
¸i“Z¡c~Y n‡q D‡V |

BD‡ivcxq‡`i evwYR¨ we¯Ívi

cyuwRi ‡Rvi Avi DbœZ KvwiMwi Áv‡bi mgš^q K‡i µ‡g we‡`wk ewYKiv G‡`‡k ¯’vbxq k«wgK‡`i
LvwU‡q eo eo wkíKviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i gybvdv Ki‡Z _v‡K| µ‡g cZywMR‡`i ‡P‡q e¨vcK n‡q `vuovq
G‡`‡k Bs‡iR e¨emvqx‡`i f~wgKv| GQvov divwm, Ij›`vR I w`‡bgviivI evsjvq KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i
e¨emv K‡i‡Q| GB we‡`wk‡`i wewb‡qvM I e¨emv ‡Kgb wQj Zvi wKQyUv nw`m wgj‡e we‡`wk
chUK‡`iB eYbvq| divwm chUK evwb©‡qi 1666 mv‡j wj‡L‡Qb, ÔIj›`vRiv Zv‡`i KvwkgevRv‡ii
wmjK d¨v±wi‡Z KL‡bv KL‡bv 7 ‡_‡K 8k ‡jvK wb‡qvM KiZ|Õ Bs‡iR I Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi ewYKivI GiKg
KviLvbv PvjvZ| Avi GKRb divwm chUK evwY‡qi wjL‡Qb, ÔïaygvÎ KvwkgevRv‡i eQ‡i 22 nvRvi ‡ej
wmé Drcvw`Z nq|Õ
Gfv‡e e¨emv-evwYR¨ Pvwj‡q BD‡iv‡ci ewYKiv ‡`Lj evsjvq ¯’vqx‡`i emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iB me‡P‡q
‡ewk dvq`v Dmyj m¤¢e| G mgq KjKvZv, P›`bMi, PyuPyov, KvwkgevRvi c«f…wZ ¯’v‡b BD‡ivcxq
evwYR¨‡K›`«¸‡jv dy‡j ‡du‡c DV‡Z _v‡K| Avi G‡`i gva¨‡g evsjv ‡_‡K cyuwRI cvPvi n‡Z _v‡K|
cjvwk hy‡×i Av‡M Ges gxi Rvdi I gxi Kvwk‡gi Avg‡j evsjvi c«Pyi m¤ú` Bsj¨v‡Û cvPvi n‡q hvq| G
m¤ú‡`i c«vPy‡hi K_v ¯^qs K¬vBf Bsj¨v‡Ûi cvjv‡g‡›U mwe¯§‡q D‡jL K‡iwQ‡jb|
1682 evsjvi Bs‡iR ‡Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi MfYi wn‡b‡e DBwjqvg ‡n‡RR ûMwj‡Z Av‡mb| G mgq evsjvi
gyNj KgPvix‡`i A‡b‡K ivR¯^ msµvš— `ybxwZ‡Z Rwo‡q c‡i Gi d‡j Bs‡iR‡`i e¨emv‡qi ¶wZ nq| GB
Ae¯’vq ‡n‡RR Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv wØZxq ‡Rgm‡K welqwU eywS‡q 1686 mv‡j ¯^‡`k ‡_‡K ‰mb¨ G‡b
hy‡×i c«¯—ywZ ‡bb| 1687 ‡_‡K 1690 chš— Bs‡iRRiv Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK myweav Av`vq K‡i GK
wX‡j `yB cvwL gv‡i| Zviv GLv‡b Zv‡`i KywV I KviLvbv ‰Zwii Ges ‰mb¨ ‡i‡L e¨emvi AwaKvi
cvq| GKB ms‡M c«wZØ›`x Ab¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³i Dci c«vavb¨ jvf K‡i|

evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weR‡qi KviY

beve Avwje`©x Lvui g„Zy¨ ci Zvui wc«q bvwZ wmivRD‡ÏŠjv gvÎ 22 eQi eq‡m hLb wmsnvm‡b
em‡jb ZLb Zvui mvg‡b GKw`‡K D`xqgvb Bs‡iR kw³ I nvgjvKvix ewM‡`i mvgjv‡bvi KwVb KvR
Avi Ab¨w`‡K eo Lvjv N‡mwU ‡eMg I wmcvnmvjvi gxi Rvdi Avjx Lv‡bi g‡Zv NwbôRb‡`i
lohš¿ ‡gvKvwejvi KvR| wmiv‡Ri wei“‡× Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU c¶I KvR K‡i‡Q| A_‰bwZK KgKv‡Ûi we¯
—vi NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ fvi‡Zi eo eo e¨emv‡K›`«¸‡jv‡Z ¶gZv‡jvfx fviZxq ewYK mgv‡Ri Af¨y`q
N‡U| evsjvq ivRcyZbv ‡_‡K AvMZ gvIqvwoiv GB ¶gZvevb ewbK | ZvivI e¨emvwqK ¯^v‡_©
Bs‡iR ewK‡`i c‡¶ ‡hvM ‡`q I evsjvi bev‡ei wei“‡× loh‡š¿ wjß nq | GiB dj nj cjvwki hy‡×
evsjvwenvi-Dwol¨vi bev‡ei civRq I wbgg g…Z¨y Ges Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z evsjvi cZb | Gfv‡e ïi“ n‡jv
evsjvi BwZnv‡m c«Z¨¶ Jcwb‡ewkK km‡bi Kvj | Gevi GKUy wcQb wd‡i Avgiv evsjvi Jcwb‡ewkK
kvm‡bi KviY¸‡jv Av‡iKevi ¯§iY Kwi|
1. `yk eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj Qvov ewnivMZ kvmK‡`i `xN kvmbKv‡j evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl
Pig A_‰bwZK ‡kvlY I wbhvZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| Zviv kvmK‡`i c«wZ wegyL I D`vmxb
wQj| d‡j Bs‡iR Avµg‡Y bev‡ei cZb ev ¯^vaxbZvi Aemvb m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i ‡Kv‡bv aviYv ev
AvM«n wQj bv|
2. `xNKvj a‡i cyuwR cvPv‡ii d‡j evsjvi `vwi`ª¨ I M«vgmgv‡Ri ¯’weiZv GZB c«KU I Mfxi wQj ‡h
evwYR¨ we¯—v‡ii d‡j m…ó bZyb my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi g‡Zv DÏxcbv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj bv|
3. D`xqgvb A_‰bwZK I mvgwiK kw³ wnmv‡e Bs‡iR‡`i DˇivËi kw³ e…w×, Zv‡`i a~Z cwiKíbv
‡evSvi g‡Zv ‡Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK kw³ ‡`‡k wQj bv|
4. evsjvi kvmK‡`i Af¨š—ixY ‡Kv›`j I Pµvš— GZ Mfxi wQj ‡h Zi“Y AbwfÁ wmiv‡Ri c‡¶ Zv
‡gvKvwejv Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

evsjvq Bs‡iR kw³i DÌvb

evwYR¨ we¯—v‡ii hy‡M BD‡iv‡ci c«fvekvjx ‡bŠ-kw³i AwaKvix ‡`k¸‡jv m¤ú‡`i mÜv‡b ewnwe‡k¦
‡ewi‡q c‡o| Zv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki j¶¨ wQj c~e ‡`kmg~n, we‡klZ fviZel| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ ‡_‡KB 1600 mv‡j
Bsj¨v‡Û ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw` we«wUk B÷ BvÛqvÕ ‡Kv¤úvbx Ges 1651 mv‡j ûMwj‡Z I 1658 mv‡j
KvwkgevRv‡i Zviv evwYR¨KywV ¯’vcb K‡i|
ÔWvP B÷-BvÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbÕ 1630 mv‡j evsjvq c«‡ek Ki‡jI Bs‡iR ‡Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ wU‡K _vK‡Z
bv ‡c‡i wKQyKvj c‡i B‡›`v‡bwkqv-gvjqwkqvi w`‡K P‡j hvq| Ô‡d«Â B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbÕ
c«wZôv K‡i divwmiv 1664 mv‡j evsjvq c«‡ek K‡i Ges P›`bbMi I PyuPyovq k³ NvuwU M‡o ‡Zv‡j|
Z‡e Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ wZb `dv hy‡× ‡n‡iI ZvivI c«vq GKk eQ‡ii evwYR¨ ¸wU‡q B‡›`vPx‡bi w`‡K P‡j
hvq|
Ôw` we«wUk B÷-BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvbxÕ ax‡i ax‡i G‡`‡k Zv‡`i c«wZcwË evwo‡q bev‡ei `iev‡i
c«fve we¯Ív‡i g‡Zv ¶gZv ‡fvM Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| 1756 mv‡j Avwje`©x Lvui g…Z¨yi ci ¶gZvi

4
DËivwaKvi wb‡q beve cwievi Ges ivRc«vmv‡`i AwfRvZ‡`i g‡a¨ ‡h Øb&Ø ïi“ nq ‡Kv¤úvbxi
KZ©viv Gi my‡hvM wb‡Z Kmyi K‡iwb| Zi“Y beve bmivRD‡ÏŠjvi wei“‡× Zvui Lvjv N‡mwU ‡eMg,
gxi Rvdi, gxi Kvwmgmn ivR`iev‡ii c«fvekvjx e¨w³eM Ges DwgPvu`, RMZ ‡kV I ivR ejf‡`i g‡Zv
ZrKvjxb abx AwfRvZ‡`i GKwU Ask loh‡š¿ wjß n‡j Bs‡iR ewYKiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‡hvM ‡`q| GB
my‡hv‡M gv`«vR ‡_‡K ‰mb¨evwnbx wb‡q G‡m Bs‡iR ‡mbvcwZ IqvUmb I K¬vBf KjKvZv `Lj
K‡i ‡bq| 1757 mv‡ji 23‡k Ryb ‡mB hy‡× c«exY ‡mbvcwZ gxi Rvd‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvq evsjv-
wenvi-Dwol¨vi beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi civRq N‡U| beve‡K wbggfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq| weR‡qi ci gxi
Rvdi‡K beve evbv‡jI g~j ¶gZv P‡j hvq a~Z I `yal Bs‡iR ‡mbvcwZ ievU© K¬vB‡fi nv‡Z| ‡kl chš
— 1765 mv‡j K¬vBf w`wji mg«v‡Ui KvQ ‡_‡K AvbyôvwbK evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi ‡`Iqvwb jvf
K‡ib|

evsjvq ‡Kv¤úvbx kvmb

‡`Iqvwb jv‡fi ci GB we¯—xY A‡ji ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZv Bs‡i‡Ri nv‡Z P‡j hvq| c«kvm‡bI Zv‡`i
KZ©…Z¡ c«wZwôZ nq| K¬vBf evsjvq wKQyKvj ‰ØZkvmb Pvwj‡q hvb| ‰Økvmb wQj GKwU
A™¢y` e¨e¯’v| GB e¨e¯’vq ivR¯^ Av`vq mvgwiK e¨e¯’v Ges c«kvmb cwiPvjbvi ¶gZv iBj Bs‡iR
‡Kv¤úvbxi nv‡Z| Avi beve n‡jb bv‡ggvÎ kvmK| Gfv‡eB beve n‡jb ¶gZvnxb `vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix|
Ab¨w`‡K ‡Kv¤úvbxi kvmKiv n‡jb `vwqZ¡nxb ¶gZvevb| ivR‡¯^i `vwqZ¡ ‡c‡q Bs‡iRiv c«Rv‡`i Dci
AwZwi³ K‡ii ‡evSv Pvwc‡q Zv Av`v‡q c«PÛ Pvc m…wó K‡i| GiDci 1768 mvj ‡_‡K wZb eQ‡ii
Abve…wói d‡j ‡`‡k `ywf¶ ‡`Lv ‡`q| GwUB BwZnv‡m wQqvˇii gš^š—i (evsjv 1176 mb
Abyhvqx) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB `ywf‡¶ g…‡Zi msL¨v wQj c«vq GK ‡KvwU, ‡h ‡mKv‡ji evsjvi
RbmsL¨vi GK-Z…Zxqvsk| Z‡e g…‡Zi c«K…Z msL¨v ‡h Zvi ‡P‡qI ‡ewk wQj Zv ejvB evûj¨ |
c«_g ch©v‡q B÷- BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvbxi kvmbKv‡j D‡jL‡hvM¨ MfYiiv n‡jb – Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm, jW
KbIqvwjm, jW I‡q‡jmwj, jW DBwjqvg ‡ew›UsK, jW nvwWÄ, jW Wvj‡nŠwm c«gyL| fviZe‡l© Bs‡iR
kvmb-‡kvl‡Yi ¯^v‡_©B Zviv KvR¸‡jv Ki‡jI Gme ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv KvR ‡_‡K G‡`kevmxI DcK…Z
n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb: ‡ij, w÷gvi, WvK I Zvi ‡hvMv‡hvM |

Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i c«avb c«avb KvR¸‡jv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t

1. 1786 mv‡j we«wUk cvjv‡g‡›U M…nxZ fviZ kvmb AvB‡b evsjvq we«wUk MfYi ‡Rbv‡i‡ji nv‡Z
f~wg
ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v AcY Kiv nq|
2. 1793 mv‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯— Pvjy K‡i we«wUk‡`i AbyMZ Rwg`vi ‡k«wY ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
3. ivó« I c«kvmb cwiPvjbvq Bs‡iR KZ©…Z¡ c«wZôvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
4. gywk©`vev` ‡_‡K KjKvZvq c«kvmwbK wewfbœ `ßi, wk¶v I evwYwR¨K c«wZôvb ¯’vbvš—i K‡i
GwU‡K
¸i“Z¡c~Y bMbx‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq| c‡i AvbyôvwbK KjKvZvB nq evsjvi ivRavbx|

wØZxq Aa¨vq
Dcgnv‡`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb

fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k `yB'k eQ‡ii e…wUk kvmbvg‡j me‡P‡q ‡ekx ¶wZM«¯’ n‡q‡Q nvRvi eQ‡ii
HwZn¨evnx Bmjvgx mf¨Zv| me©vwaK wbh©vZb I wbM«‡ni wkKvi n‡q‡Q gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx|
Avi AÂj wnmv‡e AwaK cwigv‡Y ‡kvwlZ n‡q‡Q gymwjg c«avb c~e©evsjv| G mg‡q `Lj`vi Rvwjg
Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i‡K weZvo‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Av‡›`vjb-msM«vg n‡q‡Q| eû c«vYnvbx I i³cv‡Zi NUbv
N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ ‡Kvb Av‡›`vjbB G A‡ji gymjgvb‡`i‡K G‡ZvUv HK¨e× I msMwVZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb,
hZUv ‡c‡iwQj 'wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb bv‡g' cwiwPwZ GK D¤§vn&‌ Kb&‌‡mÞ ‡_‡K DrmvwiZ HwZnvwmK
GKwU Av‡›`vjb| Aek¨ 1924 mv‡j Zyi‡¯‹ Dmgvbx wLjvdZ cZ‡bi ci G Av‡›`vjb A‡bKUv w¯—wgZ
n‡q c‡o| gymwjg ‡bZviv wLjvdZ cybtc«wZôvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cwie‡Z© fviZel©‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi j‡¶¨
Bs‡iR ‡L`vI Av‡›`vj‡bi c«wZ me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Avi GB my‡hv‡M PZyi Bs‡iRiv
¯^vaxbZvi c«‡kœ gymjvb‡`i gv‡S wØRvwZ ZË¡ Avi Awef³ fvi‡Zi `vex‡Z GK weivU wefw³ m…
wó K‡i ‡`q| d‡j MwZnviv n‡q hvq gymjgvb‡`i Av‡›`vjb| Bmjvg c«wZôvi g~j `vex nvwi‡q hvq
mvgwqK Bm¨y‡Z Av‡›`vj‡bi Wvgv‡Wv‡j| hvi avivevwnKZv evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx `j¸‡jv GLbI enb
K‡i Pj‡Q|

GB wbe‡Ü Avwg cy‡iv welqwU‡K we‡kl‡Yi ‡Póv Kie BbkvAvjvn&‌| GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv c«‡qvRb ‡h,
Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvgx mf¨Zv I wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ i¶vi ‡¶‡Î Avwjg-Djvgv‡`i mxgvnxb Ae`vb Av‡Q| Z‡e
GB wbe‡Ü ‡mB wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ bv K‡i ïaygvÎ ivR‰bwZK c«m½‡KB Gi Av‡jvP¨ welq ebv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© c«eÜwU‡K ‡gvU 4wU Aa¨v‡q web¨¯— Kiv n‡jv|

Dcgnv‡`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb

5
 1914 mv‡j 1g wek¦hy× ïi“ n‡j e…‡Ub Zv‡`i e…nËg Dcwb‡ek fviZe‡l© hvZvqv‡Zi c_ ‡Lvjv
ivLvi Rb¨ Avie ‡`k¸‡jv‡K Dmgvbx wLjvdZ ‡_‡K wQwb‡q ‡bqvi ‡Rvi Pµvš— Pvjv‡Z _v‡K|
GZ`y‡Ï‡k¨ wLjvdZ we‡ivax g‡bvfve D‡¯‹ ‡`qvi Rb¨ Zviv Avi‡ei wewfbœ A‡j wb‡R‡`i `¶
¸ßPi‡`i‡K wb‡qvM K‡i| e…wUk‡`i n‡q Avie GjvKvq wLjvdZ we‡ivax ‡PZbv I Avie RvZxqZvev`x
aviYv Qov‡bvi ‡Mv‡q›`ve…wˇZ ‡bZ…Z¡ `vbKvix K‡Y©j wU.B. j‡iÝ Gi c«‡Póvq ‡MvUv
ga¨c«vP¨‡K Zviv DËß I wef³ K‡i ‡d‡j| fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki DjvgvMY wLjvd‡Zi GB wec` ‡`‡L fxlYfv‡e
AvZswKZ n‡q D‡Vb| ‡h ‡Kvb g~‡j¨ wLjvdZ kvmb envj ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv ‡Rvi ZrciZv ïi“ K‡ib|
wLjvdZ i¶vi Rb¨ fviZxq Djvgv‡`i ‡mB c«vYvš—Ki c«‡Póv‡KB BwZnv‡m 'wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb' bv‡g
AwewnZ Kiv nq|

c«_g wek¦hy‡× fvi‡Zi gymjgvbiv we«wUk‡K GB k‡Z© mg_©b w`‡qwQj ‡h, we«wUkiv
Zyi‡¯‹i Ljxdvi ‡Kvb ¶wZ Ki‡e bv| wKš‘ GB hy‡× Zyi¯‹ I Rvg©vwb wgÎkw³i Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡j
we«‡Ub I d«vÝmn Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³ ZyK©x wLjvdZ‡K wef³ Kivi D‡`¨vM M«nY K‡i| cweÎ g°v
I g`xbv wL«óvb‡`i KiZjMZ nevi Avk¯‹vq fvi‡Zi gymjgvbiv 1919 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei wLjvdZ w`em
cvjb K‡i| wLjvdZ i¶vK‡í fviZxq gymjgvbMY ‡`ke¨vcx M‡o ‡Zv‡j Zxe« Av‡›`vjb|

G ‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q AM«Yx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb-fvi‡Zi weL¨vZ we`¨vcxV `vi“j Djyg ‡`Ie›` Gi
ZrKvjxb gynZvwgg kvqLyjwn›` gvIjvbv gvngy`yj nvmvb (in.), gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` Avjx RvInvi Ges
gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx åvZ…Øq, gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, W. gy³vi Avng` Avbmvix c«gyL|

wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb n‡”Q fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡`i HK¨e× ag©xq I ivR‰bwZK

Av‡›`vjb| gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` Avjx RvInvi Ges gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx åvZ…Øq 1919 mv‡j gvIjvbv
Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, W. gy³vi Avng` Avbmvix c«gyL‡K m‡½ wb‡q wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb bv‡gi GB
msMVbwUi KvR ïi“ K‡ib| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj : ZyK©x wLjvdZ‡K aŸs‡mi nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v Kiv| GB
GKwU gvÎ msMVb fvi‡Zi mKj Nivbvi Djvgv I mvaviY gymjgvb‡`i‡K HK¨e× K‡iwQj GB `…wófw½i
wfwˇZ ‡h, wLjvdZB n‡”Q GK D¤§vn&‌i H‡K¨i c«ZxK| GLv‡b D`vniY wnmv‡e D‡jL Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i
‡h, gvIjvbv gvngy`yj nvmvb ‡`Ie›`x wQ‡jb GKRb D”PZi nvbvdx| A_P Zvi mv‡_ GB Av‡›`vj‡b
Nwbô f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb ‡h gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb Mv‡qi gyKvwj `|
Gfv‡e mKj gvmjvK, gvkivd I gvhnv‡ei DjvgvMY wLjvdZ Bm¨y‡Z HK¨e× n‡qwQ‡jb|

1920 mv‡j e½ c«‡`‡ki Avnmvb gwćj AbywôZ wLjvdZ Kb&‌dv‡i‡Ýi mfvcwZi fvl‡Y gvIjvbv
Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` wLjvd‡Zi ¸i“Z¡ eY©bv K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb : GB c«wZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q
gymjgvb‡`i‡K wmiv‡Z gy¯—vKx‡gi Dc‡i Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ msMwVZ Kiv Ges `ywbqv‡Z Avjvn&‌'i
Kvjvg‡K eyj›` Kiv| Gi Rb¨ Ri“ix n‡”Q Ljxdvi nv‡Z h_vh_ KZ©…Z¡ _vKv| gvIjvbv AvRv` wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb gymjgvb‡`i Ljxdv wenxb RxebB n‡”Q Bmjvg wenxb Rxeb| wLjvdZ wen‡b emevm Ki‡j
gymjgvb‡`i‡K Av‡Liv‡Z Reve w`‡Z n‡e| 'gvmAvjv‡q wLjvdZ' bv‡g GK M«‡š’ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :
"wLjvdZ wenxb Bmjv‡gi Aw¯—Z¡ Am¤¢e| fviZ e‡li« gymjgvb‡`i DwPZ me©kw³ w`‡q wLjvd‡Zi
Rb¨ KvR Kiv|" gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx ‡K›`«xq wLjvdZ KwgwUi c¶ ‡_‡K GB ‡NvlYv Rvix K‡iwQ‡jb ‡h
Avgiv Avkv Kwi Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z c«vY gymwjgMY fviZe‡l© Ae¯’vb K‡i e…wUk iv‡Ri
wei“‡× Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b Ask ‡b‡e| Zv Am¤¢e n‡q DV‡j wLjvdZ iv‡ó« wnRiZ Kivi wPš—v
Ki‡e| fviZe‡li« wewkó DjvgvMY GB Av‡›`vj‡b ¯^Ztù~Z© AskM«nY K‡iwQ‡jb| gvIjvbv mvB‡q`
myjvqgvb b`fx ‡Rvi w`‡q ej‡Zb gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKRb Ljxdv _vKv dih| 1920 mv‡j gvIjvbv
gyn¤§v` Avjx RvInv‡ii m‡½ GK ‡c«m Kb&‌dv‡i‡Ý Dcw¯’Z Zvi m½x mvB‡q` ûmvBb e‡jwQ‡jb hw`
`ywbqv‡Z Bmjv‡gi Aw¯—Ë¡ eRvq ivL‡Z nq, Zvn‡j gymjgvb‡`i GKRb Ljxdvi Dcw¯’wZ
Acwinvh¨©|

kvqLyjwn›` gvIjvbv gvngy`yj nvmvb KwVb cwik«g K‡i wLjvd‡Zi Aax‡b hy×iZ ‰mwbK‡`i
Rb¨ A_© msM«n K‡i Ljxdvi wbKU ‡c«iY Ki‡Zb| wZwb ivwkqv Ges Zyi‡¯‹i hy‡× Dmgvbx
wLjvdZ‡K mvwe©K mn‡hvMxZv c«`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| wLjvd‡Zi mvnvh¨v‡_© wZwb `vi“j Djyg ‡`Ie›`
gv`ivmv eÜ ‡NvlYv K‡ib| Qv·`i GKwU wekvj evwnbx‡K Zyi‡¯‹ ‡c«iY K‡i Aci Av‡iKwU evwnbx
wb‡q wb‡R Zyi¯‹ P‡j hvb| wZwb Rvb‡Zb mgM« BD‡ivc HK¨e× n‡q wLjvdZ aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g
Bmjv‡gi c«`xc‡K wbwf‡q w`‡Z msKíe× n‡q‡Q| ZvB c«_g wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q fviZ e‡li«
gmwR`¸‡jv‡Z LyZevi gv‡S wLjvd‡Zi K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡Zv Ges bvgv‡R gymjgvb‡`i weRq I Kv‡di‡`i
civR‡qi Rb¨ ‡`vqv Kiv n‡Zv| wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi Av‡iK gnvb e¨w³Z¡ gIjvbv kIKZ Avjx‡K c«kœ Kiv
n‡qwQj Avcwb ‡Kb LyZevq ZyK©x myjZv‡bi bvg Aš—f©~³ K‡ib| wZwb Rev‡e e‡jwQ‡jb, KviY
ZyK©x myjZvb GB g~û‡Z© gymjgvb‡`i Ljxdv| e…wUk mvgvR¨ev‡`i lohš¿ ‡_‡K wLjvdZ ivó«‡K
i¶vi Rb¨ gvIjvbv gvngy`yj nvmvb Zvi me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| GB Rb¨ wZwb wnRvR mdi
K‡ib| Mfb©‡ii c¶ ‡_‡K fviZe‡li« gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ cÎ gvidZ GB Aby‡iva wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb ‡h Zviv
6
‡hb e…wUk miKv‡ii wei“‡× wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b AskM«nY K‡i| GB wPwV BwZnv‡m Mvwje bvgv
bv‡g L¨vZ| wLjvd‡Zi c‡¶ GB ai‡Yi ZrciZvi `i“b wbôyi Bs‡iR kvmKiv gvIjvbv gvngy`yj nvmv‡bi
Dci KwVb Pvc m…wó K‡i| mZ¨ fvlY ‡_‡K wbe…Z Kiv Ges Bs‡iR miKv‡ii wec‡¶ wM‡q Dmgvbx
wLjvdZ‡K mg_©b ‡`qv ‡_‡K weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ Zvui Dci A‡bK AZ¨vPvi Kiv nq| ‡kl ch©š— Zvu‡K
my`~i gvëvØx‡c wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡bv nq| Bs‡iRiv `vex K‡iwQj wZwb ‡hb g°vi wek¦vmNvZK
Mfbi« kixd ‡nv‡mb‡K Bs‡iR‡`i ¯^v‡_© mg_©b w`‡q wLjvd‡Zi wei“‡× d‡Zvqv Rvix K‡ib| G RNY¨
Ab¨vq KvRwU Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Kivq MvÏvi kixd ‡nv‡mb Zv‡K Ges Zvi m½x‡`i‡K g°vq ‡M«dZvi K‡i
Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z Zy‡j ‡`q|
Ab¨ me welq wb‡q Kg-‡ekx gZ‡f` _vK‡jI wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb wb‡q gymwjg wk¶vwe`‡`i gv‡S
‡Kvb c«Kvi A‰bK¨ wQj bv| gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` Zvi weL¨vZ cwÎKv "Avj ‡njvj"-G 1912
mv‡ji 2iv b‡f¤^i msL¨vq wb‡Ri AwfgZ Gfv‡e e¨³ K‡i‡Qb : "ïay Dmgvbx wLjvd‡Zi nv‡ZB GLb
‡mB Z‡jvqvi Av‡Q hv gymwjg‡`i‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| wLjvdZB n‡”Q kixq‡Zi GKgvÎ KZ©…c¶| GB
e¨e¯’v Iwni gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| GB KZ©…c‡¶i AvbyMZ¨ Kiv Avjvn&‌'i wb‡`©k| wLjvd‡Zi
wewa-weavb ‡g‡b Pjv dih|"

Gfv‡e wLjvdZ i¶vi Av‡›`vjb fviZgq Qwi‡q co‡jI 1924 mv‡j Zyi‡¯‹ Dmgvbx wLjvd‡Zi cZ‡bi
ci Gi avivevwnKZvq GK c«Kvi fvUv c‡o| ZvQvov e…wUk kvm‡bi ‡k‡li w`‡K ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡›`vjb‡K c«vavb¨ ‡`Iqv Ges ‡`kfv‡Mi c«‡kœ gZv‰bK¨ m…wói d‡j wLjvd‡Zi ‡PZbv A‡bKUvB
n«vm ‡c‡q hvq| hvi Kyc«fv‡e D¤§vn&‌ AvRI HK¨e× n‡Z cv‡iwb|

cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j G A‡j Bmjvgx `j¸‡jvi f~wgKv

e…wUk‡`i KvimvwR Ges gymwjg jx‡Mi Acwibvg`k©x ZrciZvi `i“b fviZ wefw³i ci c~e©-cvwK¯—
vb bvgK AÂjwU ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK Ges ag©xq w`K ‡_‡K GKc«Kvi
wew”Qbœ I Aiw¶Z n‡q c‡o| GKB ivó«f~³ `yB As‡ki `~iZ¡ n‡q hvq c«vq 1932 wK‡jvwgUvi|
gvSLv‡b ‡_‡K hvq kÎy ivó« fviZ| ‡fŠMwjKfv‡e ïaygvÎ `w¶‡Yi e‡½vcmvMi Qvov c~e© cvwK¯—
v‡bi evKx wZb w`KB i‡q hvq fvi‡Zi ‡eóbx‡Z| ivR‰bwZK I ivó«xq ‡¶‡Î cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi
AaxbZv, A_©‰bwZKfv‡e kvmK‡`i wegvZvmyjf AvPiY, iv‡ó«i g~j ‡bZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_ fvlv I ms¯‹…
wZMZ ‰ecwiZ¨ BZ¨vw` mgm¨v QvovI ZrKvjxb c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi Bmjvgx ‡bZ…e…‡›`i Rb¨
Av‡iv A‡bK msKU ‡`Lv ‡`q| c«_gZ, Bmjvgx kvmb c«wZôvi Avkvq cvwK¯—vb m…wói hyw³
‡Kvbfv‡eB Zv‡`i AbyK~‡j hvqwb| KviY kvmKiv c«_g w`b ‡_‡KB wek¦vmNvZKZvi gva¨‡g cvwK¯
—vb‡K GKwU ‡mK¨yjvi iv‡ó«i w`‡K wb‡q ‡h‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wØZxqZ, c«wZwU Bmjvgx `‡jiB g~j
‡bZ…Z¡ I ‡K›`« c‡o hvq cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b| d‡j Zv‡`i Kg© ‡PZbvq eo ai‡Yi Q›`cZb N‡U| GLv‡b
D‡jL Kiv c«‡qvRb ‡h, cvwK¯—vb m…wói mgq G A‡j gymwjg jxMB wQj c«fvekvjx ivR‰bwZK
`j| AviI ‡h KqwU `j ZLb Bmjvgx `j wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Rwgq‡Z
Djvgv‡q Bmjvg, Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx Ges wbwLj fviZ Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q Bmjvg hv cieZ©x‡Z
‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© bv‡g cyYtM©wVZ nq| ZvQvov cieZ©x‡Z ‡Ljvd‡Z ieŸvbx bv‡gi GKwU `jI
GLv‡b ‡ek Zrci wQj| eZ©gv‡b Aek¨ Gi Aw¯—Z¡ we`¨gvb ‡bB|
cvwK¯—vb m…wói c«_g ‡_‡KB cwðg-cvwK¯—vbx ‡bZviv c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi c«wZ
‰elg¨g~jK bxwZ M«nY K‡i| ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK ‡¶‡Î G ‰el‡g¨i Qvc wQj
my¯úó| w`‡b w`‡b cyÄxf~Z G ‰el‡g¨i d‡j c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b M‡o I‡V KZ¸‡jv eo eo Av‡›`vjb|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 1952 Gi fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1962 Gi QvÎ Av‡›`vjb, 1969 Gi MYAf¨yÌvb Ges 1971 Gi
gyw³msM«vg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| Gme Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq cvwK¯—vbcš’x Bmjvgx `j¸‡jvi
‡bwZevPK AvPi‡Y MYgvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡q Bmjv‡gi f~wgKv wb‡q Rbg‡b ‰Zix nq weåvwš—
Ki Aven| GB c«m‡½ Avwg 1947 ‡_‡K 1969 Gi Af¨yÌvb ch©š— Zrci K‡qKwU Bmjvgx `‡ji f~wgKv
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

gymwjg jxM

1906 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i XvKvi beve mwjgyjvni D‡`¨v‡M c«wZwôZ nq gymwjg jxM| c«avbZt
Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i AbyM«n fvRb Dcgnv‡`kxq Z_vKw_Z c«MwZkxj gymwjg ‡bZ…e…‡›`i ‡mB
m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib beve wfKvi“jg~jK| mfvq beve mwjgyjvni c«¯—ve Abymv‡i
me©m¤§wZµ‡g GB `jwUi bvg ivLv nq 'wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM'| fviZe‡l© gymjgvb‡`i wb‡q
Bs‡iR‡`i bxj-bKkv ev¯—evq‡bi mn‡hvMx kw³ wnmv‡eB G `jwU KvR ïi“ K‡i| evn¨Z Bs‡iR kvm‡bi
wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb Ki‡jI G `‡ji c«avb f~wgKv wQj RvZxqZvev` I AvÂwjKZvi wfwˇZ
wew”QbœZvev‡`i ‡PZbv‡K msMwVZ Kiv|

Ks‡M«‡mi gZ gymwjg jx‡MiI c«wZôvKvjxb Ab¨Zg ‡NvwlZ j¶¨ wQj Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i m‡½
mym¤úK© i¶v Kiv| bIqve mwjgyjvn wb‡R wQ‡jb Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvi c¶cvZx| gymwjg
7
jx‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ ‡bZvivI `vex-`vIqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b wb‡e`b Rvbv‡bvi evB‡i wbqgZvwš¿K
msM«v‡gi K_v wPš—v K‡ibwb| 1906 mv‡ji ‡h m‡¤§j‡b gymwjg jxM c«wZwôZ nq, Zv‡Z
‡hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Avgwš¿Z n‡qI ‡m Avgš¿Y c«Z¨vL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb e¨vwióvi gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn|
Zvui e³e¨ wQj Ks‡M«‡mi evB‡i bZyb Av‡iKwU msMVb m…wó Kiv n‡j wn›`y gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ A
‰bK¨ evo‡e| Zvu‡K ejv nZ wn›`-gymjgvb wgj‡bi AM«`~Z| c‡i Aek¨ e¨vwióvi wRbœvn Ks‡M«m
‡Q‡o gymwjg jx‡M ‡hvM ‡`b| ïay ZvB bq, GKRb BmgvCjx kxqv nIqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb gymwjg jx‡Mi
mfvcwZi c` jvf K‡ib Ges Zvi mfvcwZ‡Z¡B gymwjg jxM cvwK¯—vb m…wói Av‡›`vjb K‡i|

e…wUk kvm‡bi ‡k‡li w`‡K cvwK¯—vb m…wói c«¯—ve‡K me©¯—‡ii gymwjg‡`i wbKU
M«nY‡hvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ GB `‡ji ZrKvjxb ‡bZviv e³…Zv-wee…wZ I c«Pvi-c‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Bmjv‡gi
weRq‡K cvwK¯—vb Kv‡q‡gi j¶¨ wn‡m‡e ‡NvlYv K‡ib| 'cvwK¯—v‡bi j¶¨ wK, jv-Bjvnv Bjvjvn'- G
ai‡Yi ‡kvMvb Zviv Rbm¤§y‡L Zy‡j a‡ib| Z`vwbš—b c«v‡`wkK gymwjg jx‡Mi c‡¶ c«Pvi m¤úv`K
Aveyj gbmyi Avng` ¯^v¶wiZ GKwU c«Pvic‡Î 'ûKyg‡Z Bjvwnqv' c«wZôv‡K cvwK¯—vb Kv‡q‡gi
D‡Ïk¨ e‡j ‡NvlYv Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Zviv gvbyl‡K eySvq ‡h, cvwK¯—vb Kv‡qg n‡jB Bmjvgx ivó«
Kv‡qg n‡e|

wKš‘ ‡`k fv‡Mi gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vb c«wZôvi ci gymwjg jxM ¶gZvmxb n‡q Bmjvg K‡q‡gi
av‡i Kv‡QI nvu‡Uwb| ¶gZv i¶v KivB n‡q hvq Zv‡`i GKgvÎ Av`k©| GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv c«‡qvRb ‡h,
Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i ‡kvMv‡b c«wZwôZ ¯^vaxb cvwK¯—v‡bi c«_g ‡K›`«xq gwš¿mfvB MwVZ nq
wn›`y I Kvw`qvbx m¤cÖ`v‡qi gš¿x‡`i mgš^‡q|

¶gZvmxb gymwjg jx‡Mi KvÛ ‡`‡L `jwUi ¯^vaxb‡PZv ‡jv‡Kiv ‡eRvq ¶yä I wei³ n‡q D‡V|
A‡b‡KB beve-Rwg`vi‡`i gymwjg jxM ‡Q‡o GKwU 'RbM‡Yi gymwjg jxM' MV‡b D‡`¨vMx nq| ‡m
Abymv‡i Avmvg ‡_‡K AvMZ gymwjg jxM ‡bZv gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx I Uv½vB‡ji
Rbve kvgmyj nK‡K h_vµ‡g mfvcwZ I ‡m‡µUvix K‡i 1949 m‡bi 24 Ryb 'AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM'
bv‡g bZyb Av‡iKwU `j MVb Kiv nq| cieZ©xKv‡j ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvn&‌ivIqv`©x GB `‡ji mv‡_
m¤ú…³ nb Ges Zvi Abymvix ‡kL gywReyi ingvb wbhy³ nb Gi Ab¨Zg R‡q›U ‡m‡µUvix| gIjvbv
Ave`yi ikx` ZK©evwMk, GW‡fv‡KU AvZvDi ingvb Lvb c«gyL e¨w³Z¡I GB `‡ji mv‡_ m¤ú…³ nb| G
`jwUi gva¨‡gB ZrKvjxb c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b AÂj-wfwËK ivRbxwZi GK bZyb aviv m~wPZ nq| wKš‘
Gi Øviv Bmjv‡gi ‡Zv ‡Kvb DcKvi nqBwb eis GK mgq `jwUi bvg ‡_‡K 'gymwjg' kãwU‡KB D‡”Q`
K‡i (1955mv‡j) m¤ú~Y© ‡mK¨yjvi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Rb¥ nq| Gfv‡eB gymwjg jxM m…wói gva¨‡g
gymjgvb‡`i‡K wLjvdZ ivó« c«wZôvi ‡PZbv ‡_‡K weiZ ivLv nq| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi c~‡e© fviZe‡l©
gymjgvb‡`i AvUk' eQi kvmb Kivi my`xN© BwZnvm _vKv m‡Ë¡I wn›`y‡`i nv‡Z fwel¨‡Z
gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© fyjywÚZ nIqvi KvíwbK fq ‡`wL‡q D¤§vn&‌i g‡a¨ Rb¥ ‡`qv nq msKxY©
RvZxqZvev‡`i GK K~wUj wPš—v| ûKyg‡Z Bjvwnqvi bv‡g g‡bvgy»Ki ‡kvMv‡bi Avei‡Y UyK‡iv
UyK‡iv K‡i ‡djv nq wekvj gymwjg kw³‡K| G‡`i fyj ivRbxwZ PP©vi cwiYwZ¯^iƒc ‡MvUv
cwiw¯’wZB P‡j hvq ‡mK¨yjvi‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq|

Aek¨ Bmjv‡gi bv‡g c«ZviYvi `v‡q gymwjg jxMI G f~L‡Û RbM‡Yi c«PÛ ‡¶v‡fi gy‡L c‡o|
G‡Zv Rbmg_©b wb‡q ¶gZvq Avmvi gvÎ mvZ eQ‡ii gv_vq Zviv G‡Kev‡i Rbwew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|
1954 mv‡j AbywôZ c«v‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b 309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM gvÎ 9wU
Avm‡b wbe©vwPZ nq| G‡Z gymwjg jxM ïay ¶gZvP¨yZB nqwb eis c~e-cvwK¯—v‡bi ivR‰bwZK
g ‡_‡KB DrLvZ n‡q hvq|

Rvgq‡Z Djvgv‡q Bmjvg

fviZel©‡K e…wUk kvm‡bi Kej ‡_‡K gy³ Kivi msM«v‡g wjß wecex Djvgv‡`i GKwU `j wQj| hviv
wQ‡jb kvn&‌ Iqvjx Djvn ‡gvnvwχm ‡`njfx (in.) Gi fvewkl¨| ‡Rnv‡` Avhv`x bv‡g `xN© msM«v‡gi
‡k‡li w`‡K 1919 mv‡j GB `jwU mvsMVwbK iƒc jvf K‡i| c«_‡g Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq 'Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q
wn›`'| kvqLyjwn›` gvIjvbv gvng~`yj nvmvb ‡`Ie›`x‡K GB `‡ji m`i ev c«avb wbhy³ Kiv n‡jI wZwb
ZLb gvëv Øx‡c e…wUk‡`i nv‡Z e›`x _vKvq gydZx ‡Kdv‡qZyjvn‡K fvic«vß m`i ‡NvlYv K‡i Gi
Kvh©µg ïi“ Kiv nq| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi ‡klc«v‡š— G‡m RwgqZ ‡bZ…e…›` e…wUk ‡L`vI Av‡›`vj‡bi
cvkvcvwk gymjgvb I Bmjv‡gi ¯^v‡_© fviZ‡K ALÛ ivLvi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡ib| ‡`kfvM n‡q
hvIqvi ci G A‡j Rwgq‡Zi ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvq| cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi Zyjbvq
ZLb c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Rwgq‡Zi k³ ‡Kvb mvsMVwbK Ae¯’vbI wQjbv| `‡ji c«avb mvwii ‡bZviv nq
fvi‡Zi bvnq cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi evwm›`v wQ‡jb| Gi cvkvcvwk Av‡iv `ywU Kvi‡Y RwgqZ GLv‡b
`ye©j wQj| GK, e…wUk kvmb Aemv‡bi ci GB Dcgnv‡`‡k cyY©v½ Bmjvg ev wLjvdZ c«wZôvi
Av‡›`vj‡b Zv‡`i ‡Kvb cwiKwíZ Kg©m~Px wQjbv| `yB, GB A‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi c«vavb¨ _vKvi
Kvi‡Y mvaviYfv‡e RbgZ M‡o D‡VwQj fviZ ‡f‡½ cvwK¯—vb nIqvi c‡¶| d‡j cvwK¯—vb m…wói
8
we‡ivax kw³ wnmv‡e Rwgq‡Zi Rbm¤ú…³ZvI wQj Kg| c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b GB `jwU A‡bKUv
wm‡j‡UB mxgve× _v‡K| Gi Av‡iKwU mxgve×Zv n‡jv G `jwU ïaygvÎ Djvgv I gv`ivmv QvÎ-wbfi«|
Rbm¤ú…³Zv bv _vKvq '47 cieZ©x mg‡q c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b RwgqZ ‡Kej wKQy ag©xq Bm¨y‡Z
wgwUs-wgwQj Qvov mvwe©K ivRbxwZ I RvZxq Bm¨y‡Z c«fve ‡djvi gZ ‡Kvb fywgKvB cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|

‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU©

1945 mv‡ji 28 I 29 A‡±vei KwjKvZvi gynv¤§` Avjx cv‡K© gymwjg jx‡Mi c«Z¨¶ mg_©‡b GKwU
Djvgv m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§jb ‡_‡K c«wZwôZ nq 'wbwLj fviZ Rwgq‡Z Ijvgv‡q Bmjvg'
bv‡g GKwU bZyb msMVb| GB bZyb RwgqZ cvwK¯—vb c«‡kœ gymwjg jx‡Mi c¶ ‡bq| wKš‘
‡`kfv‡Mi ci gymjxg jxM ‡bZ…e…‡›`i Iqv`v f‡½i d‡j beMwVZ cvwK¯—v‡b '‡bRv‡g Bmjvg' Z_v
Bmjvgx kvmb e¨e¯’v c«wZwôZ nIqv my`~i civnZ ‡`‡L Zviv wbivk n‡q c‡ob| GK c«Kvi c«ZvwiZ
n‡qB 1952 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ Rwgq‡Z Ijvgv‡q Bmjv‡gi ‡bZ…e…›` gymwjg jx‡Mi m½ Z¨vM K‡i
'‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU' bv‡g c…_K msMVb c«wZôv Kivi D‡`¨vM M«nY K‡ib| GB j‡¶¨ '52 mv‡ji 18,
19 I 20 gvP© eZ©gvb wK‡kviMÄ ‡Rjvi nhiZ bM‡i `jwUi KvDwÝj Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| D³
Awa‡ek‡bB gvIjvbv AvZnvi Avjx (in.) ‡K mfvcwZ, gvIjvbv ‰mq` gym‡jn DwÏb‡K mvaviY
m¤úv`K Ges gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx ag©Ûjx‡K mnKvix m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ K‡i '‡bRv‡g Bmjvg
cvwU©'i Kvh©µg ïi“ nq| ‡h ‡Kvb g~‡j¨ cvwK¯—v‡b ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg Z_v Bmjvgx ivó« c«wZôv‡K
GB cvwUi« c«avb j¶¨ wn‡m‡e w¯’i Kiv nq| GB GKwU gvÎ K_vi AvKl©Y Ges gymwjg jx‡Mi Zyjbvq
GB `‡ji ‡bZ…‡Z eo eo Djvgv _vKvq Aíw`‡bB ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© GKwU kw³kvjx e…nr `‡j
cwiYZ nq| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z c«PwjZ avivq ivRbxwZ Kiv Ges ‡mK¨yjvi ivRbxwZi mn‡hvMx kw³
wnmv‡e Avwef©~Z nIqvq GB `j wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| Gi c«wZôvZv ‡bZvMY h‡_ô
‡hvM¨ Ges ¶gZv m¤úbœ Avwjg nIqv m‡Z¡I cwðgv avivi MYZvwš¿K wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g KyiAvb-
mybœvn wenxb msweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKv‡i Ask wb‡q‡Qb| A_P GgbwU bv K‡i ‡MvUv
cwðgv e¨ve¯’vi wei“‡× P¨v‡jÄ n‡q `vuovevi gZ Rbmg_©b GK mgq Zv‡`i wQj| wKš‘ GB
SyuwKc~Y© KvRwU Zviv cwinvi K‡i‡Qb| hvi avivevwnKZvq eZ©gv‡b GwU GKwU bv‡g gvÎ `‡j
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

hy³d«›U MVb I wbe©vwPZ miKv‡i ‡bRv‡g Bmjv‡gi Ask M«nY

cwðgv avivi MYZvwš¿K wbe©vPb ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg ev Bmjvgx kvmb c«wZôvi c×wZ bv nIqv m‡Ë¡I
1954 mv‡j ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© RvZxq wbe©vP‡b Ask ‡bq| ïay ZvB bq, GB wbe©vP‡b Zv‡`i
GKKv‡ji c…ô‡cvlK ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM‡K civwRZ Kivi j‡¶¨ Acivci we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi mgš^‡q
GKwU hy³d«›UI MVb Kiv nq| GB d«‡›U ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© Qvov AviI ‡h me `j wQj ‡m¸‡jv
n‡jv AvIqvgx jxM, K…lK jxM I K…lK k«wgK cvwU©| hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx c«ZxK wQj '‡bŠKv'| hv
eZ©gv‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cwiPq wP‡ý cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| d«‡›Ui c¶ ‡_‡K 21-`dv `vwe m¤^wjZ GKwU
wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi c«Kvk Kiv nq| Gi f~wgKvq ïay ejv nq : 'KyiAvb I mybœvn-we‡ivax ‡Kvb
AvBb c«Yqb Kiv n‡e bv|' e¨vm GB ‡bwZevPK K_vUyKy Qvov cy‡iv Bk‡Znv‡i Bmjv‡gi mc‡¶ ‡Kvb
BwZevPK e³e¨ wQj bv| G‡ZB c«gvY n‡q hvq ‡h GB wbe©vPb ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg Kv‡q‡gi wbe©vPb
wQjbv| Zey wbe©vPb cieZ©x KyiAvb-mybœvn wenxb msweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKv‡i ‡bRv‡g
Bmjvg cvwU© Ask ‡bq Ges gwš¿Z¡ jv‡fi myev‡` ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bxwZ wba©vibx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
RvZxq I c«v‡`wkK cwil‡` `jwUi 36 Rb ‡bZv wbe©vwPZ nb| RvZxq cwil‡` msm`xq `‡ji ‡bZv
wQ‡jb `jxq mfvcwZ gvIjvbv AvZnvi Avjx (in.)| GW‡fv‡KU ‡gŠjfx dwi` wQ‡jb ‡K›`«xq k«g gš¿x|
c«v‡`wkK cwil‡`i ¯úxKvi wQ‡jb Avãyj Inve Lvb| GQvov AvBb, f~wg I wk¶v gš¿bvjqI wQj ‡bRv‡g
Bmjvg cvwUi« gš¿x‡`i `vwq‡Z¡| cvwK¯—v‡bi mv‡eK c«avbgš¿x ‡PŠayix gynv¤§` Avjx
cieZ©x‡Z ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU©‡Z ‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡K `‡ji mfvcwZ wbhy³ Kiv nq|

hy³d«‡›Ui miKvi wQj LyeB ¶Y¯’vqx, `ye©j Ges Aš—K©j‡n RR©wiZ| gvÎ 57 w`‡bi gv_vq
G‡m 1954 mv‡ji 30 ‡g GB miKv‡ii gš¿xmfv‡K eiLv¯— Kiv nq| G ai‡Yi ‡RvU I miKv‡i Ask M«n‡Yi
gva¨‡g ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg cvwU© Zv‡`i g~j `vex ‡Zv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡iBwb eis Gi ci ‡_‡K Zviv `ª“Z
RbM‡Yi Av¯’v nviv‡Z ïi“ K‡i| ZeyI cieZ©x‡Z Bmjvgx `j¸‡jvi Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wbe©vPb
Kiv Ges ‡mK¨yjvi msweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKv‡i Ask ‡bIqvi Rb¨ Gme NUbvejx `jxj n‡q ‡`Lv
‡`q|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx I ‡Kb

9
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KigPvu` MvÜx, whwb gnvZ¥v MvÜx bv‡g RMwØL¨vZ, Zvi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ GB Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ
n‡qwQj| 1920 – 22 mvj e¨vcx Pjv ‡mB mg‡q m¤ú~Y© bZyb c×wZi GB Av‡›`vjb Dcwb‡ewkK
e…wUk kvm‡bi wfZ Kvuwc‡q w`‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| ‡PŠwi‡PŠivq cywj‡ki Dci RbZvi mwnsm nvgjvi
ci MvÜxRx Av‡›`vjb c«Z¨vnvi K‡i ‡bb| e…wUk miKvi c‡i Zv‡K I Ks‡M«‡mi Ab¨ ‡bZv‡`i ‡M«dZvi
K‡i I e¨vcK `gbcxob Pvjvq| Z‡e cieZ©x‡Z GB Av‡›`vj‡bi avivevwnKZvq AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb I
fviZ Qv‡ov Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q 1947 mv‡j fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|

GB ¶y`« wbe‡Ü fvi‡Zi RbM‡Yi GB gnvb Av‡›`vj‡bi wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K m¤ú‡K© `yB c‡e©
Av‡jvPbvi ‡Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvkvKwi cve©Z¨ PÆM«v‡gi mgKvjxb ivRbxwZi ‡c«¶vc‡U GB
Av‡jvPbvi ¸i“Z¡ cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q c«wZfvZ n‡e| c«_g c‡e© Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx Ges wKfv‡e
cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj Zv Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx I ‡Kb

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb n‡jv g~jZ GKwU MYAv‡›`vjb hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv kvmK miKv‡ii Dci ‡_‡K mKj ai‡bi
mn‡hvwMZv c«Z¨vnvi Kiv I Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡K MY`vwe ‡g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv| Seeley -Gi g‡Z,
we‡`kx kvmK‡K Zvi c«fyZ¡ eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv GKwU j¾vRbK KvR GB n‡jv Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j ‡PZbv| (Non-co-operation was essentially, as Seeley had said long ago, the notion that it was
shameful to assist the foreigner in maintaining his domination.)

wm. Gd. GÛ«yi g‡Z, ÔAvZ¥ gh©v`v wd‡i cvevi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv wb‡Ri ‡fZ‡ii kw³i DÌvb
NUv‡bv| G ai‡bi DÌv‡bi Rb¨ ‡h we‡õviK kw³i `iKvi Zv Aek¨B fvi‡Zi wb‡Ri AvZ¥v ‡_‡K Drcbœ
Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv evB‡i ‡_‡K avi, Dcnvi, Aby`vb, Qvo Ges ‡NvlYv wn‡m‡e Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| GUv
Aek¨B wb‡Ri ‡fZi ‡_‡K Avm‡Z n‡e| (C. F. Andrew the only way of self recovery was through some vital
upheaval from within. The explosive force needed for such an upheaval must be generated within the soul of India
itself. It could not come through loans and gifts and grants and concessions and proclamations from without. It must
come from within.)

gnvZ¥v MvÜx Bqvs BwÛqv cwÎKvq ‡j‡Lb, ÔAmn‡hvM wbw®Œq Ae¯’v bq| GUv GKUv eo
iK‡gi mwµqve¯’v Ges ‰`wnK ej wKsev wnsmvZ¥K c«wZ‡iva A‡c¶v AwaK mwµq|Õ

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ïi“ nq 1920 mv‡ji 1 AvMó, ‡hw`b ‡jvKgvb¨ wZjK ‡kl
wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc wQj Awnsm Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv miKv‡ii Ici ‡_‡K
mn‡hvwMZv c«Z¨vnvi K‡i e…wUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q ¯^ivR Kv‡qg Kiv|
Av‡›`vj‡bi ïi“‡Z fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡gœv³ AvnŸvb Rvbvq:

1) mg¯— ai‡bi ‡LZve I m¤§vbavix c`ex eRb© Ki Ges ¯’vbxq miKvix ms¯’vi Avmb ‡_‡K c`Z¨vM
Ki;
2) miKvix A_ev AvavmiKvix Abyôvb eR©b Ki;
3) miKvix mvnvh¨cyó ev miKvi-wbqwš¿Z ¯‹yj K‡jR ‡_‡K ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i ax‡i ax‡i I ch©vqµ‡g mwi‡q
bvI;
4) AvBbRxex I ‡gvKÏgvKvix Df‡q e…wUk ‡KvU© eqKU Ki;
5) ‡mbvevwnbx I Ab¨vb¨ PvKyix‡Z ‡hvM`vb Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki;
6) 1919 mv‡ji ms¯‹vi Abyhvqx KvDw݇ji wbe©vPb eqKU Ki; Ges
7) e…wUk cb¨ eR©b Ki|

D³ AvnŸvb QvovI mviv fvi‡Z RvZxq wk¶v c«wZôvb I RvZxq wePvwiK ms¯’v M‡o ‡Zvjv
Ges wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ åvZ…c«wZg mym¤úK© c«wZôvi wm×vš— ‡bqv nq| c«_gev‡ii g‡Zv
e¨vcK RbM‡Yi AskM«n‡Yi wfwˇZ GB Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ nq| ¸RivU we`¨vcxV, wenvi we`¨vcxV,
wZjK gnvivó« we`¨vcxV, Kvwk we`¨vcxV, ‡e½j b¨vkb¨vj BDwbfvwm©wU Ges w`wj Rvwgqv
wgwjqv BZ¨vw` ¯^RvZxq c«wZôvb M‡o ‡Zvjv nq| ¯^‡`kx aviYv N‡i N‡i Rbwc«qZv jvf K‡i| L‡Ïi
¯^vaxbZvi c«Zx‡K cwiYZ nq| Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi A_© ‡hvMv‡oi Rb¨ wZjK ¯^ivR Znwej MVb
Kiv nq| G‡Z gvÎ Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ c«vq GK ‡KvwU iƒcx Rgv c‡o|

non cooperation movement mywgZ miKv‡ii g‡Z, GB Av‡›`vj‡b PviwU ce© j¶¨Yxq| 1921 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvix ‡_‡K gvP© ch©š— QvÎ I AvBbRxex‡`i Av`vjZ eR©‡bi Dci ¸i“Z¡ ‡`qv nq| bx‡Pi w`‡Ki
‡bZvKg©x I mg_©K‡`i Pv‡ci gy‡L Aj BwÛqv Ks‡M«m KwgwU 28-30 RyjvB ‡ev‡¤^ Awa‡ek‡b
R½x Ae¯’vb (militant stance) M«nY K‡i| GB Awa‡ek‡b MvÜx ‡RjLvbv¸‡jv‡K ‡¯^”Qv‡meK w`‡q c-

10
vweZ Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒKmvBLvbvq ‡hfv‡e ‡fov¸‡jv‡K Zvwo‡q ‡bqv nq, wVK
‡mfv‡e nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl ‡R‡j ‡M‡jB Avgv‡`i weRq Avm‡eÕ|

wn›`y gymjgvb mevB GB Av‡›`vj‡b mgvbfv‡e Ask wb‡qwQj| hviv MvÜxRxi ‡bZ…
‡Z¡ AvKl©Yxq ‡ckv ‡Q‡o w`‡q ‡R‡j XyK‡Z jvB‡b `vuov‡Z c«¯—yZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg
K‡qKRb n‡jb gwZjvj ‡b‡ni“, iv‡R›`« c«mv`, wm. Avi. `vm, ejf fvB c¨v‡Uj I wm. ivR‡MvcvjPvix|
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ gIjvbv AvRv`, AvKZvi Avn‡g` Avbmvix, nvwKg AvRgj Lvb, AveŸvm ‰ZqeRx,
gIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx I gIjvbv kIKZ Avjx G‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ‡k‡li `yÕRb wQ‡jb
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi `yB c«avb ‡bZv| GB Avjx åvZ…Øq‡K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq 1921 mv‡ji
‡m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m ‡M«dZvi Kiv nq GB Awf‡hv‡M ‡h, Zviv ‡mbvevwnbx‡K we‡`«v‡n D¯‹vwb ‡`qvi
g‡Zv Aciva msNwUZ K‡i‡Qb|

miKv‡ii Avkv wQj Avf¨š—ixY gZwe‡iva A_ev RbM‡Yi AbvM«‡ni Kvi‡Y Av‡›`vjb ax‡i ax‡i
wgwj‡q hv‡e, wKš‘ Zv nqwb| GB Av‡›`vj‡b 30 nvRv‡ii g‡Zv bvix cyi“l ‡M«dZvi nb| 1922 mv‡ji 5
Rvbyqvix DËi c«‡`‡ki ‡MvivLcy‡ii Kv‡Q ‡PŠwi‡PŠiv bvgK ¯’v‡b cywj‡ki mv‡_ M«vgevmxi msNl©
nq, RbZv _vbv AvµgY K‡i R¡vwj‡q w`‡j 22 Rb cywjk m`m¨ c«vY nvivq| GB NUbvi ciB MvÜxRx
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Av‡›`vjb eÜ ‡NvlYv K‡ib|

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg

fvi‡Zi RbMY e…wUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb ‡kvl‡Y wQj RR©wiZ| 1885 mv‡j fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m
MwVZ n‡jI Zv‡`i Av‡›`vjb wQj miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b wb‡e`b I wKQy gvgyjx mfv mgv‡e‡ki g‡a¨
mxgve×| MvÜxRx ey‡SwQ‡jb Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b Kvh©Ki GKwU msMV‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z
n‡j Ks‡M«m‡K ‡X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e| wZwb Ks‡M«m‡K evrmwiK e³e¨ ‡`qvi c«wZ‡hvwMZvi gÂ
wn‡m‡e bv ‡`‡L GKwU Rbm¤ú…³ ab¨ wgwjU¨v›U cvwU©‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nb|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb GB Av‡e`b wb‡e`‡bi MwÊ ‡_‡K ‡_‡K Av‡›`vjb‡K gy³ K‡i Ges cvwU© ‡bZ…
‡Z¡i mv‡_ RbM‡Yi wgjb NUvq| Av‡›`vjb ïi“i wKQy w`b c~‡e© Ag…Zm‡i RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M e…
wUk ‰mb¨iv GKwU mgv‡e‡k ¸wj Pvwj‡q 370 Rb‡K nZ¨v I GK nvRvi Rb‡K AvnZ K‡i| GB NUbv
fviZxq mgvR‡K c«ejfv‡e bvov ‡`q| MvÜxRx ÔkqZvbÕ e…wUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ mn‡hvMxZv Kiv‡K
ÔcvcÕ e‡j ‡NvlYv K‡ib|

G Qvov e…wUk miKvi ivDjvU wej cvm K‡i| GB we‡ji D‡Ïk¨ wQj RbM‡Yi evK I msev`c‡Îi
¯^vaxbZv Le© Kiv| GUv‡K miKv‡ii e¨vcK `gb bxwZi c~e©vfvm e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡qwQj Ges RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ Zv Zxe« Am‡š—v‡li Rb¥ ‡`q|

Ab¨vb¨ KviY
1) e…wUk miKvi c«_g gnvhy‡× fvi‡Zi m¤ú`, A_© I Rbej Zvi ¯^v‡_© e¨envi K‡iwQj| AvbygvwbK
10 j¶ 25 nvRvi fviZxq ‡hv×v wewfbœ hy× d«‡›U wb‡qvwRZ wQj Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K wbnZ
n‡qwQ‡jb| GQvov fviZxqiv e…wU‡ki hy× Znwe‡j 6 ‡KvwU 21 j¶ cvDÛ Rgv ‡`b| G Kvi‡Y Zviv
Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb hy× ‡k‡l e…wUk miKvi c«wZ`vb wn‡m‡e fviZ‡K ¯^kvmb ‡`‡e| wKš‘ Zv‡`i Avkv
wbivkvq cwiYZ n‡Z ‡ekx w`b jv‡Mwb|
2) Ks‡M«‡mi cy‡iv‡bv ‡bZv‡`i ( ‡hgb evj M½vai wZjK, ‡emvš— BZ¨vw`) miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b
wb‡e`‡bi dj bv nIqv| Zv‡`i ¯^kvmb (‡nvg i“j) Gi Av‡›`vjb Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi wfwË ‰Zwi K‡i|
3) hy× fviZxq‡`i Rxe‡b A_©‰bwZK `y`©kv wb‡q Av‡m| c‡Y¨i `vg ‡e‡o hvq| we‡`kx c‡Y¨i
Avg`vwb ïi“ nq; Aciw`‡K K…wl c‡Y¨i `vg ev‡owb| d‡j K…lK I k«wgKiv Pig K‡ó I Aa©vnv‡i
w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
4) ‡LjvdZ ‡bZv‡`i `vwe gvb‡Z miKv‡ii A¯^xK…wZ| d‡j Zviv Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi c«¯—ve ‡g‡b
‡bq Ges MvÜxRx‡K G Av‡›`vj‡b ‡bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z Aby‡iva Rvbvq| Ks‡M«‡mi bvMcyi Awa‡ek‡b
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïi“ Kivi c«¯—ve Aby‡gvw`Z nq| MvÜxRx GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ ¯^ivR AR©‡bi ‡NvlYv
‡`b|non cooperation movement6

Av‡›`vj‡bi mvdj¨ e¨_©Zv

jvjv jvRcZ ivq I wm Avi `vm mn Ks‡M«‡mi cy‡iv‡bv ‡bZviv c«vq mevB Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi
cÖ¯Ív‡ei we‡ivaxZv K‡iwQ‡jb| Aciw`‡K Ks‡M«‡mi evB‡i Z_vKw_Z gWv‡iU ev wjev‡ij ev D`vicš’x
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wKQy fviZxq ‡bZv GB Av‡›`vjb ‡_‡K ‡Kej wb‡R‡`i `~‡i mwi‡q ‡i‡LwQ‡jb Zv bq,
Zviv e…wUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ GKxf~Z n‡q hvb Ges miKv‡ii gš¿x I Ab¨vb¨ c‡` AwawôZ n‡q
MYAv‡›`vjb I Ks‡M«m‡K `g‡b miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv c«`vb K‡ib| GK K_vq Zviv wbR ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi
wei“‡× miKv‡ii `vjvj, c«wZwµqvkxj I c«wZwecex n‡q hvb| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb wQ‡jb k«xwbevm
kv¯¿x| wZwb e…wUk miKv‡ii B”Qvq wewfbœ e…wUk Wwgwbq‡b I gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó« mdi K‡i
Zvi wbR ‡`‡ki RbMY I Ks‡M«‡mi Kov mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e³e¨ ‡`b|

11
 wKš‘ Gme m‡Z¡I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK RbMY‡K bvov ‡`q I miKv‡ii wfZ Kvuwc‡q ‡`q|
GB Av‡›`vjb RbM‡Yi g‡b mvnm, g‡bvej I kw³ mÂvi K‡i Ges Av‡›`vjbKvix cvwU© wn‡m‡e
Ks‡M«‡mi Rbwc«qZv evwo‡q ‡`q| GZw`b `ye©j, fxi“, nxbgb¨ n‡q _vKv RbMY ‡gi“`Ê ‡mvRv K‡i
`vuovq| A_©‰bwZK ‡¶‡ÎI BwZevPK c«fve cwijw¶Z nq| e…wUk cY¨ eR©‡bi d‡j fviZxq KviLvbvi
gvwjKiv fv‡jv gybvdv Avq K‡ib| e…‡Ub ‡_‡K wPwb, ‡jvnv BZ¨vw` c‡Y¨i Avg`vwb K‡g hvq|

‡PŠwi‡PŠiv mwnsmZvi ‡c«w¶‡Z MvÜxRx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb c«Z¨vnv‡ii ‡NvlYv ‡`b| wKš‘
ZviciI e…wUk miKvi Zv‡K ‡M«dZvi I 6 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ê ‡`q| GKBfv‡e Ks‡M«‡mi Ab¨vb¨ ‡bZv‡`iI
‡M«dZvi Kiv nq| MvÜxRxi GB wm×v‡š—i we‡ivaxZv K‡i gwZjvj ‡b‡ni“ I wPË iÄb `vm Ks‡M«m
‡_‡K ‡ewi‡q wM‡q ¯^ivR cvwU© MVb K‡ib|

mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji HwZnvwmK I mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z, GB Av‡›`vjb e…wUk kvm‡bi ‡gi“`Ê

‡f‡O w`‡Z h‡_ó mdj n‡qwQj| GgbwK Zv 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi wfwË ‰Zwi K‡iwQj| RInijvj
‡b‡ni“ wj‡L‡Qb, ÔMYAf¨yÌvb I c«K…Z wecex Av‡›`vj‡bi me mgq `yÕ ai‡bi dj ‡`Lv hvq: GKw`‡K
Zv Avg RbZv‡K ev Zv‡`i c‡¶i ‡jvKRb‡K mvnmx K‡i ‡Zv‡j Ges Zv‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡i ùyiY NUvq|
Ab¨w`‡K GKB mgq Zv c«wZc¶‡K gb¯—vwZ¡Kfv‡e `gb I c«wZnZ K‡i|Õ
PZz_© Aa¨vq
cvK fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b ‡LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

‡LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

1918 mv‡ji b‡e¤^‡i 1g wek¦hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U| ‡m eQi A‡±ve‡i Zyi¯‹ wgÎkw³i (The Allies
i.e British, France and their Allies) Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡qwQj| Kb÷vbwU‡bvcj Zv‡`i nvZQvov nq Ges Zviv
hy×weiwZi Av‡e`b K‡i| hy× ‡k‡l ‡mfvm© Pyw³ (Treaty of Severs) Abymv‡i e…wUk I Ab¨vb¨
wgÎkw³ civwRZ Zyi¯‹‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ fvM-ev‡Uvqviv Kievi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| Bmjv‡gi AwaKZ©v
Zyi‡¯‹i Lwjdvi mvg«vR¨ e¨e‡”Q` fviZe‡li« gymjgvb‡`i g‡b Mfxi ‡iLvcvZ K‡i| KviY, Zyi¯‹ ‡LjvdZ
ZrKvjxb wek¦ gymwjg åvZ…Z¡, GKZv I Avkv-AvKvO&¶vi c«ZxKiƒ‡c MY¨ wQj| ‡m Rb¨ fvi‡Zi
gymjgvbiv ‡Ljvd‡Zi c«wZ AZ¨š— k«×vkxj Ges myjZvb‡K wb‡R‡`i ag©xq ‡bZviƒ‡c g‡b KiZ| hy×
‡k‡l e…wUk c~e© c«wZk«ywZ f½ K‡i fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i g‡b we‡`«v‡ni Av¸b c«¾¡wjZ K‡i|
1915 I 1916 mv‡ji mg‡SvZv Abymv‡i hy× PjvKv‡jB e…‡Ub I d«vÝ, BivK, wmwiqv I c¨v‡j÷vBb‡K
fvMvfvwM K‡i ‡bq| wKš‘ hy‡×i ‡kl gyn~Z© ch©š— Avie‡`i Avk¦vm ‡`qv nw”Qj ‡h, Avie‡`i
Zyi‡¯‹i ‰¯^ivPvix kvmb ‡_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i GKUv ¯^Zš¿ mvg«vR¨ c«wZôvi Rb¨ G hy×
cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

hy× ‡k‡l d«vÝ I Bsj¨v‡Ûi c¶ ‡_‡KI cybivq GKUv ‡hŠ_ ‡NvlYvcÎ Avie ‡`kmg~‡n c«Pvi Kiv
nq| Zv‡Z ‡Rvi Mjvq `vwe Kiv nq ‡h, ÔÔeZ©gvb hy× ‡KejgvÎ Rvg©vbxi m¤cÖmviYev`x Awfjvl
‡_‡K wek¦evmx‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G hyׇK c«vP¨‡`k ch©š— we¯—…Z Kivi
KviY ïay GB ‡h, ‡hme ‡`k `xN©w`b a‡i ZyK©x‡`i Ryjyg-wbcxo‡b wcó n‡q Avm‡Q, d«vÝ I e«‡Ub
Zv‡`i‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv c«`vb Ki‡Z B”QyK| Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, Gme ‡`‡k wb‡f©Rvj RvZxq
miKvi c«wZwôZ n‡e Ges evB‡ii n¯—‡¶c ‡_‡K Zv cy‡ivcywifv‡e gy³ _vK‡e|

Gme ‡NvlYv ‡`qv m‡Ë¡I Avieiv hLb ‡`Lj wmwiqvi DcK~‡j divmx ‰mb¨iv Dcw¯’Z I KZ©…
Z¡kxj, Aciw`‡K BivK Ges c¨v‡j÷vB‡b e…wUk Jcwb‡ewkK ‡NvlYv I ‰¯^ivPvix kvm‡bi _vev we¯
—…Z, ZLb Zviv eyS‡Z cvi‡jv ev¯—weK c‡¶ Zv‡`i mv‡_ c«ZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ZyK©x I Avie‡`i
g‡a¨ we‡f` m…wó K‡i Zv‡`i f~-LÛ AvZ¥mvr Kivi Rb¨ Pµvš— Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ Avie, BivK,
wmwiqv I c¨v‡j÷vB‡b ¯^vaxbZv msM«vg ïi“ K‡i|
wek¦hy× ‡_‡g hvIqvi c‡iI e…wU‡ki mnvqZvq M«xKiv 1919 mv‡ji ‡g gv‡m webv D¯‹vwb‡Z
ch©y`¯— Zyi‡¯‹i Dci nvgjv Pvwj‡q ¯§v_© `Lj K‡i ‡bq Ges Avbv‡Zvwbqvi Af¨š—‡i c«‡ek K‡i| ZLb
Zyi¯‹ ivR¨ wQj gymwjg fvi‡Zi ag©xq ‡bZ…‡Z¡i Avkvfimvi ¯’j Z_v wLjvd‡Zi c«vY‡K›`«| fviZxq
gymjgvbiv fve‡jb, Zyi‡¯‹i kw³ I ¯^vaxbZv Qvov ‡LjvdZ wUwK‡q ivLv m¤¢e n‡e bv| gymjgvbiv
wLjvd‡Zi m¤§vb I Aw¯—Z¡ A¶yY&Y ivLevi Rb¨ `…p c«wZÁ nq| gvIjvbv gyn¤§` Avjx, Zvi eo fvB
gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx I gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv‡`i ‡bZ…‡Z¡ e…wU‡ki b¨°viRbK f~wgKvi wb›`v
Ges miKvi we‡ivax GK `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| G Av‡›`vjbB ‡LjvdZ Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
ÔG mgq W. Avbmvixi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ Ô‡LjvdZ KwgwU' MwVZ nq| 1919 L…÷v‡ãi 17B A‡±vei wLjvdZ
w`em cvwjZ nq| G ‡K dRjyj nK Ges gwbi“¾vgv‡bi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V|
dRjyj nK c«_g ‡_‡KB G Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav‡b wQ‡jb| 1919 L…÷v‡ãi 14 b‡e¤^i dRjyj n‡Ki
mfvcwZ‡Z¡ wLjvdZ ‰eV‡Ki c«_g Awa‡ekb w`jx‡Z AbywôZ nq| H ‰eV‡K Zyi‡¯‹i ALÛZv I Lwjdvi
gh©v`v i¶vi `vwe Kiv nq| wm×vš— ‡bqv nq ‡h, G wel‡q e…wUk miKv‡ii c«wZk«ywZ bv ‡c‡j
gymjgvbMY miKv‡ii m‡½ Amn‡hvM bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e| GKB eQi wW‡m¤^i gv‡m gvIjvbv kIKZ
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Avjxi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ wLjvd‡Zi wØZxq ‰eVK j‡¶&YŠ‡Z AbywôZ nq| G ‰eV‡K Zyi¯‹ I Lwjdvi
e¨vcv‡i gymjgvb‡`i g‡bvfve RbM‡Yi Rb¨ eojvU I e…wUk c«avbgš¿xi wbKU GKwU c«wZwbwa `j
cvVv‡bvi c«¯—ve M…nxZ nq| W. Avbmvixi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjg I wn›`y‡`i GKwU c«wZwbwa `j
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gv‡m KjKvZvq Avn~Z Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv‡`i mfvcwZ‡Z¡ wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci
GKwU c«¯—ve M«nY K‡i Ges GKwU c«wZwbwa `j‡K jÛ‡b cvwV‡q e…wUk miKv‡ii wbKU wLjvdZ
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miKvi I wgÎkw³i wbKU fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i Zxe« g‡bvfve e¨³ K‡ib| wKš‘ wgÎkw³ A_ev e…wUk
c«avbgš¿x j‡qW RR© ‡KDB GB ‡Wcy‡Ukb‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ c«`vb K‡ibwb| d‡j c«wZwbwaiv e¨_©
n‡q ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| G‡Z fvi‡Z e…wUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb AviI Zxe«Zi I ‡Rvi`vi nq| 1920
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mn-‡m‡µUvwi wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g gvIjvbv gwbi“¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x, gvIjvbv ‡gvnv¤§` AvKig Lvu I
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gvIjvbv mv‡ne wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb‡K ‡Rvi`vi Kivi Rb¨ 1920 mv‡ji 21 ‡g Ôhvgvbv' bvgK GKwU
D`©y ‰`wbK cwÎKv c«Kvk K‡ib| 1921 mv‡j ivR‰bwZK gZev` c«Pv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb ‡meK
bvgK Aci GKwU ‰`wbK cwÎKv c«Kvk K‡ib| ‡meK cwÎKvi ¯^vaxb I wbf©xK gZvgZ c«Kv‡ki `i“Y
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wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjbKv‡j wn›`y-gymjgvb GK‡Î MYAv‡›`vjb Pvjv‡jI g‡bi wgj nqwb| gymjgvb
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Q ewnwe©‡k¦i gymjgv‡bi c«wZ ag©xq mnvbyf~wZ e‡k| wKš‘ MvÜx
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`y'R‡bi c‡¶ ‡LjvdZ GKUv ‡K›`«xq e¨vcvi- gyn¤§` Avjxi wbKU GUv Zvui ag©, Avi ‡Ljvd‡Z
AvZ¥`vb Ki‡jI ‡mUv Avgvi a‡gi« ¯^v‡_© ‡Mvi¶vi R‡b¨ Avwg gymjgvb‡`i QywiKv n‡Z ‡MvgvZv
i¶v K‡iwQ|
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Z¡ M«nY K‡ib, ZLb GwU‡K mbvZb a‡gi« iƒc w`‡q GK agi«vR¨ cv‡k fviZf~wg‡K ‡eu‡a w`‡q me
‡k«YxMZ I ØbØ msNv‡Zi mvgÄm¨ M«nY Ki‡Z msKí M«nY K‡ib| Zvici Ks‡M«‡mi Abgbxq g‡bvfve
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Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e Ks‡M«m ‡bZ…e…›` Qv·`i wk¶v c«wZôvb I wejvwZ
‡cvkvK eR©‡bi Avnevb Rvbvq| Ks‡M«m ‡bZv‡`i wbKU ZLb Education can wait swarj cant wQj
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13
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Kg©m~wP ‡g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibwb|
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wele¨|' gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx _vbex Zvi GK cyw¯—Kvq wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb mg_©b K‡ib| wKš‘
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb‡K kixq‡Zi `…wó‡KvY ‡_‡K A‰ea Ges ivR‰bwZK w`K ‡_‡K gymwjg RvwZi
Rb¨ ¶wZKi e‡jI D‡jL K‡ib|

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GKvZ¥Zv ‡NvlYv K‡iwQj e‡j gyn¤§` Avjx wRbœvn I BKevj G Av‡›`vj‡b ‡hvM`vb K‡ibwb|
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Amn‡hvM I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb Pj‡Z _v‡K| gymjgv‡biv e…wUk ‰mb¨evwnbx Z¨v‡Mi ûgwK ‡`q|
mviv‡`‡k Amn‡hvM MYAv‡›`vjb c«wZ‡iv‡ai Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| eû gymjgvb ‡`k ‡Q‡o
AvdMvwb¯—v‡b wnRiZ K‡i| ‡kl ch©š— MvÜxi Awnsm ¯^ivR Av‡›`vjb mxgv jsNb K‡i Ges Dfq
c«‡`‡ki ‡PŠwi‡Pviv bvgK ¯’v‡b GK`j we¶yä RbZv _vbv AvµgY K‡i 21 Rb wmcvnx I 1 Rb mve-
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K‡i| MvÜx Zvi Awnsm I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjbI Giƒc mwnsmZvq cwiYZ n‡Z ‡`‡L gg©vnZ nb Ges
wZwb Dcjwä K‡ib ‡h, Awnsm msM«v‡gi Rb¨ ‡`kevmx c«¯—yZ bq| myZivs wZwb Av‡›`vjb eÜ
Kivi WvK ‡`b| 1922 L…÷v‡ã e…wUk miKvi MvÜx‡K ‡M«dZvi K‡ib Ges Zv‡K Qq gv‡mi Kviv`‡Û
`wÛZ K‡ib| d‡j Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb µgk w¯—wgZ n‡q c‡o|

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ‡Z wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjbI µgk w¯—wgZ n‡q c‡o| KviY, B‡Zvg‡a¨
Zyi‡¯‹ Kvgvj AvZvZy‡Ki« ‡bZ…‡Z¡ RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb I beRvMi‡Yi mÂvi nq| 1924 L…÷v‡ã
Kvgvj AvZvZyK© ivRZš¿ I ‡LjvdZ DwV‡q w`‡q Zyi‡¯‹ mvaviYZš¿ c«Pjb K‡ib| Gi d‡j weMZ ‡LjvdZ
Av‡›`vj‡bi hewbKvcvZ N‡U|

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n‡q‡Q Zv wbb¥iƒc:-

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14
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cÂg Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi

hviv MvÜxi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b mvwgj n‡qwQ‡jb Zviv Z¨vM ¯^xKv‡i c«¯—yZ wQ‡jb|
MvÜxRx Bqvs BwÛqvq ‡j‡Lb, Ô`ytL Kó ‡fvM Kivi ¶gZv hvui ‡bB wZwb Amn‡hvM Ki‡Z A¶g|
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wó‡Z wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb e¨_© n‡jI GB Av‡›`vjb mviv fvi‡Z e…wUkwe‡ivax kw³‡K D¾xweZ
K‡iwQj| Amn‡hvM I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb GB ‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©b‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡iwQj G wel‡q
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Avgv‡`i cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ae`vb I
¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|
mnvqK M«š’ I I‡qemvBU

1. gnvZ¥v MvÜxi wbe©vwPZ iPbv, fwjDg 5, m‡Z¨i AvnŸvb, c«_g ms¯‹iY, Rvbyqvix 2000,
beRxeb cvewjwks nvDR, Avn‡g`vev`|

An Autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru, Penguin Books India 2004.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress
http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=6
http://www.importantindia.com/16194/causes-and-importance-of-non-cooperation-movement/
http://www.historydiscussion.net/articles/non-cooperation-movement-1920-22-undertaken-by-the-indian-national-
congress/2093
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement
http://www.mkgandhi.org/biography/nnviolnt.htm

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