TERM 1 – JUNE 2025

CHEMISTRY
MARKING SCHEME

Class: 12 Duration: 3Hrs.

Date: 10/06/2025 Max Marks: 70
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SECTION A
Questions number 1 to 8 are Multiple Choice type Questions, carrying 1
mark each.
1. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at 1
high altitude is due to ____________.
(a) low temperature U
(b) low atmospheric pressure
(c) high atmospheric pressure
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
Ans) (b)

2. The positive value of the standard electrode potential of Cu 2+/Cu indicates that 1
______________
(a) redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than the H +/H2 couple.
(b) redox couple is a stronger oxidising agent than H +/H2. A
(c) Cu can displace H2 from acid.
(d) None of the above
Ans) b

3. Alkyl halides undergoing nucleophilic bimolecular substitution involve 1

(a) retention of configuration
(b) racemic mixture
(c) inversion of configuration U
(d) formation of carbocation
Ans) c

4. IUPAC name of m-Cresol is _____________. 1

(a) 3-Methylphenol
(b) 3-Chlorophenol E
(c) 3-Methoxyphenol
(d) Benzene-1, 3-diol
Ans)a
5. A compound CaCl2 . 6H2O undergoes complete dissociation in water. The van’t 1
Hoff Factor ‘i’ is
(a) 9
(b) 6 A
(c) 3
(d) 4
Ans) c

6. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing 1

point of a 0.01 M MgCl2 solution is ________.
(a) the same E
(b) about twice
(c) about three times
(d) about six times
Ans) (c)

7. The quantity of charge required to obtain one mole of aluminium from Al 2O3 1
is __________.
(a)1F
(b)6F A
(c)3F
(d)2F
Ans)(c)

8. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their densities. 1

(a) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv)

(b) (i) < (iii) < (iv) < (ii)
(c) (iv) < (iii) < (ii) < (i)
(d) (ii) < (iv) < (iii) < (i)
Ans) (a)

9 The IUPAC name of the compound 1

U
is
(a) 4-Fluoro-1-methyl-3-nitrobenzene
(b) 1-Fluoro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene
(c) 2-Fluoro-5-methyl-1-nitrobenzene
 (d) 4-Methyl-1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene
Ans)(b)

10 The electrode potential data are given below 1

Based on the data, the reducing power of Fe2+, Al, Br– will increase in the
order.
(a) Br–< Fe2+ < Al
(b) Fe2+ < Al < Br–
(c) Al < Br– < Fe2+
(d) Al < Fe2+ < Br–
Ans) (a)

11 The C—O bond length in phenol is less than that in methanol due to 1
. (a) partial double bond character in aromatic ring
(b) sp2 hybridised carbon U
(c) sp3 hybridised carbon
(d) both (a) and (b)
Ans) (d)

12 Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same 1

. strength as those between two toluene molecules. For a mixture of
benzene and toluene, which of the following are not true? U
(a) ∆mix H = zero
(b) ∆mix V = zero
(c) These will form minimum boiling azeotrope.
(d) These will form ideal solution.
Ans)(c)

13 Assertion (A): The boiling point of ethanol is higher than methoxymethane. 1

. Reason (R) : There is intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ethanol.
Ans) c E

14 Assertion (A) : When NaCl is added to water, a depression in freezing point is 1

. observed. E
Reason (R) : The vapour pressure of solution is increased which causes
depression in freezing point.
Ans) c

15 Assertion (A): The following reaction takes place at cathode during the 1
. electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride: E
 Reason (R): The reaction with lower value of Eo is preferred at cathode.
Ans) c

16 Assertion (A): KCN reacts with methyl chloride to give methyl isocyanide. 1
. E
Reason (R): CN– is an ambident nucleophile.
Ans) d

17. (a) Haloarenes are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction than 1
haloalkanes. 1
(b)Thionyl chloride method is preferred for preparing alkyl chlorides from
alcohols. A

Ans) (a)  Resonance Stabilization of C–X Bond in Haloarenes:

In haloarenes (like chlorobenzene), the lone pair of electrons on the halogen atom interacts
with the π-electrons of the benzene ring, leading to resonance. This gives partial double bond
character to the C–X bond, making it stronger and shorter, and hence harder to break.

 Sp² Hybridized Carbon in Haloarenes:

The carbon atom bonded to the halogen in haloarenes is sp² hybridized, while in haloalkanes
it is sp³ hybridized. The sp² carbon holds electrons more tightly, making it less susceptible
to attack by nucleophiles.

(b) The thionyl chloride method (using SOCl 2) is preferred for preparing alkyl
chlorides from alcohols because the by-products of the reaction, sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), are gases that readily escape, leaving behind
the desired alkyl chloride product.

18 (a) Write the Nernst equation for the cell reaction in the Daniel cell. A
(b) How will the ECell be affected when concentration of Zn2+ ions is
increased? 1
Ans)(a) 1

19 Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling A

. point of water increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one 2
litre of water decreases its boiling point.

Ans) NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of NaCl to water

 lowers the vapour pressure of water. As a result boiling point of water
increases. Methyl alcohol on the other hand is more volatile than water,
therefore its addition increases, the total vapour pressure over the solution
and a decrease in boiling point of water results.

20 Explain SN1 mechanism with a suitable example. U

. Ans) 2

21 Explain the reaction for the preparation of phenol from cumene. A

. 1
Ans)Explanation with equation
1

22 (a)Give reasons for the following:

. U
(i) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. 1
(ii) Elevation of boiling point of 1M KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1
1M sugar solution.

(b)What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the
osmotic pressure of solution? 1

Ans) (a)
(i) In cold water, the solubility of oxygen is more. The amount of dissolved
 oxygen in water decreases with increase in the temperature of water.
Therefore, aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in
warm water.
(ii) 1M KCl solution dissociates into 1M K+ and 1M Cl- whereas 1M sugar
solution does not dissociates to give ions. So, the Van't Hoff factor for KCl
solution is 2 whereas that for sugar solution is 1. As we know, greater is the
Van't Hoff factor, greater would be the colligative property. Hence,
elevation of boiling point of 1M KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1M
sugar solution.

(b) When external pressure applied is more than the osmotic pressure then
reverse osmosis takes place. The solvent will then flow from the solution to
the solvent by semi-permeable membrane.

23 (a) Explain how rusting of iron is envisaged as setting up of an U

. electrochemical cell.
(b) The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.025 S cm –1 2
Calculate its molar conductivity.

Ans) (a) The water layer present on the surface of iron dissolves acidic 1
oxides of air like CO2 to form acids which dissociate to give H+ ions.

In the presence of H+ ions, iron starts losing electrons at some spot to form
ferrous ions. Hence, this spot acts as the anode:

The electrons thus released move through the metal to reach another spot
where H+ ions and the dissolved oxygen gain these electrons and reduction
reaction takes place. Hence, this spot acts as the cathode:

The overall reaction is given as:

Therefore, an electrochemical cell is set up on the surface. Ferrous ions are

further oxidised by the atmospheric oxygen to ferric ions which combine
with water molecules to form hydrated ferric oxide, Fe 2O3. xH2O, which is
rust.

(b)

24 (a)Calculate ∆rG° for the reaction E

. Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Given: Eocell = +2.71 V, 1 F = 95600 C mol–1 2
 (b) What is the necessity to use a salt bridge in a Galvanic cell?

Ans) (a) 1

(b) A salt bridge is crucial in a Galvanic cell to maintain electrical neutrality

and allow the flow of ions between the two half-cells, preventing the
buildup of charge and ensuring a continuous flow of electrons, which is
essential for the cell to function.

25 (a)Arrange the following in the increasing order of their reactivity towards A

. SN2 reactions:
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane,1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane 1
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-3- methyl 1
butane

(b) Why is the solubility of haloalkanes in water very low? 1

Ans)
(a).
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane <2-Bromopentane < 1-Bromopentane
(ii) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane<1-Bromo-3-
methylbutane
(b) To dissolve in water, the energy released from new interactions between haloalkanes and water
molecules must compensate for the energy required to break existing hydrogen bonds between
water molecules. Water molecules are highly polar and form strong hydrogen bonds with each other.
Haloalkanes, however, cannot form hydrogen bonds with water

26 (a)Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration of ethene. U

. (b) Arrange the following compounds in order of their increasing boiling points:
(i) Pentan-1-ol, n-butane, pentanal, ethoxyethane 1.5
Ans) 1.5
(a)
 (b) n-Butane<ethoxyethane< pentanal < pentan-1-ol

27 Explain the following reaction: U

. (a) Friedel craft’s alkylation reaction 1
(b)Wurtz’s Fittig reaction. 1
(c)Finkelstein Reaction. 1
Ans)
(a)

(b) A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an alkylarene when
treated with sodium in dry ether and is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

(c) Alkyl iodides are often prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides/
 bromides with NaI in dry acetone. This reaction is known as Finkelstein
reaction.

28 Write structures of the products of the following reactions: E

. (a)
1

(b)
1

(c)

1
Ans)
(a)

(b)

(c)
29 A solution which obeys Raoult’s law strictly is called an ideal solution, while a
. solution which shows deviations from Raoult’s law is called a non-ideal solution or U
real solution. An ideal solution of the components A and B is defined as the
solution in which the intermolecular interactions between the components A—B
are of the same magnitude as the intermolecular interactions found in the pure
components A—A and B—B. Similarly, a non- ideal solution of the components A
and B is defined as the solution in which the intermolecular interactions between
the components A—B are of the different magnitude as the intermolecular
interactions found in the pure components A—A and B—B.

Answer the following questions:

(a) Why are the equimolar solutions of NaCl and glucose not isotonic? 1
(b) What type of Azeotrope is formed by mixing nitric acid and water. 1
(c) Draw a vapour pressure curve, by plotting vapour pressure against mole
fraction of an ideal solution of two components A and B. Indicate partial 2
vapour pressure of A and B (PA & PB) and total vapour pressure (PTotal

Ans)
(a) Isotonic solutions are those having same concentrations and osmotic pressure
but NaCl and Glucose have not the same osmotic pressure due to the different
Van’t Hoff factor.

(b) Maximum boiling azetrope is formed.

(c)

30 The conductivity or specific conductivity of an electrolytic solution varies with the

. concentration of the solutions of different electrolytes. For comparing the E
conductances of the solutions of different electrolytes, it is essential that the
solutions should have equal volumes and they must contain definite amount of
the electrolytes which give ions carrying the same total charge. The conducting
power of an electrolytic solution can be expressed in terms of equivalent
conductance and molar conductance. The equivalent conductance of a solution
does not vary linearly with concentration and it is related with specific
conductance. The effect of equivalent conductance can be studied by plotting
values against the square root of the concentration. Following two figures show
the behaviour of strong and weak electrolytes with change of concentration.

Answer the following questions:

1
(a) State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.

(b) Why on dilution the limiting molar conductivity of CH 3COOH increases 1

drastically while that of CH3COONa increases gradually?

(c) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L –1 KCl solution is 100ohm. 2
If the resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L –1 KCl solution is
520ohm, calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L –1 KCl
solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol L –1 KCl solution is 1.29 × 10–2 ohm–1 cm–1.

Ans) (a) First law statement

(b) In the case of CH3COOH, which is a weak electrolyte, the number of ions
increase on dilution due to an increase in degree of dissociation.

On the other hand, CH3COONa, a strong electrolyte, experiences a more gradual increase in
molar conductivity because the number of ions remains relatively constant, with dilution
primarily affecting interionic attractions.

(c)
31 (a) At 291 K, the molar conductivities at infinite dilution of NH 4Cl, NaOH and NaCl A
. are 129.8, 217.4 and 108.9 S cm2 mol–1 respectively. If the molar conductivity of a
centimolar solution of NH4OH is 9.33 S cm2 mol–1, what is the percentage 3
dissociation of NH4OH at this dilution?

(b)Predict the products of electrolysis obtained at the electrodes in each if the

electrodes used are of platinum?
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3.
(ii) An aqueous solution of H2SO4. 2

Ans)(a)

b)(i)
 (ii)

32 (a)Give reasons: A
. 1
(i) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than tert-butyl bromide.
(ii) A racemic mixture is optically inactive. 1
(iii) The presence of nitro group (-NO2) at O/P positions increases the
1
reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.
(b) Write the major product(s) in the following reactions:
(i)
1

(ii)

Ans)(a)(i)n-Butyl bromide is a straight chain molecule with strong

intermolecular forces whereas t-butyl bromide is a branched chain
molecule with weak intermolecular forces due to smaller surface area.
Hence, n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than t-butyl bromide.

(ii)A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of both enantiomers, and the
rotational effects of one enantiomer cancel out the effects of the other.

(iii) In haloarenes, NO2 group is present at O/P position results in the

stabilisation of resulting carbanion by-R and - I effects and therefore
increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution
reactions.
(b)(i)
 (ii)

33 (a) A solution containing 1.9 g per 100 mL of KCl (M = 74.5 g mol–1) is 3

. E
isotonic with a solution containing 3 g per 100 mL of urea (M = 60 g mol–
1). Calculate the degree of dissociation of KCl solution. Assume
that both the solutions have same temperature.
(b) Why is a person suffering from high blood pressure advised to take 2
minimum quantity of common salt?

Ans) (a) Isotonic solutions are those solutions which have the same osmotic
pressure. If the osmotic pressures are equal at the same temperature,
concentrations must also be equal. So,
For nonelectrolyte Urea ∏= CRT
For electrolyte KCl ∏= iCRT
3/60=ix1.9/74.5
I=1.96

(Dissociation) = i-1/n-1
=1.96-1/2-1
= 0.96 0r 96%

(b) Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of the solutes.

Our body fluid contains a number of solutes. On taking large amount of common
salt, Na+ and Cl– ions enter into the body fluid thereby raising the concentration
of the solutes. As a result, osmotic pressure increases which may rupture the
blood cells.