Principled Negotiation, developed by Fisher and Ury, promotes win-win outcomes

and consists of four key principles:

Separate the People from the Problem

Focus on resolving issues, not blaming individuals. Avoid emotional
escalation, and build rapport to encourage cooperation.

Focus on Interests, Not Positions

Dig beneath surface-level demands to understand the real needs of both
parties. Use empathetic listening to ensure both sides feel heard and
understood.

Invent Options for Mutual Gain

Use creative brainstorming to find solutions beneficial to all. Discover
opportunities (e.g., dovetailing interests) where small concessions create
significant value.

Use Objective Criteria When Possible

Refer to industry standards, legal norms, or expert opinions to guide
#decisions and make outcomes fair and defensible.

DEAL WITH UNREASONABLE PEOPLE:

Stay calm and don't react emotionally. Redirect the conversation toward
principles and shared interests. Set boundaries respectfully, and use
techniques like BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) to
maintain leverage and protect your position.

Leading by Example

Project managers can most effectively lead by modeling the behavior they want to
see in others. Their actions send strong signals that influence team attitudes and
performance. Six key aspects define this leadership style:

Priorities: Managers show what matters by how they spend time and what
questions they ask. Observing important tasks and engaging directly
emphasizes their importance more than words can.

Urgency: A sense of urgency can be created through deadlines and frequent

follow-ups, but it must be backed by the manager's own fast-paced behavior
to be truly effective.

Problem Solving: The way managers handle problems shapes how teams
react. A focus on solutions and learning fosters openness, while blame leads
to defensiveness.

Cooperation: Managers’ attitudes toward external departments set the tone

for the whole team. Respectful and responsive behavior encourages
collaboration.
 Standards of Performance: High expectations start with the project manager.
Being organized, responsive, and professional sets a performance benchmark
for the team.

Ethics: Ethical behavior by the project manager guides team responses to

dilemmas. Transparency and integrity promote a culture of honesty and
trust.

Summary: The Five-Stage Team Development Model

Teams typically develop through five predictable stages:

Forming – Members get to know each other, define roles, and understand
project goals. Initial rules and expectations begin to take shape.

Storming – Internal conflicts emerge as individuals challenge roles, authority,

and decision-making processes. Tensions are common but necessary for
growth.

Norming – Conflicts are resolved, relationships strengthen, and group

cohesion develops. Members align around shared goals and working norms.

Performing – The team operates efficiently toward achieving project

objectives. Roles are clear, collaboration is strong, and focus is on
performance.

Adjourning – The project concludes and the team disbands. Members may
feel pride or sadness as they reflect on their experience and achievements.

窗体顶端
窗体底端

Q3: VIRTUAL MANAGER:

Don’t let team members vanish. Virtual teams often experience problems
getting in touch with each other. Use Internet scheduling software to store
members’ calendars.

2. Establish a code of conduct to avoid delays. Team members need to

agree not only on what, when, and how information will be shared but also
on how and when they will respond to it. Develop a priority system to
distinguish messages that require immediate response from those with
longer time frames.
3. Establish clear norms and protocols for surfacing assumptions and
conflicts. Because most communication is nonvisual, project managers
cannot watch body language and facial expressions to develop a sense of
what is going on. They need to probe deeper when communicating to force
 members to explain their viewpoints, actions, and concerns more clearly;
they must double-check comprehension.
4. Use electronic video technology to verify work. Instead of relying on
others’ judgment, have members “show” work that has been done via
Internet video. This can avoid costly misunderstanding and provide useful
feedback.
5. Share the pain. Do not require everyone to conform to your time zone
and preferences. Rotate meeting times so that all team members have a
turn working according to their clock

Q4:

Venue & Logistics (WBS Element: Venue Booking & Setup)

✅ Audit Point: Was the venue booked on time and properly set up?

📌 Check: Booking confirmations, seating arrangements, sound systems,

decoration, etc.

📉 Review: Delays, vendor coordination issues, or layout problems.

2. Catering Services (WBS Element: Food & Beverages)

✅ Audit Point: Was the food quality, quantity, and service satisfactory?

📌 Check: Menu approval, dietary options, on-time delivery, and guest feedback.

📉 Review: Budget overruns or complaints related to meals.

3. Program Schedule (WBS Element: Event Agenda & Performances

✅ Audit Point: Was the event flow managed as per the planned agenda

📌 Check: Timing of speeches, performances, transitions.

📉 Review: Any mismanagement or extended/unprepared segments.

4. Guest Management (WBS Element: Invitations & Guest Coordination)

✅ Audit Point: Were all invitees informed and managed effectively?

📌 Check: Invitation lists, confirmations, VIP arrangements, feedback.

📉 Review: Any no-shows due to communication issues.

5. Budget & Finance (WBS Element: Budget Planning & Tracking)

✅ Audit Point: Was the project within the approved budget?

Check: All receipts, vendor payments, cost breakdown.

Review: Any unplanned expenses or overspending.

Question 6: Given a limited budget, how would you minimize project

cost for the farewell party?
Answer:

Negotiate with Vendors for discounts.

Use In-House Resources (student volunteers)
Opt for Simple Decorations (DIY instead of professional).
Limit Guest List to essential attendees.
Digital Invitations instead of printed ones.
Potluck-Style Dinner to reduce catering costs.
Early Booking Discounts for venue/catering.
Sponsorships from local businesses.
Reuse Materials from past events.
Track Expenses in Real-Time to avoid overspending.

Define the Structure of a Project Monitoring Information System

(PMIS) with an example.
Answer:
A PMIS structure includes:

Data Collection (e.g., task progress reports).

Data Processing (e.g., analyzing delays using Gantt charts).
Information Storage (e.g., cloud-based project databases).
Reporting Tools (e.g., automated dashboards for stakeholders).

Example: Using Trello or MS Project to track a construction project’s timeline.

How will this course help you in practical life? (Five points).
Answer:

Better Time Management for personal and professional tasks.

Cost Control Skills for budgeting events or projects.
Improved Leadership Abilities in team settings.
Risk Assessment Techniques for decision-making.
Enhanced Negotiation Skills for business deals.
Structured Planning using WBS and PMIS.
Virtual Team Coordination for remote work.
Audit & Evaluation Methods for continuous improvement.
Global Project Awareness for international opportunities.
Professional Growth in project management careers.

Legal/Political Factors
Laws & Regulations: Expatriates must comply with host country laws,
including labor, environmental, and safety standards.

Bureaucracy & Government Interference: Local bureaucracies may cause

delays due to slow approvals or arbitrary interpretation of laws.

Corruption: Common in countries like China and Russia; can include bribes,
nepotism, and coercion by officials.

Political Stability: Frequent changes in government, coups, or unrest can

jeopardize project timelines and investments.

Legal Support: Essential due to the complexity and variability of international

laws.

2. Security Factor
Terrorism: Projects must include evacuation plans and anti-terror measures.

Crime & Piracy: Organized crime (e.g., Russian Mafia), piracy (e.g., Somalia),
and kidnapping are real risks.

Local Security: May require private or tribal protection forces, especially in

unstable regions.

Border Controls: Tightened security slows cross-border movement, affecting

logistics and costs.

Risk Management: Critical to include terrorism vulnerability assessments and

emergency response planning.

3. Geographic Factors
Climate & Terrain: Extreme temperatures, humidity, and natural obstacles impact
equipment and personnel performance.

Seasonal Constraints: Monsoons, snow, and frozen waterways limit project

timelines.

Indirect Effects: Climate may affect even indoor work, e.g., prolonged
daylight in northern countries disrupting sleep cycles.

Planning Needs: Detailed study of local geography, climate, and natural

conditions is essential during the planning phase.

4. Economic Factors
GDP & Development Level: Determines funding availability and
infrastructure quality.
Protectionism: Import tariffs and quotas can hinder project feasibility.

Labor Market: Availability of skilled vs. cheap labor can influence site
selection.

Financial Exposure: Currency fluctuations pose serious profit risks (e.g.,

exchange rate shifts during long projects).

Local Costs: Cost-effectiveness varies—cheap labor in Ukraine vs. technical

expertise in Germany/Switzerland.