TAKORADI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

PROJECT GUIDE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS

ENGINEERING

PREPARED

BY

JUSTINE J.A. ATARAH

FOR

STUDENTS PROJECT WORK REPORT

MARCH 2024
TITLE PAGE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT/PROJECT TOPIC

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MINI-AUTOMATIC PUMP PESTICIDE

SPRAYING MACHINE

BY

NAMES INDEX NUMBER OPTION

1. John Aban 0719341193 PLANT

2. John Mensah 07273884748 AUTO

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF A HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND)/BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY

IN

WELDING AND FAB/PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

APRIL 2024
DECLARATION

I/We hereby declare that this research project work titled “……………….” submitted as a
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology/HND in Welding and Fab/Petroleum
Engineering at the Takoradi Technical University is entirely the result of hard work and
research under the guidance of ……………... I am/We are confident that this research project
work has not been presented in any university. However, all sources of information have been
duly acknowledged.

Name Index Number Sign

John Aban 7003830833 ……………

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CERTIFICATION/ACCEPTANCE
I/We hereby certify that the presentation of this project work has been undertaken and
supervised by the rules and regulations governing the preparation and presentation of the
project which is submitted to the Department of Oil and Natural Gas by ……………… for the
award of Higher National Diploma (HND)/Bachelor of Technology in Welding and
Fab/Petroleum Engineering.

SUPERVISOR: …………………………………………………………………
Signature……………………… Date……………………………

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: ……………………………………………………

Signature……………………… Date……………………………...

EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR: ………………………………………………….

Signature………………………… Date………………………………

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DEDICATION
Here the author gives gratitude to friends and family members who did not contribute
technically to the success of the project.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author must mention names of individuals and organizations who had helped in diverse
ways (technically or financially) in carrying out the project work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
This is a list of the titles of all chapters, sections, and sub sections of the report together with
the corresponding page numbers. Thus, all chapters, sections, sub-sections, should be header
properly for this to be possible.

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NOMENCLATURE (i.e., LIST OF SYMBOLS USED)
Define all symbols used in the work. Ignore this page if there is no symbol to define.

vi
LIST OF TABLES
Insert list of tables in the work. This should not be done manually but using appropriate
commands in Microsoft word. Thus, all tables should be caption properly for this to be
possible.

vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Insert list of figures in the work. This should not be done manually but using appropriate
commands in Microsoft word. Thus, all figures should be caption properly for this to be
possible.

viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Insert list of all Appendices here. Ignore this page if there is no Appendix in the work.

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ABSTRACT
The abstract should be one block and indicate concisely the following information:
• The aim and the problem that has been (or has not been) solved.
• Methodology used in solving the problem.
• Summary of results and the main conclusions and the key recommendations
• The abstract must be short, preferably, not exceeding 300 words.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION (Present Tense)
1. Introduction
It serves to introduce the subject matter of the report. Also state the nature of the problem,
its significant and its limitations.
1.1 Background of the Study
Historical background and theoretical basis for it.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Define the problem which you want to tackle.
1.3 Aim and objectives.
What you seek to achieve and how you intend to do it or the steps in achieving your
aim/goal
1.4 Significance of the Study
How significant is the study, what is it hope to achieve. i.e., goals and objectives of the
study
1.5 Scope/Delimitations
It covers the lower and upper limits of the area of studies.
1.6 Limitations of the study: These are influences or potential weaknesses that the researcher
cannot control. They are shortcomings, conditions, influences that place restrictions on
your methodology and conclusions. Any limitations that might influence the results should
be mentioned.
1.7 Definition of terms
Terms used in the report should be defined.
1.8 Project layout
Provides a one-paragraph summary of the organization of the various Chapters of the
project.
For example:
Chapter 1 is devoted to a general Introduction and Summary; Chapter 2 is devoted to a
detailed Literature Review; Chapter 3 includes the Analysis and Crystallization of the
Problem or System; Chapter 4 covers the System Design and so on. You are expected to
identify the heading for each of the chapters of the project and then briefly describe what it
will be devoted to. It is expected that the last Chapter will be devoted to General
Conclusions.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW (Past Tense/Present Tense)
This chapter depends on the nature of the project. They are covering work directly related to
the nature of your report.
2. Introduction

2.1 Main Body: should cover

i. The objectives
ii. Concepts and principles
iii. Mathematical representations
iv. Review and critique relevant works, etc.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY/MATERIALS AND METHODS (THEORY AND DESIGN) (Past

Tense)

This section basically describes the instruments used, and how data collections are treated.
3.1 Introduction

Case 1: Design and constructions, experimental design, system design and implementation

Case 2: Case study related topics:

a. Statistical Analysis
 Study Area. Describe the location of your study (where applicable).
 Population. Provide information on the background characteristics of the population, such
as age, sex, education, and employment status. Give the estimated size of the population.
Clarify /justify how the accessible population reflects the characteristics of target
population and any limitations thereof.
 Sampling Procedure. Clarify the basis for sample size determination. Justify the
sampling method. Thoroughly explain the sampling techniques used and summarize the
composition of the sample selected.
 Data Collection Instruments. Describe the research instruments used and justify their
appropriateness in terms of your research objectives, questions, or hypotheses.
 Data Collection Procedures. Provide details on when data (dates, times of day) where
collected for how long, and by whom. Point out any problems encountered in collecting
data.
 Data analysis: (ANOVA, Least Square etc)
b. Field study (Experimental) Modelling and simulation

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 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (PAST TENSE)

This is the terminal (Last) Chapter. Here the author states precisely the main conclusions of
his/her work and recommendations for further studies.

4 Introduction

4.1 Results

4.2 Discussion

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Present Tense/Future Tense)

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 Suggested Area for Further Research

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 REFERENCES

A reference is the detailed bibliographic description of the item from which you gained your
information. In simple terms, this means the details of the items you have used, e.g., author,
title, and publication date. References are briefly cited within the text and then given in full at
the end of your work in a reference list.

The APA format is recommended.

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 APPENDICES

It should be placed at the end of the report to prevent it from becoming congested with pertinent
information but too detailed or destructive to be given in the text e.g., large numbers of
statistical data, computations, tables, or graphs etc. Appendices must be numbered or lettered
consecutively to facilitate their location in the text. Each appendix must start on a new page.
The appendices should be placed immediately after the list of references.

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 REQUIREMENT FOR THE NUMBER OF PAGES

NB: The main contents should not exceed 70 pages and the entire document should not
exceed 80 pages including pre-pages, references, and appendices.

PAGE LAYOUT AND FONT

 Fonts and Headings
• Font Type=Times New Roman
• Headings and Numbering
 First Level Heading 1= 14 Bold, UPPERCASE
 1.1 Second Level Heading = 12 Bold, Italics
 1.1.1 Third Level Heading = 12 Bold, Italics
 1.1.1.1 Fourth level heading = Bold, Italics
 Fifth level heading: Which leads into the text on the same line.

 Page Layout
 Paper size=A4
 Line Spacing= 2.0
 Top Bottom and Right Margins= 1” or 2.54cm
 Left-Margin= 1.2” or 3.05cm
 Gutter: 0 cm or 0”
 Header = 0 cm
 Footer = 0 cm
 Paragraph
 Paragraphs should not be unduly long. If your writing has many paragraphs exceeding
100 words, you should examine it critically.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
The preferred system of unit is the SI Unit.
• Length – mm, cm, m, km
• Area cm2, m2, ha
• Volume – cm3, m3
• Capacity – ml, litres
• Mass – g, kg, tonne

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 TABLES, FIGURES AND EQUATIONS

Tables and figures should be centered and captioned as follows:

Figure 1.1 The Chronological Load Curve

Table 1.3 Customer Interruption Cost

Customer Type Cost of Interruption
Residential $6.46 / kWh
Commercial $9.81 / kWh
Industrial $14.23 / kWh

Equations

Equations are to be centered and captioned. For example, in chapter two the first equation is
captioned as follows:

S = P + jQ (2.1)

where, S = apparent power

P = active power
Q = reactive power
The second equation is captioned as:

V 
P2 =  2  P1 (2.2)
 V1 

where, P1 = power on circuit 1

P2 = power on circuit 2

V1 = low voltage on circuit 1

V2 = high voltage on circuit 2

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 REFERENCES
Antonio J. (1986), Writing the Undergraduate Project Report in Engineering.

Broni-Bediako E. (2023), Format for the Presentation of Theses and Project Reports,
University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa.
Densu S., Majeed I.B., Arkoh A.K., Agyemang G. O., Yeboah C.H. (2018), Takoradi Technical
University, Project Guide, Faculty of Engineering.
O’Leary, Z. (2009). The essential guide to doing your research project. London: Sage
publications.
Research Methods Handbook by Rob Farrow; Francisco Iniesto; Martin Weller; and Rebecca
Pitt
Yaw A. Owusu (1997), Write-up on final year Design Project.

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