OPEN

CHANNELS
OPEN CHANNELS
These are conduits where liquid flows with free or
atmospheric surface.
CHEZY-MANNING FORMULA:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐕 = 𝐑𝟑 𝐒 𝟐
𝐧
𝑶𝑹
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐐 = 𝐀𝐑𝟑 𝐒 𝟐
𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞:
𝐀
𝐑 = 𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 =
𝐏𝐰𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐀 = 𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐒 = 𝐒𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐆𝐋 = 𝐡𝐟 /𝐋 𝐐 = 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞/𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞
𝐧 = 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 ′ 𝐬 𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐕 = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
OPEN CHANNELS

(A) FOR UNIFORM FLOW:

❖ Channel bed is parallel to Energy Grade Line (EGL).
❖ Channel must have the same depth, cross-sectional area, and velocity for a
length of flow.
𝐯𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝐇𝐋

d 𝐯𝟐
Q 𝟐𝐠

d
SPECIFIC ENERGY (E)
𝐯𝟐
𝐄= +𝐳
𝟐𝐠
PROBLEM 1.
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002,
n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the flood plains.
(a) What is the estimated discharge in the main channel?
(b) What is the total discharge?
(c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular
channel with n = 0.016, what diameter is required?
PROBLEM 1.
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002,
n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the flood plains.
(a) What is the estimated discharge in the main channel?
SOLUTION:

𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦

𝟏𝟐 𝐦

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐐 = 𝐀𝐑𝟑 𝐒𝟐 𝐐= (𝟏𝟐)(𝟕. 𝟓) 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝟐
𝐧 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
A 12(7.5)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑹: R= = = 3.75 m 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
Pwetted 12 + 6(2)
PROBLEM 1.
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002,
n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the flood plains.
(b) What is the total discharge?
𝑸 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏
SOLUTION: 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑹 𝒇𝒐𝒓
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍:
𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔:
A 30(1.5)(2) 10
R= = = m
Pwetted (30 + 1.5)(2) 7

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏: 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆: 𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝐐𝐦𝐜 + 𝐐𝐟𝐩

2
1 2 1 1 10 3 1
Qfp = AR3 S 2 = (30)(1.5)(2) 0.0002 2 𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 + 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
n 0.04 7
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
Qfp = 40.36 m3 /s
PROBLEM 1.
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and
two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002,
n = 0.02 for the main channel and n = 0.04 for the flood plains.
(c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular
channel with n = 0.016, what diameter is required?
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

𝐃
1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n
2
π 3
1 π 2 D 2÷2 1
193.97 = D ÷2 4 0.0002 2
0.016 4 πD ÷ 2

𝐃 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟔 𝐦
PROBLEM 2.
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The
flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.

(a) Calculate the specific energy.

(b) What is the slope of the channel bed?
(c) Calculate the boundary shearing stress.

SOLUTION: By R&P:
x 5m x 1.2 2
0.6 m 0.6 m =
x 1

2V
x = 0.6 m
2V 1.2 m
1H 1H

5m
PROBLEM 2.
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The
flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.

(a) Calculate the specific energy.

SOLUTION:
Q 2
6.2 m v2 A
E= +z = +z
2g 2g

2
2V
2V 1.2 m 30
1H 1H 1
(5 + 6.2)(1.2)
2
E= + 1.2
2(9.81)
5m

𝐄 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝐦
PROBLEM 2.
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The
flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.

(b) What is the slope of the channel bed?

SOLUTION:
1 2 1
6.2 m Q = AR3 S2
n
0.6 m 0.6 m
1
Solving for A: A = (5 + 6.2)(1.2) = 6.72 m2
2
2V 1.2 m
2V
1H
Solving for Pwetted :
1H

Pwetted = 5 + 1.22 + 0.62 (2)

5m
Pwetted = 7.68 m
PROBLEM 2.
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The
flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.

(b) What is the slope of the channel bed?

SOLUTION:
1 2 1 𝐀 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐 𝐦𝟐
6.2 m Q= AR3 S2
n 𝐏𝐰𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟖 𝐦
0.6 m 0.6 m
2
2V 1 6.72 3 1
2V 1.2 m 30 = S
0.013 6.72
2
1H 1H 7.68

𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟐
5m
PROBLEM 2.
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The
flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.

(c) Calculate the boundary shearing stress.

SOLUTION:
BOUNDARY SHEARING STRESS, 𝝉
6.2 m
𝛕 = 𝛄𝐑𝐒
0.6 m 0.6 m

2V 1.2 m 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐
2V
1H 1H 𝛕 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟐
𝟕. 𝟔𝟖

𝛕 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟏 𝐏𝐚
5m

𝐀 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐏𝐰𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟖 𝐦 𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟐
OPEN CHANNELS: MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS

(𝐌𝐀𝐗 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖)
PROBLEM 3.
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

(a) Compute the depth for a semi-circular section.

(b) Compute the depth for a rectangular section.
(c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section.
 PROBLEM 3.
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

(a) Compute the depth for a semi-circular section.

SOLUTION:
1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n
2
1 πr 2 r 3 1
2.6 = 0.014 0.0009 2
2 2

r = 1.08 m = d

𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 𝐦
 PROBLEM 3.
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

(b) Compute the depth for a rectangular section.

SOLUTION:
1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n
2
1 𝐝 3 1
2.6 = 2d(d) 0.0009 2
0.014 𝟐

𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝐦
 PROBLEM 3.
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

(c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section.

SOLUTION:
𝐼𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑈𝑀𝐸:
𝟐𝐱

𝐀 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐
𝐱 𝐱 𝐝
𝐝
𝐑=
𝟐
60o 𝐱 60o
 PROBLEM 3.
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of
0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

(c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section.

SOLUTION: 1 2 1
𝟐𝐱 Q = AR3 S2
n
2
𝐀 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐
1 𝟏. 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 3 1
𝐱 𝐱 𝐝 = 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎 2.6 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 0.0009 2
𝐑=
𝐝 0.014 𝟑𝐱
𝟐
60o 𝐱 60o
𝐱 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝐦

Solving for d: d = 1.20sin60

𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦
PROBLEM 4.
A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m deep is lined with a smooth
stone, well laid and has a hydraulic slope of 1:500. Use n = 0.013.

(a) What is the capacity of the channel in m3/s?

(b) What savings in earth excavation could have been offered by using more
favorable proportions but adhering to the same delivery and slope?
(c) What savings in lining per meter length by using more favorable
proportions but adhering to the same delivery and slope?
 PROBLEM 4.
A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m deep is lined with a smooth
stone, well laid and has a hydraulic slope of 0.002. Use n = 0.013.

(a) What is the capacity of the channel in m3/s?

SOLUTION:

1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n
2
1 5.6 ∗ 1.2 3 1
Q= 5.6 ∗ 1.2 (0.002)2
0.013 5.6 + 1.2(2)

𝐐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
PROBLEM 4.
A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m deep is lined with a smooth
stone, well laid and has a hydraulic slope of 0.002. Use n = 0.013.

(b) What savings in earth excavation could have been offered by using more
favorable proportions but adhering to the same delivery and slope?
SOLUTION:
1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n 𝐐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬 𝐝
2
1 d ∗ 2d 3 1
20.58 = d ∗ 2d (0.002)2
0.013 2d + d + d
𝟐𝐝

d = 1.79 m Savings in EARTH EXCAVATION:

𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 = 𝟓. 𝟔 𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗(𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗)
𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐦
PROBLEM 4.
A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m deep is lined with a smooth
stone, well laid and has a hydraulic slope of 0.002. Use n = 0.013.

(c) What savings in lining per meter length by using more favorable
proportions but adhering to the same delivery and slope?
SOLUTION:
1 2 1
Q = AR3 S2
n 𝐐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬 𝐝
2
1 d ∗ 2d 3 1
20.58 = d ∗ 2d (0.002)2
0.013 2d + d + d
𝟐𝐝

d = 1.79 m Savings in LINING PER METER LENGTH:

𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 = 𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 + 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 (𝟏)

𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒 𝐦𝟐 /𝐦
ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW
OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

FROUDE NUMBER, FR:

It is a dimensionless quantity used to indicate the influence of gravity on fluid
motion.

𝐕
𝐅𝐑 = (for all sections) Symbols:
𝐠𝐝𝐦
V = Velocity
𝐀 g = gravitational constant
where: 𝐝𝐦 =
𝐁 dm = hydraulic depth
A = Area of flow
𝐕 B = width of liquid surface
𝐅𝐑 = (for rectangular d = depth
𝐠𝐝 sections)
OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

FROUDE NUMBER, FR:

It is a dimensionless quantity used to indicate the influence of gravity on fluid
motion.
Classification of Flow:
𝐕
𝐅𝐑 = (for all sections)
𝐠𝐝𝐦 FR = 1 (CRITICAL FLOW)

𝐀
where: 𝐝𝐦 =
𝐁 FR < 1 (SUBCRITICAL FLOW)

𝐕 (for rectangular FR > 1 (SUPERCRITICAL FLOW)

𝐅𝐑 =
𝐠𝐝 sections)
OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

(SUBCRITICAL FLOW)
(calm, deep, tranquil flow)

SLUICE GATE

(SUPERCRITICAL FLOW)

(rapid flow, “whitewater”)

OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

CRITICAL DEPTH, dc:

Formulas for Critical Depth:

For All sections:

𝐕
𝐅𝐑 =
𝐠𝐝𝐦 For Rectangular sections:

FR = 1 (CRITICAL FLOW) Bc
𝟐
𝟑 𝐪𝟐
𝐐 𝐝𝐜 =
𝐠
𝐀
𝟏=
𝐀 Ac 𝐐
𝐠
𝐁 where 𝐪 =
𝐁
𝐐𝟐 𝐀𝟑𝐜 q = discharge per meter
=
𝐠 𝐁𝐜 width of the channel
OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

ADDITIONAL NOTES:
(1) At critical depth, specific energy is minimum.

𝟐
𝐝𝐜 = 𝐄𝐜
𝟑
Subcritical
(Alternate depths)
dc
Supercritical

Emin E1
E
CONSTANT DISCHARGE (Fixed Q)
OPEN CHANNELS: ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

ADDITIONAL NOTES:
(2) At alternate depths,

𝐪𝟏 = 𝐪𝟐 d

1
𝟏𝐝𝟏 (𝐯𝟏 ) = 𝟏𝐝𝟐 (𝐯𝟐 ) b

(Specific energy at section 1 is equal to the

𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐
Specific energy at Section 2)

𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐
+ 𝐳𝟏 = + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠
OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

❖ 2 classifications: Retarded Flow and Accelerated Flow

RETARDED FLOW ACCELERATED FLOW

FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW,

𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟏
𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝐑 𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝟐
𝐧

𝐝𝟏 < 𝐝𝟐 𝐕𝟏 > 𝐕𝟐 𝐒 ≠ 𝐒𝐨 𝐝𝟏 > 𝐝𝟐 𝐕𝟏 < 𝐕𝟐 𝐒 ≠ 𝐒𝐨

OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

HYDRAULIC JUMP
o It is a type of shock, where the flow undergoes a sudden transition from swift,
thin (shallow) flow to tranquil, thick (deep) flow.
OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

HYDRAULIC JUMP
OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

HYDRAULIC JUMP
POWER LOST BY THE JUMP:

𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝐐𝛄(𝐇𝐋)

HEAD LOSS BY THE JUMP:

𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋
OR
𝐝𝟐 − 𝐝𝟏 𝟑
𝐇𝐋 =
𝟒𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐
(rectangular sections only)
OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

HYDRAULIC JUMP
SOLVING FOR DISCHARGE:

𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 = 𝛒𝐐 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐
where 𝐏𝟏 and 𝐏𝟐 are hydrostatic
forces.
𝐏 = 𝛄𝐡𝐀ҧ
OPEN CHANNELS

(B) FOR NON-UNIFORM FLOW (VARIED FLOW):

HYDRAULIC JUMP
For rectangular sections,

𝐪𝟐 𝐝𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐
= 𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐
𝐠 𝟐

𝐐
where 𝐪 =
𝐁
q = discharge per meter
width of the channel
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(a) What is the discharge?

(b) What is the critical depth?
(c) What is the Froude Number?
(d) Is the flow subcritical or supercritical?
(e) What is the alternate depth?
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(a) What is the discharge?

d=1m

q = vA
q = 4(1 ∗ 1)

𝐦𝟑
𝐪=𝟒 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡
𝐬
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(b) What is the critical depth?

For Rectangular sections:

d=1m 𝟑 𝐪𝟐
𝐝𝐜 =
𝐠
1

m3
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
q=4 per meter width 𝐝𝐜 =
s 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

𝐝𝐜 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(c) What is the Froude Number?

V
d=1m
FR = (for rectangular
gd sections)
1

m3
4
q=4 per meter width FR =
s
9.81(1)
dc = 1.18 m

𝐅𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝐦
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(d) Is the flow subcritical or supercritical?

Using Froude
d=1m FR > 1
Number,
1
Using the critical
m3 d < dc
q=4 per meter width depth,
s

dc = 1.18 m 𝐒𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖

FR = 1.28 m
PROBLEM 5.
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s.

(e) What is the alternate depth?

At alternate depths, 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐
d=1m
𝐪𝟏 = 𝐪𝟐 𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐
+ 𝐳𝟏 = + 𝐳𝟐
1
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠
𝟏(𝟏)(𝟒) = 𝟏 𝐝𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
m3
q=4 per meter width 𝟒 𝟒𝟐 𝐝𝟐
s
𝐕𝟐 = (𝒆𝒒. 𝟏) +𝟏= + 𝐝𝟐
𝐝𝟐 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
dc = 1.18 m

FR = 1.28 m 𝐝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝐦
Since the flow is supercritical, for alternate
depths, choose the subcritical value! 𝐝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦
PROBLEM 6.
A riveted-steel triangular duct, n = 0.015, flows partly full as shown. If the
critical depth is 60 cm, compute:

(a) critical flow rate.

(b) critical velocity.
(c) critical slope.
PROBLEM 6.
A riveted-steel triangular duct, n = 0.015, flows partly full as shown. If the
critical depth is 60 cm, compute:

(a) critical flow rate.

(b) critical velocity.
(c) critical slope.
𝑩𝒚 𝑹&𝑷 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔:
𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
𝐱 𝟏
60o = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝐦 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎
𝐗

𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎
𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝐦

𝐝𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦 𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚, 𝐀𝐜 :
𝟏
𝐀𝐜 = (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕)(𝟎. 𝟔𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝟐
𝟐
60o 60o
PROBLEM 6.
A riveted-steel triangular duct, n = 0.015, flows partly full as shown. If the
critical depth is 60 cm, compute:

(a) critical flow rate.

(b) critical velocity.
(c) critical slope.
For All sections: Q2 A3c
=
𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 g Bc
60o = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝐦
Q2 0.392 3
𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝐦 =
9.81

𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎
0.307

𝐀𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝐦 𝟐 𝐝𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

60o 60o
PROBLEM 6.
A riveted-steel triangular duct, n = 0.015, flows partly full as shown. If the
critical depth is 60 cm, compute:

(a) critical flow rate. 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) critical velocity.
(c) critical slope.

Q = vA
𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
60o = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝐦

𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝐦 1.39 = vc (0.392)

𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎
𝐀𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐝𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦 𝐯𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
60o 60o
PROBLEM 6.
A riveted-steel triangular duct, n = 0.015, flows partly full as shown. If the
critical depth is 60 cm, compute:

(a) critical flow rate. 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) critical velocity. 𝐯𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
(c) critical slope.
1 2 1
𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
Q = AR3 S2
n
60o = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝐦 2
1 0.392 3 1
𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝐦 1.39 = 0.392 S2
0.015 0.60

𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎
2 +1
sin60
𝐀𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐝𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦
𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒
60o 60o
PROBLEM 7.
The flow rate per unit width in a rectangular channel is q = 2.3 m3/s per m
width. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical if the depth is:

(a) 0.2 m?
(b) 0.8 m?
(c) 2.5 m?
SOLUTION: (a) If d = 0.2 m (b) If d = 0.8 m

For Rectangular sections: 𝐝𝐜 > 𝐝 𝐝𝐜 > 𝐝

𝟑 𝐪𝟐
𝐝𝐜 = 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰
𝐠

𝟑 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 (c) If d = 2.5 m
𝐝𝐜 =
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐝𝐜 < 𝐝

𝐝𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟒 𝐦 (𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉) 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰

PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?

𝐯𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝐇𝐋

d1 = 0.92 m 𝐯𝟐
Q 𝟐𝐠

SoL = 0.00078L d2 = 0.80 m

L
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?

1 23 1
Vave = R ave S 2
n
@𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: @𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2:
Q1 Q2
V1 = V2 =
A1 A2
5.60 5.60
V1 = V2 =
3.1(0.92) 3.1(0.80)
d1 = 0.92 m
d2 = 0.80 m V1 = 1.96 m/s V2 = 2.26 m/s
3.1 m 3.1 m
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?

1 23 1
Vave = R ave S 2
n
@𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: @𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2:
A1 A2
R1 = R2 =
P1 P2
3.1(0.92) 3.1(0.80)
R1 = R2 =
3.1 + 0.92(2) 3.1 + 0.80(2)
d1 = 0.92 m
𝐕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 d2 = 0.80 m
𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝐦 𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝐦
3.1 m 3.1 m
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What s the head loss?

1 23 1
Vave = R ave S 2
n
2
1.96 + 2.26 1 0.577 + 0.528 3 1
= S2
2 0.010 2

𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖

𝐕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 d1 = 0.92 m 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 d2 = 0.80 m

𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝐦 𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝐦
3.1 m 3.1 m
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm?

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?

= 0.00098L E1 = E2
1.962 2.262
0.00078L + 0.92 + = 0.80 + + HL
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
0.00098L

𝐕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝐋 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦

𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm? 𝐋 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦

(b) What is the slope of the EGL?
(c) What is the head loss?

= 0.00098L E1 = E2
1.962 2.262
0.00078L + 0.92 + = 0.80 + + HL
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
0.00098L

𝐕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝐋 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦

𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖
PROBLEM 8.
A 3.1 m wide rectangular flume carries water at 5.60 m3/s. The bed slope is
0.00078 and n = 0.010. At a certain section, the depth is 92 cm.

(a) How far therefrom is the depth 80 cm? 𝐋 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦

(b) What is the slope of the EGL? 𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖
(c) What is the head loss?

= 0.00098L

HL = 0.00098L

HL = 0.00098(277.37)

𝐇𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝐦
PROBLEM 9.
A stream having a width of 5.4 m carries 16.5 m3/s at a velocity of 4.2 m/s.

(a) What is the Froude Number?

(b) If hydraulic jump occurs what is the depth of water downstream?
(c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump?
PROBLEM 9.
A stream having a width of 5.4 m carries 16.5 m3/s at a velocity of 4.2 m/s.

(a) What is the Froude Number?

(b) If hydraulic jump occurs what is the depth of water downstream?
(c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump?

For rectangular sections:

Q = 16.5 m3/s 𝐕 𝟒. 𝟐
d 𝐅𝐑 =
V = 4.2 m/s
𝐅𝐑 =
𝐠𝐝 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖)
5.4 m
Solving for d: Q = vA
𝐅𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟐
16.5 = 4.2(5.4d)

𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝐦
PROBLEM 9.
A stream having a width of 5.4 m carries 16.5 m3/s at a velocity of 4.2 m/s.

(a) What is the Froude Number? 𝐅𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟐

(b) If hydraulic jump occurs what is the depth of water downstream?
(c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump?

SECTION 1 For rectangular sections,

Q = 16.5 m3/s
𝐪𝟐 𝐝𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐
d1 = 0.728 m = 𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐
V = 4.2 m/s 𝐠 𝟐
5.4 m
𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝟐
𝟓. 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 + 𝐝𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 (𝐝𝟐 )
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐

𝐝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐦
PROBLEM 9.
A stream having a width of 5.4 m carries 16.5 m3/s at a velocity of 4.2 m/s.

(a) What is the Froude Number? 𝐅𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟐

𝐝
(b) If hydraulic jump occurs what is the depth of water downstream? =𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐦
(c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump?

SECTION 1
HEAD LOSS BY THE JUMP:
𝐝𝟐 − 𝐝𝟏 𝟑
Q = 16.5 m3/s
d1 = 0.728 m
𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋 OR 𝐇𝐋 =
V = 4.2 m/s 𝟒𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐
(rectangular sections only)
5.4 m 𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐
+ 𝐳𝟏 = + 𝐳𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠
𝟐
𝟏𝟔. 𝟓
𝟒. 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐇𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝐦
+ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 = + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 + 𝐇𝐋
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge?

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump?
(c) What is the head loss in kW?
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge?

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump?
(c) What is the head loss in kW?
SOLVING FOR DISCHARGE: 𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 = 𝛒𝐐 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐

d2 = 1.26 m
where 𝐏𝟏 and 𝐏𝟐 are hydrostatic forces.
d1 = 0.39 m

𝟏 𝟏
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝟓(𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝐍
𝟑 𝟐

SECTION 2 𝟏 𝟏
𝐏𝟐 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝟓(𝟐) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 𝐍
SECTION 1 1.26tan45(2) 𝟑 𝟐
0.39tan45(2) 𝐐 𝐐
𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 − 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐐 −
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟔
d1 = 0.39 m d2 = 1.26 m
𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge? 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump?
(c) What is the head loss in kW?

Decrease in Specific

d2 = 1.26 m
Energy??????
d1 = 0.39 m

Recall:
HEAD LOSS BY THE JUMP:
SECTION 2
𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋
SECTION 1 1.26tan45(2)
0.39tan45(2)
𝐇𝐋 = 𝐄𝟏 − 𝐄𝟐
d1 = 0.39 m d2 = 1.26 m
𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 "𝑬"
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge? 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump?
(c) What is the head loss in kW?

Decrease in Specific

d2 = 1.26 m
Energy??????
d1 = 0.39 m

Recall:
HEAD LOSS BY THE JUMP:
SECTION 2
𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋
SECTION 1 1.26tan45(2)
0.39tan45(2)
𝐇𝐋 = 𝐄𝟏 − 𝐄𝟐
d1 = 0.39 m d2 = 1.26 m
𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 "𝑬"
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge? 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump?
(c) What is the head loss in kW?

𝐇𝐋 = 𝐄𝟏 − 𝐄𝟐

d2 = 1.26 m
𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐
d1 = 0.39 m

𝐇𝐋 = + 𝐳𝟏 − + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠

SECTION 2 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝟐

SECTION 1 1.26tan45(2) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟔

𝐇𝐋 = + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 − + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔
0.39tan45(2) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

𝐇𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝐦
d1 = 0.39 m d2 = 1.26 m
PROBLEM 10.
Water is flowing in a 90o triangular channel at a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulic
jump occurs. The depth after the jump is 126 cm.

(a) What is the discharge? 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

(b) What is the decrease in specific energy caused by the jump? 𝐇𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝐦
(c) What is the head loss in kW?

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝑾 = 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹

d2 = 1.26 m
d1 = 0.39 m

𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝐐𝛄(𝐇𝐋)

SECTION 2 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟏. 𝟒𝟔)

SECTION 1 1.26tan45(2)
0.39tan45(2) 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 𝐤𝐖

d1 = 0.39 m d2 = 1.26 m
 ANALYSIS OF
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
A force developed on the surface that causes the
change of momentum of the liquid mass.
IMPACT OF A JET ON A PLANE/FORCE ON THE JET (AT
RIGHT ANGLE):

If Plate is MOVING:

𝐅 = 𝛒𝐐′𝐕′

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑽′ = 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑰𝑺 𝑴𝑶𝑽𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑰𝑵 𝑻𝑯𝑬

If Plate is STATIONARY: 𝑺𝑨𝑴𝑬 𝑫𝑰𝑹𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐕 ′ = 𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐

𝐅 = 𝛒𝐐𝐕 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑰𝑺 𝑴𝑶𝑽𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑰𝑵

𝐕 ′ = 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐕𝟐
𝑶𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑺𝑰𝑻𝑬 𝑫𝑰𝑹𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
A force developed on the surface that causes the
change of momentum of the liquid mass.
FORCE ON PIPE’S BEND AND REDUCER:
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
A force developed on the surface that causes the
change of momentum of the liquid mass.
FORCE ON A CURVED VANE/BLADE:

Note: For moving vanes, use relative velocity.

PROBLEM 11.
A jet of water 50-mm ∅ and having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a
plate at right angles.

(a) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary.

(b) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same
direction as the jet at a speed of 12 m/s.
(c) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle
at a velocity of 12 m/s.
PROBLEM 11.
A jet of water 50-mm ∅ and having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a
plate at right angles.

(a) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary.

(b) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same
direction as the jet at a speed of 12 m/s.
(c) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle
at a velocity of 12 m/s.

𝐅 = 𝛒𝐐𝐕

𝐯 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
𝛑 𝟐
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 (𝟐𝟓. 𝟒)
𝟒

𝐅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕 𝐍
PROBLEM 11.
A jet of water 50-mm ∅ and having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a
plate at right angles.

(a) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary. 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕 𝐍
(b) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same
direction as the jet at a speed of 12 m/s.
(c) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle
at a velocity of 12 m/s.

Solving for V’ :
𝐅 = 𝛒𝐐′𝐕′
V’ = 25.4 – 12 = 13.4 m/s
𝐯 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
𝛑 𝟐
𝐯 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 (𝟏𝟑. 𝟒)
𝟒
𝐅 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝐍
PROBLEM 11.
A jet of water 50-mm ∅ and having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a
plate at right angles.

(a) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary. 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕 𝐍
(b) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same
direction as the jet at a speed of 12 m/s. 𝐅 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝐍
(c) Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle
at a velocity of 12 m/s.

Solving for V’ :
𝐅 = 𝛒𝐐′𝐕′
V’ = 25.4 + 12 = 37.4 m/s
𝐯 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
𝛑 𝟐
𝐯 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟕. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 (𝟑𝟕. 𝟒)
𝟒

𝐅 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟔 𝐍
PROBLEM 12.
A reducer connects two horizontal pipes, 600 mm and 300 mm. The amount of
pressure in the bigger pipe is 200 kPa and the velocity of flow in the smaller
pipe is 12.72 m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of flow in the larger pipe?

(b) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.
(c) What is the amount of water thrust on the reducer?
PROBLEM 12.
A reducer connects two horizontal pipes, 600 mm and 300 mm. The amount of
pressure in the bigger pipe is 200 kPa and the velocity of flow in the smaller
pipe is 12.72 m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of flow in the larger pipe?

(b) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.
(c) What is the amount of water thrust on the reducer?

By continuity equation, Q1 = Q 2
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝟐 =?
𝟏 𝐃𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝟐
v1 A1 = v2 A2

π π
v1 ∗ 0.62 = 12.72 ∗ 0.32
4 4

𝐯𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦/𝐬
PROBLEM 12.
A reducer connects two horizontal pipes, 600 mm and 300 mm. The amount of
pressure in the bigger pipe is 200 kPa and the velocity of flow in the smaller
pipe is 12.72 m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of flow in the larger pipe? 𝐯𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

(b) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.
(c) What is the amount of water thrust on the reducer?

By Bernoulli′ s EE,
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝟐 =? v12 p1 v22 p2
𝟏 𝐃𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝟐 + + z1 = + + z2 + HL
2g γ 2g γ

3.18 2 200 12.722 p2

+ +0= + +0+0
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81

𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
PROBLEM 12.
A reducer connects two horizontal pipes, 600 mm and 300 mm. The amount of
pressure in the bigger pipe is 200 kPa and the velocity of flow in the smaller
pipe is 12.72 m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of flow in the larger pipe? 𝐯𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

(b) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe. 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
(c) What is the amount of water thrust on the reducer?

𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚
෍ F = ρQ(V2x − V1x )
𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚

𝐃𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝟐 56,548.67 − 8776.35 −R x
𝟏 𝐑𝐱
= 1000 (0.899) 12.72 − 3.18
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐐:
𝛑
𝐅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟔, 𝟓𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝐍 𝛑 𝟐
𝐑 𝐱 = 𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟖𝟔 𝐍
𝟒 𝐐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝟎. 𝟔
𝟒
𝛑
𝐅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟖, 𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝐍 𝐐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬
𝟒
PROBLEM 13.
A 50-mm ∅ jet of water flowing horizontally is deflected by a 135o curve vane
at a velocity of flow of 20 m/s. Compute the force needed to hold the vane in
position. Assume that there is no friction.
PROBLEM 13.
A 50-mm ∅ jet of water flowing horizontally is deflected by a 135o curve vane
at a velocity of flow of 20 m/s. Compute the force needed to hold the vane in
position. Assume that there is no friction.

෍ Fx = ρQ(V2x − V1x )

−R x = 1000 0.039 (−20cos45 − 20)

𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐎
R x = 1331.54 N
𝐑𝐱

𝐑
෍ Fy = ρQ(V2y − V1y )
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐐: R= R2x + R2y
𝐑𝐲 R y = 1000 0.039 (20sin45 − 0)
𝛑 𝟐
𝐐 = 𝟐𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 R= 1331.54 2 + 551.54 2
𝟒 R y = 551.54 N
𝐐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬 𝐑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐍
PROBLEM 14.
The discharge of water through a 130o bend is 30 liters/sec. The bend is lying
in the horizontal plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200
mm and 100 mm, respectively. The pressure measured at the entrance is 100
kN/m2.

(a) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.

(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
(c) Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.
PROBLEM 14.
The discharge of water through a 130o bend is 30 liters/sec. The bend is lying in the horizontal
plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The
pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2.

(a) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.

(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
(c) Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.

By Bernoulli′ s EE,
𝟎
𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 v12 p1 𝟎 v22 p2 𝟎
𝟐 + + z1 =
2g γ 2g γ
+ + z2 + HL

0.03 0.03
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠: v1 = π v 2 = π
2 0.1 2
0.2 4
4
𝐃𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 v1 = 0.955 m/s v2 = 3.820 m/s
𝟏 0.9552 100 3.822 p2
+ = +
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81
𝐩𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
PROBLEM 14.
The discharge of water through a 130o bend is 30 liters/sec. The bend is lying in the horizontal
plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The
pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2.

(a) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe. 𝐩𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
(c) Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.
𝛑
𝐅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 : 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝐍
𝟒
𝛑
𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝐍
𝟐 v2 = 3.820 m/s
𝟒

෍ Fx = ρQ(V2x − V1x )
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚
−R x + 3141.59 + 731.68cos50 = 1000 0.03 −3.82cos50 − 0.955
𝐃𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
v1 = 0.955 m/s 𝐑𝐱 R x = 3714.22 N
𝟏 ෍ Fy = ρQ(V2y − V1y )
෍ 𝐅𝐱 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐱 − 𝐕𝟏𝐱 ) R y − 731.68sin50 = 1000 0.03 3.82sin50 − 0
𝐑
෍ 𝐅𝐲 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐲 − 𝐕𝟏𝐲 ) 𝐑𝐲 R y = 648.29 N
PROBLEM 14.
The discharge of water through a 130o bend is 30 liters/sec. The bend is lying in the horizontal
plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The
pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2.

(a) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe. 𝐩𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
(c) Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.
𝛑
𝐅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 : 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝐍
𝟒
𝛑
𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝐍
𝟐 v2 = 3.820 m/s
𝟒

R x = 3714.22 N R y = 648.29 N
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚

𝐃𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 R= R2x + R2y

v1 = 0.955 m/s 𝐑𝐱
𝟏 R= 3714.22 2 + 648.29 2

෍ 𝐅𝐱 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐱 − 𝐕𝟏𝐱 ) 𝐑 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝐍

𝐑
෍ 𝐅𝐲 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐲 − 𝐕𝟏𝐲 ) 𝐑𝐲
PROBLEM 14.
The discharge of water through a 130o bend is 30 liters/sec. The bend is lying in the horizontal
plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The
pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2.

(a) Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe. 𝐩𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚
(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend? 𝐑 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝐍
(c) Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.
𝛑
𝐅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 : 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝐍
𝟒
𝛑
𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝐍
𝟐 v2 = 3.820 m/s
𝟒

R x = 3714.22 N R y = 648.29 N
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚

𝐃𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
v1 = 0.955 m/s 𝐑𝐱
𝟏 Ry 648.29
𝛉 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝐨 θ= tan−1 = tan−1
Rx 3714.22
෍ 𝐅𝐱 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐱 − 𝐕𝟏𝐱 )
𝐑 𝛉 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝐨
෍ 𝐅𝐲 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐕𝟐𝐲 − 𝐕𝟏𝐲 ) 𝐑𝐲
 HYDRAULICS AND PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (HPGE)

LECTURE 4 PDF
Topic: Open Channels and Hydrodynamics
Lecturer: Mark Anthony Bobadilla

PASSWORD: IWILLBEANENGINEER

EXIT REVIEW 2025