Chapter 1

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Revision Notes
1. Chemical Reaction: During chemical reactions, the chemical composition of substances changes or new
substances are formed.
2. Chemical Equation: Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation form which should always be
balanced.
3. Types of Chemical Reactions:
Combination reaction: A single product is formed from two or more reactants.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Decomposition reaction: A single reactant breaks down to yield two or more products.
 Thermal decomposition: 2Pb(NO2)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
 Electrolysis: 2H20 → 2H2 + O2
 Photochemical reaction: 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
Displacement reaction: One element is displaced by another element.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Double displacement reaction: Exchange of ions between reactants.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is evolved.
C + O2 → CO2 (g) + heat
Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed.
ZnCO3 + Heat → ZnO + CO2
Redox reaction: Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
4. Oxidation: Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
5. Reduction: Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
ZnO is reduced to Zn—reduction. C is oxidized to CO—Oxidation.
6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life:
 Corrosion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals when they are attacked by moisture, air,
acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3. nH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
 Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food items due to the oxidation of
fatty acids.
Preventive methods of rancidity: Adding antioxidants to the food materials, storing food in the
airtight container, flushing out air with nitrogen gas and refrigeration.

1 Marks Questions

1. Some crystals of copper sulphate were dissolved in water. The colour of the solution obtained would be
(a) green (b) red (c) blue (d) brown.
Ans. (c) blue
2. When dilute HCl is added to zinc pieces taken in a test tube
(a) No change takes place (b) the colour of the solution becomes yellow.
(c) A pungent smelling gas gets liberated. (d) small bubbles of H2 gas appear on the surface of zinc pieces
Ans. (d) small bubbles of H2 gas appear on the surface of zinc pieces.
3. PbS reacts with ozone (O3) and forms PbSO4. As per the balanced equation, molecules of ozone required
for every one molecule of PbS is / are
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
Ans. (a) 4
4. Chemically rust is
(a) Hydrated ferrous oxide (b) hydrated ferric oxide (c) only ferric oxide (d) none of these
Ans. (b) hydrated ferric oxide
5. Which of the following reactions is not balanced.
(a) Fe + Cl2 --- FeCl3 (b) Mg + CuSO4 - MgSO4 + Cu
(c) NaOH + HCl - NaCl + H2O (d) Zn + S  ZnS
Ans. (a)
6. Copper displaces which of the following metals from its salt solution:
(a) ZnSO4 (b) FeSO4 (c) AgNO3 (d) NiSO4
Ans. (c) AgNO3
7. In an electrolytic cell where electrolysis is carried, anode has:
(a) Positive change (b) Negative charge
(c) Connected to negative terminal of the battery (d) None of these is correct.
Ans. (a) Positive change
8. The reaction H2+Cl2 -> 2HCl represents :

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 (a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (c) Decomposition (d) Combination
Ans. (d) Combination
9. In the reaction PbO + C -> Pb + CO
(a) Pbo is oxidized (b) C act as an oxidising agent
(c) C act as a reduction agent (d) Reaction does not represent redox reaction.
Ans. (c) C act as a reduction agent
10. A substance which oxidizes itself and reduces other is known as
(a) Oxidising agent (b) reducing agent (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
Ans. (b) reducing agent
11. Take about 5 ml of dil. HCl in a test tube and add a few pieces of fine granules to it. Which gas is
evolved?
(a) Chlorine (b) Hydrogen (c) HCl (d) Nitrogen
Ans. (b) Hydrogen
12. Dissolving sugar is an example of-
(a) Physical change (b) Chemical change (c) Redox Reaction (d) None of these.
Ans. (a) Physical change
13. Heat is evolved diving
(a) Endothermic Reaction (b) Displacement Reaction
(c) Combustion Reaction (d) Combination Reaction
Ans. (c) Combustion Reaction
14. Which of the following is not a correct equation?
(a) Zn + CuSO4  Cu + ZnSO4 (b) 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2  2AgNO3 + Cu
(c) Fe + CuSO4  Cu + FeSO4 (d) Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2
Ans. (b)
15. The reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide present in aqueous solutions is an example of
(a) Decomposition Reaction (b) Displacement Reaction
(c) Double Displacement Reaction (d) Neutralisation Reaction
Ans. (c) Double Displacement Reaction
16. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filling? Tick the correct answer
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. (b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced
(c) No reaction takes place (d) Iron salt and water are produced
Ans. (a) is correct.

2 Marks Questions

1. Identify the type of chemical reaction

(i) A - B + C
(ii) AB + CD  AD + CB
Ans. (i) Decomposition reaction
(ii) Double displacement reaction
2. Why does not silver evolve hydrogen on reacting with dil H2SO4.
Ans. Silver do not evolve hydrogen on reacting with dil. H2SO4 as silver is less reactive metal than
hydrogen.
3. Why do diamond and graphite, the two forms of carbon evolve different amounts of heat on combustion?
Ans. Diamond and graphite are the two allotropes of carbon but they do not evolve same amount of heat
on combustion because they differ in the arrangement of carbon atoms and also their shapes one
different.
4. What is the sole of oxidizing agent is a reaction?
Ans. The oxidizing agent supply the oxygen in a reaction or it removes the hydrogen.
5. What happens chemically when quick lime is added to water?
Ans. When quick lime is added to water calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is formed with a hissing sound
and lot of heat is evolved during the reaction. The reaction involved is
CaO (s) + H2O(Quick Lime) Ca (OH)2 (s) + Heat (Shaked Lime)
6. Why a combustion reaction an oxidation reaction?
Ans. Combustion reaction because it is always carried out in the presence of air or oxygen for e.g.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) +2H2O (l)
7. Why are food particle preferably packed in aluminum foil?
Ans. Aluminium foil do not corrode in atmosphere even if kept for a long time because a protective
coating of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is formed on the surface of the foil and stops any further reaction of
the metal with air and water thus food particles do not get spoiled.
8. What happens to lime water when Co2 gas is bubbled through it in excess?
Ans. When CO2 gas is bubbled through lime water in excess then initially it becomes milky but then its
milkiness disappears due to formation of Ca(HCO3)2.
9. Why is a Combustion reaction an oxidation reaction?
Ans. Combustion is an oxidation reaction as it is always carried out in the presence of oxygen.

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10. Identify the type of chemical reaction
(i) A + B --- AB (ii) A + BC --- AC + B
(iii) Combination reaction
Ans. (ii) Displacement reaction
11. Why cannot a chemical change be normally reversed?
Ans. Chemical change cannot be reversed back because products so formed in a chemical reaction are
totally different from the reactants.
12. Identify the substance oxidized and reduced in the reaction.
Ans. The substance oxidized is Zinc oxide and the copper oxide get’s reduced to copper.
13. A student took 2-3 g of a substance X in a glass beaker & poured water over it slowly. He observed
bubbles along with hissing noise. The beaker becomes quite hot. Identify X. What type of reaction is it?
Ans. X = Calcium oxide (Quick lime), Combination reaction.
14. A substance X used for coating iron articles is added to a blue solution of a reddish brown metal Y,the
color of the solution gets discharged Identify X and Y & also the type of reaction.
Ans. X= Fe, Y = Cu, Displacement reaction.
15. A student burnt a metal A found in the form of ribbon. The ribbon burnt with a dazzling flame & a white
powder B is formed which is basic in nature. Identify A & B. Write the Balanced chemical equation.
Ans. X = Mg, Y = MgO, Mg +
16. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Ans. Magnesium ribbon is cleaned before burning to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium
carbonate from the surface of magnesium ribbon.
17. Write the balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions?
Ans. Balance chemical reaction with state symbols are as follows.
i. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
ii. NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O
18. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing
i. Name the substance ‘X’ and writes its formula.
ii. Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water
Ans. (i). The substance which, in solution is used for white washing is calcium oxide. Its formula is CaO.
(ii). CaO (s) + H2O -> Ca(OH)2 (s)
19. Which of the following statement about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO (s) + C (s) -> 2Pb (s) + CO2 (g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced. (b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidized
(c) Lead oxide is getting oxidized (d) Lead is getting reduced
i. (a) and (b) ii. (a) and (c) iii. (a), (b) and (c) iv. All
Ans. As statement (a) and (b) are incorrect, answer (i) is correct.
20. In refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement by copper
metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Ans. The reaction involved is: Cu + 2AgNO3 --- Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
21. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.
Ans. A chemical reaction in which an insoluble substance (precipitate) is formed is called precipitation
reaction. For example: AgNO3 + NaCl ->AgCl + NaNO3
22. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the element ‘X’ and
the black coloured compound formed.
Ans. The brown coloured element ‘X‘ is copper. On heating in air it forms copper oxide, which is black in
colour.: 2Cu(s) + O2 + 2CuO
23. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans. We apply paint on iron articles to prevent rusting. Iron articles do not come in contact of
atmospheric oxygen and moisture and thus the rusting is prevented.
24. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans. Oil and fat containing items get rancid due to oxidation with atmospheric oxygen. To prevent
rancidity food items are flushed with nitrogen. Nitrogen do not reacts with oil and fat containing items.

3 Marks Questions

1. (a) Define Rusting

(b) Why do you apply paint an iron articles?
Ans. (a) The process of slow eating of the surface of metal iron when exposed to air for a longer period of
time is called rusting.
(b) We apply paint on iron articles because it forms a protective coating on the surface of iron and we can
protect it against rusting.
2. White the balanced reactions for the following
(i) Potassium Bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium Bromide(aq)
(ii) Zinc carbonate (s) --- Zinc oxide (s) + carbon dioxide (g)
(iii) Hydrogen (g) + chlorine (g) --- Hydrogen chloride
Ans.

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 (i) 2KBr + BaI2 --- 2KI + BaBr2
(ii) ZnCO3 --- ZnO + CO2
(iii) H2 + Cl2 --- 2HCl
3. The reaction is given by Zn + H2SO4 --- ZnSO4 + H2
(i) White the ionic equation for the reaction
(ii) The ionic equations can be represented by two half equations. Write these equations.
(iii) Explain why this is a redox reaction
Ans. (i) Zn + 2H+ --- Zn2+ + H2
(ii) The half ionic equations are- Zn --- Zn2+ + 2e- and 2H+ + 2e- --- H2
(iii) The first half represents oxidation since these is loss of electrons and second half represents
reduction as there is gain of electrons.
4. What are neutralization reactions? Why are they named so? Give one example?
Ans. A neutralization reaction is the chemical reaction between an acid and base dissolved in water For
eg.
KOF(aq) + HNO3(aq) --- KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
It is called neutralization reaction because both and formed as the products, are neutral in nature.
5. Identify the type of reaction in the following
(a) ZnCO3 + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2CO3 (aq)
(b) 2NaBr (aq) +Cl2 (g) 2Nacl (aq) + (aq)
(c) 2CuO (S) 2Cu (s) + O2 (g)
Ans. (a) Double decomposition reaction.
(b) Displacement reaction.
(c) Decomposition reaction.
6. A student dropped few pieces of marble in dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a test tube. The evolved
gas was then passed through lime water. What change would be observed in lime water? Write balanced
chemical equation for both the change observed?
Ans. When marble reacts with dil. HCl, CO2 gas evolved
CaCO3 (s) +2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
When this gas is evolved and is passed through lime water, becomes milky due to the formation of
insoluble Calcium carbonate
Ca (OH)2 -> CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) +H2O (l)
But when milkiness disappears i.e. when CO2 gas is passed in excess through CaCO3 (s)
CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) +H2O (l) Ca (HCO3)2 (aq)

7. In the reaction MnO2 +4HCl -> MnCl2 + 2H2O +Cl3

(a) Name the substance oxidised. (b) Name the oxidising agent. (c) Name the reducing agent
Ans. (a) HCL has been oxidized to Cl2
(b) MnO2
(c) HCL is the reducing agent and Mno2 has been reduced to MnCl2
8. Give one example each of
(a) Thermal decomposition (b) Electrolytic decomposition (c) Photo decomposition
Ans. (a) MgCo3 (s) --- MgO (s) +CO2 (g)
(b) 2H2O (l) --- 2H2 (g) +O2 (g)
(c) 2H2O2 (l) --- 2H2O (l) +O2 (g)
9. Write three equations for decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and
electricity?
Ans. (i) MgCO3 --- MgO + CO2
(ii) 2AgCl --- 2Ag + Cl2
(iii) 2NaCl --- 1Na + Cl2
10. When you mix solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide,
(i) What is the colour of the precipitate formed? Name the compound evolved?
(ii) Write a balanced chemical reaction?
(iii) Is this a double displacement reaction?
Ans. (i) The precipitate is yellow in colour and the compound is lead (II) Iodide.
(ii) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI --- PbI2 + 2KNO3
(iii) Yes it is a double displacement reaction.
11. Transfer the following into chemical equations and balance them.
(i) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to from ammonia.
(ii) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphurdioxide.
(iii) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ans. (i) 3H2 + N2 --- 2NH3
(ii) H2S + 3O2 --- 2H2O + 2SO2
(iii) 2K + 2H2O --- 2KOH + H2
12. A compound ‘X’ is used for drinking, has pH =7.Its acidified solution undergoes decomposition in
presence of electrictiy to produce gases ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ The volume of Y is double than Z. Y is highly

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 combustible whereas Z is supporter of combustion. Identify X, Y & Z and write the chemical reactions
involved.
Ans. 2H2O(l) --- 2H2(g) + O2(g)
13. An aqueous solution of metal nitrate P reacts with sodium bromide solution to form yellow ppt of
compound Q which is used in photography. Q on exposure to sunlight undergoes decomposition reaction
to form metal present in P along with reddish brown gas. Identify P &Q. Write the chemical reaction &
type of chemical reaction.
Ans. P = Ag(NO3), Q = AgBr, 2AgBr --- 2Ag + Br2
Photochemical decomposition.
14. Bhawana took a pale green substance A in a test tube. And heated it over the flame of a burner. A brown
colored residue B was formed along with evolution of two gases with burning smell of sulphur. Identify A
& B. Write the chemical reaction involved.
Ans. 2FeSO4(s) ---- Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
15. A reddish brown vessel developed a green colored solid X When left open in air for a long time. When
reacted with dil , it forms a blue colored solution along with brisk efficient due to colourless & odourless
gas Z. X decomposes to form black colored oxide Y of a reddish brown metal along with gas Z, Identify X,
Y, & Z.
Ans. X = CuCO3. Y = CuO, Z = CO2
16. A student has mixed the solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide.
(i) What was the colour of the precipitate formed? Can you name the compound?
(ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(iii) What type of reaction is it?
Ans. (i) Yellow, Lead iodide
(ii) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI --- PbI2 + 2KNO3
(iii) Double displacement reaction
17. Name the type of reaction seen in the equation below. Write the reaction for the Same.
Fe + CuSO4 (aq) -> FeSO4 (aq) + Cu
Ans. Displacement Reaction
18. Astha has been collecting silver coins and copper coins. One day she observed a black Coating on silver
coins and a green coating on conner coins. Which chemical phenomenon is responsible for these
coatings? Write the chemical name of black and green coatings?
Ans. Corrosion is responsible for this coating. Black coating is due to formation ofAg2S and green coating
is due to formation of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

19. Write the balance equation for the following reactions Give reasons for the following reactions?
i. Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride
ii. Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
iii. Sodium + water Sodium hydroxide + water
Ans. The chemical equations are as followsi.
i. H2 +Cl2 -> 2HCl
ii. 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 -> 3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3
iii. 2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH +H2
20. Fe2O3 + 2Al --- Al2O3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a
(a) combination reaction (b) double displacement reaction
(c) decomposition reaction (d) displacement reaction
Ans. This is an example of displacement reaction because Fe in FeO3 has been displaced by Al. Hence
correct answer is (d).
21. What is balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equation be balanced?
Ans. The reaction in which the number of atoms of each element is equal on the reactant side and
product side is called balanced equation. Chemical reaction should be balanced because only a balanced
equation tells us the relative quantities of different reactants and products involved in the reaction.
22. Why respiration is considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.
Ans. During respiration, we inhale oxygen from the atmosphere which reacts with glucose in your body
cells to produce carbon dioxide and water.
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 -> 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) + heat
Heat is liberated in this process; hence respiration is considered an exothermic reaction.

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