English 8

Quarter 4 – Lesson 1: Using Appropriate Grammatical Signals or Expressions to Each Pattern of Idea Development

Idea development is essential in writing. This is done by organizing ideas in a logical and clear manner that suits the
writer’s purpose. To achieve this, it is necessary to use appropriate grammatical signals or expressions.

Grammatical signals are writing devices such as transitional devices, connectors, determiners, and repetitions that
are used to maintain text coherence. Coherence establishes a logical connection between ideas in sentences and
paragraphs. These ideas can be developed through different patterns depending on the writer’s purpose.

Pattern of idea development refers to the structure of writing on how the ideas are being presented. Five of the
commonly used patterns of idea development are discussed in this module. These are the general to particular,
cause and effect, claim-counterclaim, problem-solution, and persuasion. Let us explore them and their appropriate
grammatical signals.

A. General to Particular
This pattern of idea development discusses the general topic by presenting specific details that support the topic.
The writer starts with the general idea stated in the topic sentence. Then, it is elaborated and explained through
specific details and examples. In other words, general to particular pattern is a deductive method of organization.

B. Cause and Effect

This pattern of idea development explains the causes or the effects of something. When a writer presents reasons,
he or she is explaining the causes. When a writer explains the results, he or she is explaining the effects.

C. Claim and Counterclaim

This pattern of idea development refers to the structure of presenting a side of an issue in an argumentative manner.
A claim is the writer’s stand on a topic supported by evidence and logical reasoning. Also, the writer presents the
counterclaim or the opposite stand of an issue to disprove it through evidence and logical reasoning.

D. Problem-Solution
This pattern of idea development is used when a writer identifies a problem and addresses it by presenting one or
more solutions. A problem refers to the unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties. A solution on the
other hand, refers to the ways in solving or minimizing the problem.

Here are the other transitional devices that can be used for claim-counterclaim pattern of idea development:
however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the other hand, admittedly, some people say, some may say, of course,
nevertheless, and but not only that.

E. Persuasion
This pattern of idea development intends to convince the readers to do or believe in something. It allows the writer
to express his or her personal viewpoints about a topic to convince the readers. This pattern of idea development is
based on opinions and emotions. Below are the grammatical signals to be used in persuasive pattern of idea
development.

Here are the grammatical signals to be used for problem-solution pattern of idea development: because, cause,
since, as a result, in order to, and so that, as a solution, and one way.

Assessment. Identifying the Pattern

Directions: Identify the pattern used in the following paragraphs. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Research refers to a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a certain topic.
Specifically, it can be classified into two main types. The first type is the basic research. It deals with the investigation
on basic principles and reasons for the occurrence of a certain phenomenon or process. Applied research is another
type that solves certain problems through using accepted theories. Also, it tries to explore how things can be
changed. These two types of research are used in the academic and scholarly fields.
1. Pattern Used: _________________________________________________________

Road accidents happen due to several reasons. One reason is the carelessness of drivers. Some drivers
ignore traffic rules and warning signals. They also resist wearing seat belts. Some of them are even drunk while
driving. Next reason is the weather conditions. During a hot weather, drivers are prone to have high blood pressure
or heat stroke which lead to road accidents. Meanwhile, during rainy seasons when the road is wet or slippery,
drivers tend to lose control which lead to vehicular accidents. Another reason is the traffic jam. When there are too
many vehicles, some drivers easily panic, get more nervous, and become error prone. As a result, traffic accidents
happen. To sum up, carelessness, weather conditions, and traffic jams are common reasons of road accidents.

2. Pattern Used: ________________________________________________________

Educating our children to take care and protect the environment by saving trees is a lifetime mission. It is
important for us and our children to understand that trees do so much for our environment. Trees provide us clean
air, food, paper, and medicines. They also give shelter to humans and animals. Can you imagine a world without
trees? With this, I urge you to join me in making this world a better, greener, cleaner place for our children and the
future generations.

3. Pattern Used: _______________________________________________________

There are many ways to lessen the amount of household wastes. First, turn away from single-use plastics.
You can do this by bringing your own reusable containers and ask restaurants to use them in packing your food.
Next, use eco-bags when buying in grocery stores. This can minimize the use of plastic cellophanes. Another way is
by sorting your garbage. Just get any trash receptacles and follow the proper sorting procedures. Separate plastic
bottles and metal wastes from fruits and vegetable scraps. For plastic and metal waste, clean them and place them
in separate bins. Once the recyclable bins are filled up, take them to your local recycling centers. These are some of
the ways to reduce the amount of wastes.

4. Pattern Used: _______________________________________________________

There are those who believe that technology makes us less creative. They strongly claim that cellphones,
computers, and other gadgets make us lazy and dependent. Also, they say that we don’t have to think or create for
ourselves. However, the truth is these technologies have different features that offer multiple creative outlets. We
can edit videos, design webpage, make short films, create graphic arts, and compose web novels. Technology brings
out people’s creativity in this new age.

5. Pattern Used: _________________________________________________________

 English – 8
Quarter 4 – Lesson 2: Expanding the Content of an Outline Using Notes from Primary and Secondary Sources

What is an outline?
An outline is a tool used in improving and organizing written ideas about a topic into a logical order. Writers
use outlines when writing their papers to know which topic to cover and in what order.

What are the types of an outline?

The type of outline to be used by the writer depends on the nature of the topic and purpose of the writer.
Topics that are information-heavy may require more major topics and subtopics since the writer’s purpose is to be as
informative as possible. However, if the writer wants to be persuasive, outline should only accommodate what is
important to the audience’s needs.
There are two types of outline: the sentence outline and the topic outline.

1. Sentence Outline It is a type of outline that presents the thesis statement, major topics, subtopics, and supporting
details in sentence form. It allows you to include those details in the sentences instead of having to create an outline
of many short phrases that goes on page after page. Also, it follows a hierarchical structure composed of sentences
and headings around the subject of the speech or essay. These characters are used in this order in bullet formatting.

 Roman Numerals Below is an example of a sentence outline and its parts.

 Capitalized Letters
 Arabic Numerals
 Lowercase Letters
2. Topic Outline It is a type of outline which presents the major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in the form
of words and phrases.

Below is an example of a topic outline and its parts.

How to Expand the Content of an Outline Using Different Sources?

In expanding the content of an outline, you need to use primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are
firsthand information taken from original evidence such as reports on discoveries and events and interviews from
persons in authority while secondary sources are secondhand information taken from the primary sources.

Below are examples of primary and secondary sources which will be used in expanding the contents of your outline.
Activity: Know Your Source!

Directions: Read the following statements inside the cards. Determine if the following statements are primary
sources or secondary sources. Write letter P for primary source and letter S for secondary source on a separate sheet
of paper.