“ 7 war time preperation “ Science passing package for SSIC EXAMINATION 2024 - 25 “20 - 20 66 Prepared by... Lokesh MSc. MEd GHS MALAGARANA HALLY MADDUR TALUK MANDYA DISTRICT “” Best of luck 6699 Now or never... faatime todc.. © scanne d with OKEN ScannerELEC 1) Write the symbols of the following used in the electric circuit 1 An electric exit — -- 2 Atattery or a combination ofeetn = ——] -—| -| -— 53 Plog hey or eich open) ah 4 Plug key or switch (tonee) 5 Awire Joint G Wires crossing without Joining 7 Electric bully 58 Aresietor of resistance R |B Varlabie reatstance or rheasiat dank —er } 10 Ammeter —@— 11 Voltmeter —o— 12 Galvanometer —@-— 2) Define the following a) electric circuit :- A continuous and closed path of an electric current. b) electric current :- Amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time. OR eh Rate of flow of electric charges. c) electric potential difference. The work done to move a unit charge from one point to the other. d) Resistance. itis the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it. & scanned with OKEN Scannere) variable resistance :- A component used fo regulate current without changing the voltage source is called varlable resistance. f) Rheostat:- the device used to change the resistance in the circuit. g) the electric power :- The rate at which the electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit. 3) On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend 7 Ans :- The resistance of the conductor depends (i) on its length (fi) on it's area of crass section (ii) on the nature of material (Iv) temperature. 4) Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alfoy rather than a pure metal ? Ans :- The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals. Alloys donot oxidise readily at high temperatures. 5) what are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in paralfel with the battery instead of connecting them in series? Ans :-i) Ina series circuit, when one component fails the circuit is broken and none of the components works. But in parallet circuit, even though if one component fails the other components works. if) The parallel circuit divided the current through the efectrical gadgets. The total resistance in a parallel circuit decrease, this is helpful particularly when each gadget has different resistance and requires different current to operate properly. 6) State ohm’s law Ans :- The potential difference, V across the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature remains the same. V=IR 7) Why ammeter is connected in series in a circuit. And :- Ina series combination of resistors the current is same in every part of the circuit or the same current through each resistor. 8) State joules law of heating. Ans :- The heat produced in @ resistor is (}) Directly proportional ta the square of current (i) Directly proportional to resistance for a given current. And (fi) Directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the resistor. H=FRt 9) The bulbs are usually filled with nitrogen and argon gases why ? Ans :- They are chemically inactive and helpful to prolong the life of filament. & scanned with OKEN Scanner10) Explain the working of electric bulb and an electric fuse by heating effect of electric current or joules law of heating. Ans :- Electric bulb :- The filament of a bulb is made up of a strong metal Tungsten. They are usually filled with chemically inactive nitrogen and argon gases to profong the life of filament. Most of the power consurned by the filament appears as heat but a small part of itis in the form of light radiated. Electric fuse :- + it consists of a piece of wire made of metal or an alloy of appropriate malting point. If @ current farger than the specified value close through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit. 11) 100 J of heat is produced each second in a 4ohm resistance. Find the potential difference across the resistor. Ans: H=700J R=4ohm, {=4sec V=? H=PRt 3 1005/2 x4x1 100=4P =F = 00/4 [=725=5 1=5A 12) An Electric heater connected to a 220V generator draws a current of 10A. What is the power of the electric heater ? If it is used for 8 hours a day then calculate the total cost of using it for 30days at Rs. 5 per kwh. V=220V [= 10A P=? P=VI =220%10=2200W =P=2.2kW If if is used Bhrs per day for 30days 2.2% 8% 30=528 kW Total cost = 528 x 5 = 2640 rs. 13) A wire of given material having length ‘I’ and area of cross section ‘A’, has a resistance of 4 ohm. What would be the resistance of another wire of the same material having @ length /2 and the area of cross section 2A Ans :-R,= px WA = 4ohm Now for the second wire , Re =p * U2/2A=1/4% p.VA =%4*R1 The resistance of another wire is 4 * 4 = Tohm 14) In an electric circuit, the resistors R,,R, and R, have the values Sohm, 100hm and 30 ohm respectively. When these resistors are connected to a battery of 12V parallely then calculate the totaf resistance of this circuit. Ans :-Ry=5 ohm, Re= 10 ohm, R3= 60 ohm V=12V 1=4A Tofa? resistance inthe circuit, 4/Rp = 1/R, + 1/R, + T/Ry UR, = V5 + 1/10 + 1/30 1R, = 64344 /30 YR, = 10/60 = % Rp = 6 ohm & scanned with OKEN Scanner15) What problems will occur when live and neutral wires are connected directly to the house hold electrical appliances from the electric poles ? Ans :- over loading and short circuits will occur causing a damage to the users. 16) Resistivity of a material A is 10” ohm meter and the resistivity of a material B is 2.63*10 ohm meter. Which of these two materials can be used as an insulator. Ans :- Material ‘A’ can be used as an insulator. 17) Name the SI UNITS of the following Electric charge Coulomb Electric current Ampere Electric resistance Ohm Potential difference —_| Volt Electric power Watt 18) Draw the schematic diagram of a typical electric circuit comprising a cell, an electric bulb, an Ammeter and a plug key. Resistors tr oactn— & scanned with OKEN Scanner20) Draw a circuit diagram to show the connection of resistors in paralfel. 7) List the properties of magnetic field lines. Ans > The magnetic field ines i) Emerge from north pole and merge at the South pote. i) Inside the magnet the direction of field lines is from it's South pole to its North pole. ii) The magnetic field lines are clased curves. iv) The density of magnetic field lines are mare in their potes. v) No two field lines are found to cross each other. 2) Why don't two magnetic field lines intersect each other ? Ans = if they did, it would mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needie would point towards two directions. which is not possible. 3) How does overload and short circuit occur in an electric circuit ? Explain. What is the function of fuse during this situation ? Ans = i) overloading can occur when the jive wire and the neutral wire come in to direct contact. ii} This occurs when the insulation of wires is damaged or there is a fault in the appliance. iii) when many electrical appliances are connected to ane circuit simultaneously. iv) In such a situation, the current in the circuit abruptly increases and short circuit occurs. function of fuse :- The joule heating that takes place in the fuse melts il to break the electric circuit and prevents the electric appliances from possible damage. 4) how do you trace the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet using compass needle ? explain. Ans: + take a smaif compass and a bar magnet. Place a magnet and sheet of white paper fixed on a drawing board. Mark the boundary of the magnet. Place the compass near the north pole of the magnet mark the pasition of two ends of the needle. & scanned with OKEN Scanner© Now move the needle fo a new position such thal the South pole occupies the position previously occupied by its North pote. © Inthis way proceed step by step till we reach the South pole of the magnet. Join the points marked on the paper by a smooth curve. This represents fleld line. © Repeating above procedure we can draw as many lines as possible. 5) What are the measures to be taken to avoid overloading in the domestic circuits. Ans :- + Live and Neutral wires should not come in to direct contact. © There should not be any short circuit in the circuit. © Joo many appliances should not be connected to @ single socket. * Should always use quality wires and good quality electrical appliances. 6) what are the functions of an Earth wire ? It is necessary to connect the electric appliances having metailic body to earth wire in domestic electric circuit. why 7 explain. * Functions of Earth wire i) This is used as @ safety measure for appliances have a metallic body in domestic electric circuit. il) This provides a low resistance conducting path for the current. ji) Any leakage of current in appliances keeps it’s potential to the that of the earth and the user may not get a severe electric shock. 7) State Right hand thumb rule Ans :- when you are holding @ current carrying conductor such that the thumb points towards the direction of current then your fingers will wrap eround the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field. 8) Explain an experiment to show that the current carrying conductor experience and mechanical force when it is placed in a magnetic field. (OR) Explain an activity to verify Fleming's left hand rule. Ans :- «Take a smal! eluminum rod and suspend it horizontally using connecting wires. © Place a strong horse shoe magnet in such a way that rod Kes between the iwo poles with the magnetic fieid directed upwards. © Connect the aluminium rod fn series with a battery, a key and a rheostat. © Now pass the current through the aluminium rod in one particutar direction. © The rod displaces towards one side. Reverse the direction of current flowing through the rod. The rod displaces towards the opposite side. Hence a current carrying conductor experiences @ force perpendicutar to its length in a magnetic field. & scanned with OKEN Scanner9) what is solenoid ? how can it be converted into an electromagnet 7 Ans :- A coil of many circufar turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of cylinder is calfed @ sofenoid. © Current carrying sofenoid can be used to magnetize a piece of magnetic material like soft iron when placed inside the coif. 10) how do magnetic field Jines appear when electric current passes through a circular loap of conducting wires. Ans :- Al the centre of the circular foop these big tines may appear as straight fines. Every point on the wire carrying current would gives rise to the magnetic field appearing as straight lines. 11) explain the method of preparing an electromagnet. Ans ;- + Take a solenoid. Piace @ piece of magnetic material like soft iron inside the solenoid. © The iron core will be magnetised due to magnetic field inside the solenaid. © The magnet so formed is calfed an Electro magnet 12) How can the strength of magnetic field generated by circular wire be increased explain. Ans:- + By increasing the number of turns of the coil. © By increasing the current flowing through the coil. 13) List the properties of the magnetic field due to the flow of electric current in solenoid. What are the two methods of increasing magnetic field in a solenoid Ans :- i) The magnetic field in a current carrying solenoid is similar to that of magnetic field Produced in a bar magnet. ii) The magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid. 14) The two methods to increase magnetic field in a solenoid Ans :-* By increasing the number of tums of the coil. * By increasing the current flowing through solenoid. 15) State the Fleming’s left hand rule. Ans :- According to this rule, Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicufar. Hf the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of current. Then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor. 16) what is magnetic field ? Ans :- The region around a magnet, in which the force of magnet can be detected is called magnetic fietd. & scanned with OKEN Scanner17) observe the figure and mention the direction of the force acting on the current carrying conductor AB. Name the rule that helped you to find the direction of the force. Ans :- Towards left. (OR) Towards the magnet (OR) Towards north pole of the magnet Rule :- Fleming's left hand rule 18) observe the given figures and answer the questions that follow (ele) 1) which of the above figures shows the correct direction of magnetic field ? Ans :; figure (b) shows the correct direction of magnetic field ii) name and state the role that helpful to choose the correct figure Ans :- Right hand thumb rule :- holding a current carrying straight conductor in right hand such that the thumb indicates the direction of current and the fingers. wrapping around the conductor indicates direction of field lines of the magnetic field. 19) Observe the circuit diagram given below. Answer the questions given. i) mention the direction of magnetic fiefd that forms around the points X and Y Ans :- At 'X'— Anti clockwise At 'Y’—> clock wise & scanned with OKEN Scanner20) Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. 21) Draw a diagram to show the magnefic field lines around a straight conductor. Vartable 1) Define the following with respect to that of a spherical mirror. A) B GENTRE OF GURVATUR: sphere sphere has a centre this point is calfed the centre of curvature. RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE MIRROR :- The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part. D) THE PRINCIPAL AXIS OF THE MIRROR :- The straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature. &) FOCAL LENGTH OF THE MIRROR :- The distance of the image from the pole of the The reffecting surface of spherical mirror forms @ part of o mirror (f) F) PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF THE CONVEX MIRROR :- The rays parallel (o the principal axis after refraction, the reflected rays appear to come from a point on the principal axis. This point és called the principal focus of the convex mirror. POLE OF THE MIRROR -- The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror.(P) & scanned with OKEN ScannerG) PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF THE CONCAVE MIRROR :- The rays parallel to the principal axis after the reflection. They are all meeting / intersecting at a point on the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of the concave mirror. 2) Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear view mirror in vehicles. Ans :- + it always forms An erect virtual and diminished image of an object placed anywhere in front of it. il) It has wider field of view. 3) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42, what is the meaning of this statement ? Ans :- The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. It indicates that the ratio of speed of light in air to that of diamond is 2.42 4) What do you mean by Reflection of Light ? Ans :- The phenomenon of bouncing back of fight rays when it falls on the smooth surface. 5) What are the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror. Ans :- {j) Image is virtual and erect. (ii) The size of the image is equal to that of the object. (ii) The image formed is.as far behind the mirror as object is infront of it. 6) Draw the Ray diagrams to show the position and nature of the Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object. Position of | Position Size of the | Nature of RAY DIAGRAM the object | of the image the image image At Infinity | At the Highly Real and focus F | diminished, | inverted point sized Beyond C | Between | Diminished | Real and "FP and 'C? inverted atc Atc Same siza | Real and “ > inverted + . A r & scanned with OKEN ScannerBetween ‘C’| Beyond C | Enlarged Real and and ‘F’ inverted AtF At the Highly Real and infinity | entarged _| inverted Between P | Behind Enlarged Virtual and and F the mirror erect 7) State the laws of refraction of light. Ans :-- i) the incident ray the refracted Ray and the normal fo the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence. alf He in the same plane. ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media 8) A Ray of light travelling in kerosene enters obliquely into water. Does that light ray bend fowards the normal er away from the normal ? Why ? (Refractive indices of water and kerosene are 1.33 and 1.44 respectively) Ans :- Ray of light bent away from the normal. As, The refractive index of the water is less than that of kerosene. light travels faster in the media with lesser refractive index and the speed of light increases. 9) State the laws of reflection of fight. Ans :-#) the angle of incidence is equal to the angie of reflection. fi) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror af the point of incidence and the reflected ray ail Jig in the same plane. b) Magnification of mirror is +1. What does it mean ? Mention the type of this mirror. Ans :- +4 refers to the size of image is as that of the object. + Refers to the virtual and erect © The type of the mirror is plane mirror. & scanned with OKEN Scanner10) What are the uses of concave mirror ? write the mirror formula. Ans :- Uses of a concave mirror :- j) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles head Jights to get parallel bearn of light. ii) As a shaving mirror iii) By dentists to see large images of the teeth. iv} In solar furnaces to concentrate sun light. ‘b) Mirror formula :- 1/F = 1/v + tha 11) If the focal length of a spherical mirror is 25 cm then find its radius of curvature. Ans.:-R = 2f = 2x25 = 50cm. 12) What is power of lens write it's S J unit. Ans :- The degree of convergence or divergence of light is the power of a fens. © S/unit of power of a lens fs ‘dioptre’ or ‘D’. 13) Draw the ray diagram to show the formation of image when the abject is placed at the different distances from the convex mirror Position of | Position | Size of the | Nature of RAY DIAGRAM the object | of image | image the image At Infinity | At the Highly focus F, | diminished, point - sized Beyond 2F, | Between | Diminished ‘Fy and "Fy At 2F, At 2F, Same size Between | Beyond | Enlarged ‘Fy and 2F, "IF & scanned with OKEN ScannerAt Focus F, | At the Highly Real and infinity |entarged _| inverted Between |Onsame | Enlarged | Virtual and focus F, | side as erect and optical | the lens of centre ‘O” the object 14) “The absolute refractive index of a medium cannot be less than 1.” justify this statement. Ans :- Velocity of light is maximum in vaccum 45) A convex mirror that has a radius of curvature 4 m is used ina bus is a car is Jocated at the distance of 10 m fram the mirror then find the image distance mention the nature and the size of the image formed. R=2f=4, f=2m, u=-t0m v=? 1Hh= t+ th Batwio+w W=K+AN0 = 541/10 = 6/10=% IN=% V=5/30m VELT 16) differentiate between convex mirror and concave mirror. CONVEX MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR Reflecting surface covered outwards | Reflecting surface is covered inwards. Always forms virtual and erect images | Forms rea! & inverted images (except the case when the object is kept between P and F) Diverges the light rays Converges the light rays 17) define the principal focus of a Convex lens. Ans :- The rays of light falling on a convex lens parallel to the principal axis after refraction from the lens converge to point on the principle axis. This poinf on principle axis is calted the principle focus of the convex lens. & scanned with OKEN Scanner18) A concave fens has focal length 30cm. Af what distance should be object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 20cm from the lens ? Also, find the magnification produced by the lens. =-300m, v=-20c0m, u=? m=? WW-Wa=i t= th 1 tf 1-20-1430) thr = 1420+ 130 Ws = -3+2/60 1h =-1/60 fs = -1/60 60 © Magnification, m=v/s = m=-2060 m=% m= 0.33 19) in the given figure, AB is incident ray, BC is the refracted Ray and MN is the normal to the point of incidence, which medium is more denser why ? © Medium one is more denser. © When @ ray of light travels from rarer medium fo denser medium if always bends towards the normal. 20) a) Light enters from Air to benzene having refractive index 1.50, calculate the speed of light in benzene. (Speed of light in air is 3 * 10" m/s) Ans :- Refractive index of benzene (u) = 1.50 speed of light in air, C = 3x10° Let the speed of light in benzene = V Refractive index of benzene (u) = C/V = speed of light in air/ speed of light in benzene Speed of light in benzene = 3x10° m/s /1.50 Speed of light in benzene = 2 * 10° m/s b) What is meant by the ‘aperture’ of a spherical mirror ? Ans :- The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called ‘Aperture’ of the spherical mirror. HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD 1) What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye ? Ans :- The ability of the eye to focus the distant objects as well as the nearby objects on the selina by changing focal length or converging power of its lens is called accommodation. 2) What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision? Ans :- Far point of the normal vision is infinity and near point is 25cm. & scanned with OKEN Scanner3) What is dispersion of light ? Mention the colour that bends the Jeast and the colour that bends the most when light undergoes dispersion through a prism. Ans :- The splitting of light into its component colours called dispersion. © The red colour bends the feast and The violet colour bends the most. 4) Mention any four phenomena that can be observed due to atmospheric refraction of light on the earth. Ans :- i) The sun fs visible to us two minutes before the actual sunrise. il) The sun is Visible to us two minutes aifer the actual sunset also. ii) The apparent position of the star is slighily different from its actual position. iv} Twinkling of star. _v) Formation of rainbow. vi) The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects seen through a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a fire or a radiator. 5) a) What is the function of the pupil of the human eye 7 Ans :- The pupil regulates and controls the amount of eye entering the eye. b) What is Tyndall effect 7 Ans :- The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles. 6) Explain why do the stars twinkle 7 Ans :- The twinkling of star is due to atmospheric refraction of sunlight. Since the stars are very distant, they are approximate point sized sources of light. As the path of rays of light coming from the stars goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the stars fluctuates and the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers — the star some times appear brighter and af some other time fainter, which is the twinkling effect 7) Explain the formation of rainbow. Ans :- Rainbow is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in the afmosphere. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse ihe incident sunlight. then reffect it internally and finally refract it again When it comes out of the rain drop. Due to the dispersion of light and internal reflection. Different cotours reach the observer's eye. 8) Explain why do the planets do not twinkfe. Ans :- The planets are much closer to the earth and are thus seen extended sources. ® /fwe consider a planet as a collection of targe number of point sized sources of ight, © the total variation in the amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point sized sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect. 9) observe the following figure. Answer the question given below : & scanned with OKEN Scannerayers eons Ze whether this phenomenan can be observed on the moon surface justify the answer. Ans :- No, This phenomenal cannot be observed an the moon because moon has 70 atmosphere of its own. 10) Draw The diagram to show the recombination of spectrum of white fight ? Reworbination af apactrum of cohite Tight ‘Tho ray ofighe nat Yeenda the least. “The ray of light thee Randa the moet 11) How do our eyes accomodates to see the objects of different distances ? Ans :- + The Human eye is able to see nearby and distant objects clearly by changing the focal length of the eye Jens using its power of accommodation. © When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin . Thus its focal length increases. This enables us fo see distant objects clearly. When we are looking at objects closer to the eye, the ciliary muscles contract. This increases the curvature of the eye lens. The eye lens becomes thicker. The focal length of the eyes decreases. This enables us to see nearby objects clearly. 12) why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut ? Ans :- The sky appears dark to astronaut flying at very high altitude, as scattering is not prominent at such heighis. 13) Explain the experiment conducted by Newton to show that white light contains seven colours. Ans_:-* !saac Newton was the firs! to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of sunlight. © He tried to split the cofours of the spectrum of white light further by using similar prism. He could not get any more colours. & scanned with OKEN Scanner*® He then placed a second prism (identical) in an inverted position with respect to the first prism. This allowed all the colours of the prism to pass through the second prism. © He found a beam of while light emerging from the other side of the second prism. This observation gave Newton the idea that the sunlight is made up of 7 colours. 14) Sun appears red in colour during sunrise / sunset. Why ? Ans :- Light from the sun near the horizon passes through thicker layers of year and larger distance in the earth atmosphere before reaching our eyes. © Near the horizon Most of the blue light and shorter wave lengths are scattered away by the partictes. * Therefore the light that reaches our eyes is of longer wavelength. This gives the reddish appearance to the sun. 15) Explain why do the sky appears white in the noon. * However light from the sun overhead would travel relatively shorter distance. *® Atnoon, the sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours are scattered. 16) What is spectrum of white light ? Ans :- The band of coloured components of a light beam formed by the splitting of light through glass prism is called spectrum of light. 17) different types of eye defects, causes and it's corrective measures. Name of the Meaning / definition Reasons Corrective Defect measures Myopia OR A defect in which a person | i) excessive A concave fens of Short can see the nearby objects | curvature of the _| appropriate power sightedness clearly bul cannot see the —_| aye fens is used to correct distant object distinctly. #f) elongation of the | it. eye ball. Hypermetropia | A defect in which a person | j) the focal length | A convex lens of oR can see distant objects of the eye tens is | appropriate power Long clearly bul cannot see the foo Jong. is used to correct sightedness nearby objects distinctly. ii) the eye ball has | it. become too smail. & scanned with OKEN ScannerCataract Sometimes the crystalline | Age isthe factor. _| it is possible to Jens of the people at old age | Advance inage _| restore the vision becomes milky and cloudy. only through the cataract surgery. Presbyopia The type of eye defect in —_| i) gradual This defect can be which, aged people feet weakening of the | corrected by using difficullly in seeing nearby | cillary muscles. _| bifocal lens. objects comfortably and i) diminishing distinctly. flexibility of the eye Jens. 18) The ray diagram of myopia / short sightedness and it's corrective measures fe) Myopic Eye (cl Correction for myopia 19) The ray diagram of Hyper metropia / long sightedness and it's corrective measures (c) Correction for Hypermetropic eye 20) The danger signa! lights are red in colour. Why ? Ans :- The red colaur is least scattered by fog or smoke. Therefare it can be seen in the same colour at a distance. & scanned with OKEN ScannerCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS 4) What are the changes that took place during the chemical reactions ? Ans :- Change in state, Change in colour, Change in temperature and new product is formed. 2) Define combination reaction give example. Ans :- [tis @ {ype of chemical reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants. C+0,——~-> CO, 3) define decomposition reaction. Give example Ans -- itis @ type of chemical reaction in which a single substance decomposed to give two or more substances. CaCQ,——--> CaO + CO, 4) What is thermal decomposition ? Give an example. Ans :- when the decomposition is carried out by heating. It is called as thermal decomposition. 2Pb(NOs)>_heat_, 2P-bO + 4NO2 + Os 5) Define displacement reaction. Give example Ans: itis a process in which @ more reactive element displaces @ less reactive element from its compound. Fe + CuSO, -> FeSO, + Cu 6) define precipitate. Ans :- it is an insoluble substance formed in a chemical reaction. 7) Define double displacement reactian. Give example. Ans :- The reaction in which there is an exchange of ons between {he reactants are called > AgC] + NaNO} 8) Differentiate between oxidation and reduction reaction. double displacement reaction. NaCl + AgNO, Oxidation reaction :- The reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen is called oxidation 2Cu + 0,—> 2Cu0 Reduction reaction :- The reaction in which a substance ioses oxygen or gains hydrogen is called as reduction reaction. — CuO + H,———-> Cu +H, 9) Define Oxidation - reduction reaction OR Red-Ox reaction. Ans :- The reaction in which one reactants gets oxidised while the other gets reduced during >Zn+GO @ reaction is called red = ox reaction. zn0+G 10) name the type of chemical reaction that takes place between lead nitrate and potassium iodide solution. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. & scanned with OKEN ScannerAns :-when the lead nitrate solution is mixed with potassium iodide, the exchange of ions takes place resulting in the formation of tead iodide and potassium nitrate. Hence, it is called asa double displacement reaction. Pb{NO,), + 2KI-———> Pbl, + 2KNO, 11) Manufacturers of chips, flush the packets of chips with nitrogen gas. Why ? Ans :- To prevent the chips from getting oxidised OR to prevent Rancidity. 12) The chemical reaction at fakes place between sodium sulphate and barium chloride is called double displacement reaction. Why ? Write the balanced chemical equation for this. Ans :- There is an exchange ions between the reactants sodium sulphate and barium chloride. Na,SO, + BaGh —--—-> BaSO, + 2NaCt 13) what is the type of chemical reaction in which quicklime is obtained by limestone (calcium carbonate) ? write a chemical equation for this reaction. Ans :- CaCO, —-> CaO +O, itis decomposition / Thermal decomposition reaction. 14) Identify the substances that are oxidised and reduced in the following chemical reaction : ZnO * C—-> Zn +O Ans :- Zn0— reduced C— oxidised 15) what is rancidity ? mention any two method to prevent rancidity. Ans :- when facts and oils oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste change. Methods to prevent rancidity :- i) Substances which prevent oxidation (anti oxidants) are added to food. if) Keeping food in air tight containers. 16) what does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reaction ? Ans :- Exothermic reaction :- Reaction in which heat is reteased atong with the formation of products are called exothermic reaction CH4 + 20, —-> CO; + 2H,0 Endothermic reaction :- The reaction in which heat is absorbed is called Endothermic reaction. 2Pb(NO;)2 > 2PbO + 4NO2 + Oy 17) what is the type of chemical reaction in which barium chloride solution reacts with Aluminium sulphate solution ? Wrife the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Ans :- Type of reaction:- Double displacernent. 3BaCl, + (Al,SQys 18) On heating crystals of copper sulphate it's Blue colour disappears. Give the > 3BaSO, + 2AICh, reason for this change. How can the blue colour of copper sulphate be restored Ans :- On heating crystals of copper sulphate, the moisture content of the copper sulphate solution is evoperated. Hence, the blue colour disappears. & scanned with OKEN ScannerBut, when it is subjected for cooling, it again absorbs the moisture from the atmosphere and regains it's Blue colour. 19) balance the following chemical equations. i) NaOH + H,SO, —> Na,SO,+H,0 2NaOH +#,SO, -> Na,SO, + 2H,O ii) K+ 0,—> K,0 4K + O,—> 2K,0 ili) FeSO, —-> Fo,0; + SO; + SO; 2FeSO,——> Fe,0, + SO, + SO; iv) CH, + 0, —-—> CO, + H2O CH, + 20, ——> CO, + 2H,0 20) write the balanced chemical equations for the following chemical reactions. 8) burning of natural gas CH, + 20, > GO, + 2H,0 ii) reaction of potassium metal with water. 2K + —> 2KOH +H reaction of iron with copper sulphate solution, Fe + CuSO, —-> FeSO, + Cu 21) Draw the diagram of the apparatus used in the electrolysis of water. Label the following parts. _i) graphite rod i) cathode AGIDS, BASES AND SALTS 1) Name the acids present in the following :- Natural source Acid Natural source Acid Vinegar Acetic acid Sour milk (curd) Lactic acid Orange Citric acid Lemon Citric acid Tamarind Tartaric acid Ant sting Methanoic acid Tomato Oxalic acid Nettie sting Methanoic acid & scanned with OKEN Scanner2) While diluing and acid why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water or not water to the acid. Ans :- }) The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is highly exothermic one. i) if water is added to @ concentrated acid the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns. iii) The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating. 3) Why do HCI, HNO, ete., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and a glucose do not show acidic character. Ans :- HCI, HNO; produce H+ fons when they are in aqueous solution, these H+ fons are responsible for the acidic property. Where as alcohol and glucose doesn't release H+ ions and therefore they donot show the acidic property. 4) How is the concentration of hydroxide ions affected when excess base is dissolved insulation of sodium hydroxide. Ans :-the concentration of hydroxide fons (OH- would increase when Axis base is dissolved in a sofution of sodium hydroxide. 5) How is the concentration of hydronium (H30) ions affected when a solution of an acid is diluted ? Ans :- when is solution of an acid is diluted the concentration of hydronium fons per unit volume decreases. 6) What is neutralization reaction? Give two examples. Ans :- when an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water it is termed as neutralisation reaction. NaOH + HCI——-—> NaC! + H,O HINO; + KOH —-—> KNO2 + H,0 7) What are alkalies ? Give examples. Ans_:- Bases which are soluble in water are called as Alkalies. Examples :- sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide ete., 8) what are strong acids and weak acids ? Give examples. Ans :- Strong acids :- The acids which give rise to more #" ions are catled Strong acids. Example :- Hydrochloric acid. Ele., Weak acids :- The acids which give rise to less H" ions are called weak acids. Example :- Acetic acid. Ete., 9) Acids doesn't show acidic properties in the absence of water. Why 7 & scanned with OKEN ScannerAns :- The Hydrogen ions in the acids are produced in the presence of water only. The seperation of H" ions from Acids can't occur in the absence of water. 10) Give scientific reasons for the fotlowing :- a) People use Antacids during indigestion. Why ? Ans :- during indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain and get rid of this pain people use basis called antacids. b) We should use basic tooth pastes to clean our teeths. Why 7 Ans :- Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth after eating. This causes decaying the teeths. To prevent this we should use the basic footh pastes. ¢) Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container. explain why Ans :- Because the plaster of Paris absorbs moisture and becomes hard solid called gypsum. 11) Write the chemical name and formula of the following salts :- SENo| Common name | Chemical name of the salt Chemicat formula 01 | Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO, 02 | Bleaching powder | Calcium oxy chloride ca0cl, 03 | Washing soda _| Sodiurn carbonate 04 | Plaster of Paris | Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate CaSO,. 4 H,0 05 | Gypsum Calcium Sulphate CaSO,. 2H,0 06 | Slacked lime Calefum hydroxide Ca(OH}, 5) write the products of chior - alkali process. Write one use of each. Ans :- The products of chlor - alkali process is Hydrogen, Chlorine and brine containing NaOH. Uses of hydrogen. itis used as_—_ (1) @ fuel (ii) margarine (ii) ammonia for fertilizers Uses of chlorine :- i) used in water treatment. ii) used as @ cleaning agent in swimming pools. ili) in making paper. _ iv) used in making PVC and CFC's v)used asa disinfectant _vi) used as a pesticide. Uses of NaOH = i) used for degreasing metal _ il) used for making paper fil) used for making soaps and detergents. iv) used for making artificial fibres. 12) Write the uses of washing soda and Baking soda Ans :-uses of washing soda _}) in glass,soap and paper industries. ii) In the manufacture & scanned with OKEN Scannerof sodium compounds such as borax. iif) As a cleaning agent for domestic proposes. i) For removing permanent hardness of water. uses of Baking soda ) Ik is used for making baking Baking powder ii) It is used in making antacids. iii) It is afso used in soda - acid fire extinguishers. 13) write the uses of each of the following compounds. A) Bleaching powder. B) plaster of Paris. Ans :- Uses of Bleaching powder >= j) for bleaching cotton and tenin in textile industry. i) For bleaching the wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in faundry. ii) As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries. iv) To make drinking water free fram germs. Plaster of Paris :- i) for making toys ii) For making materials for decoration. ii) For making surfaces smooth. 14) The pH value of Antacid is more than 7 Give reason. Ans :- An antacid has more amount of OH ~ ions than that of H* ions 15) How do blue and red litmus papers help to determine the nature of acids and bases. Ans :- When the blue litmus paper is dipped in the acid. it's cofour changes to red. ifthe blue fitraus paper is dipped in to the base, there is no change in the cofour. If the red litmus paper is dipped in the base, its colour changes to blue. But, when the red firaus paper dipped into an acid, there is no change in the cofour. 16) You are provided with the substances NaOH, Ca(OH),, H, and Cl, which of these materials will be chosen to prepare bleaching powder ? Write the chemical name and molecular formula of bleaching powder and mention two uses of it. Ans :- Materials used :- Ca(OH)», Cl, Chemical Name :- Calcium oxy chloride Molecular formula :- CaOCl, Uses :- i) for bleaching cotton and fenin in textile industry. if) For bleaching the wood pulp in paper factories. and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry. li) As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries. iv) To make drinking water free from germs. 17) what is the reason for tooth decay ? Explain how can this be prevented ? Ans :-+ Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth after eating. This causes decaying the teeths. © Toprevent this we should use the basic tooth pastes. & scanned with OKEN Scanner18) Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus used fo show the reaction of zine granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning and label Zinc granule. 19) Agriculture scientists have suggested to add a certain amount of fime powder to an agcultural field. what may be the reasons for this ? explain. (2) Ans :-i) plants require specific pH range for their healthy growth. i) Soil of his land is acidic. if) Lime powder is a base. iv} So adding lime water fo the soll, decreases the acidic property and the soil is neutralized. 20) pH values of four solutions are given in the below table classify this into acidic and basic solutions. Solutions PH 13 Ans :- Acidic Solution : @ and Basie solution :- g, f METALS AND NON METALS 1) Define ore Name the respective methods used to convert sulphide and carbonate ores of metals into their oxides. Ans :- minerals contain a very high pereentage of a particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it. Meialfic sulphide ore — Roasting Metallic carbonate ore — Calcination & scanned with OKEN Scanner2) What are amphoteric oxides ? Give two examples of Amphoteric oxides. Ans :- The oxides which behave as both acidic and basic oxides are called as Amphoterie oxides. Examples :- Aluminium oxides (Al,O,), Zine oxide (ZnO). 3) State two ways to prevent the rusting of Iron. Ans :- Painting, Oiling, Galvanizing. 4) Give scientific reasons for the following :- a) Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil 7 Ans :- sodium is a highly reactive element. If kept open, it can react with oxygen and cause an explosion with fire. b) Silver articles when exposed to air gradually turn Blackish. Ans :- silver reacts with Sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide. ¢) Copper Joses is brown fayer gradually when exposed to air. Ans :- copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses is shiny brown surface and gains agree in coal. d) Aluminium oxide is called Amphoteric oxide. Ans :- Aluminium oxide reacts with both acids as well as basis to produce salt and water. 5) Which physical properties are used in the following situations ? i) Gold is used to make ornaments — shiny surface / Metallic lustre, Ductility, Malleability. ii) Nickel is used in strings of guitar — Sonorous and ductility. 6) Write the differences between the physical properties of metals and non-metals. METALS NON METALS They are solids at the room temperature At the room temperature they are available ad (except mercury and gallium) solids, liquids and gaseous. Generally they are hard Generally they are brittle. They are lustrous They are not justrous They are malleable and ductite They are neither malfeable and not ductile They are good conductors of heat and —_| They are bad conductors of heat and electricity. electricity: They are sonorous These are not sonorous & scanned with OKEN Scanner7) Give scientific reasons for the following a) Hydrogen gas is not fiberated when a metal reacts with concentrated nitric acid. give reason. Ans :- nitric acid is strong oxidizing agent. It oxidised hydrogen produced water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides. b) Calcium floats on water Ans :- The bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metals. ¢) Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide. Ans :- Alurniniumn oxide reacts with both acids and bases fo form salt and water. d) When a Calcium metal reacts with water. The liberated hydrogen gas does not catch fire. Ans :- The reaction of cafcium with water is tess violent, the heat evolved is not sufficient for hydrogen to catch fire. 8) What are lonic compounds ? Write the properties of ionic compounds. Ans :- The compounds that are formed by the transfer of electrons from metals fo non metals is called as lonic compounds. Properties :- fonic compounds are i) Generally solids. ii) Generally brittle and braaks into pieces when pressure is applied. iii) They have high melting and boiling points. iv) Soluble in water and not soluble in organic solvents. v) Do not conduct electricity in solid stats /good contiuctors in molten or aqueous state. 9) Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam ona metal. Label the following parts. Metal sample Delivery tube a 10) Give scientific reasons for the following :- a) Jonic compounds in solid state do not conduct electricity whereas in molten state are good conductors of electricity. & scanned with OKEN ScannerAns == in the solid state ionic compounds do not conduct electricity. Because movement of fons ina solid is not possible due to thelr rigid structure. Because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions. ¢ in molten state, electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions are overcome due fo the heat. Thus the ions move freely and conduct electricity. b) lonic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Ans :- because, a considerable amount of energy is required to break the strong inter - ionic force of attraction. 11) Explain the formation of sodium chloride molecule by transfer of electrons. Ans :- Electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,4 Electronic configuration of chtorine ator is 2,8,7 To have stable octate configuration sodium ioses it’s one valence electron, thus forms sodium cation (Na+) and chlorine receives one efeciron to it's valence shell, thus forms chloride anion (Cl). Due to the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged Nat and Ce ions, sodium chioride (NaCl) forms. a> Nat + om 28 Cl+ ee —> Ce 2,8,7 2,88 12) Depict the formation of magnesium chloride with the help of electron dot structure. Ans :- Mg —-——> Mg2+ + 26- 2,82. 28 Cr+ e@ ——>ch 2.87 268 rome Bt], 13) What are Alloys 7 Name two Alloys of copper. Write the constituent elements present in bronze and solder metal. Ans :- Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or metal and non-metats Alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze — copper and fin /Cu and Sr Solder metal — Lead and tin/ Pb and Sn & scanned with OKEN Scanner14) what is galvanisation ? How galvanization protects iron articles ? Ans :- The process of coating thin layer of Zinc on stee! and iron articles. Is called galvanisation. Layer of zinc formed by the galvanisation reacts with oxygen to form @ layer of zinc oxide which prevents further oxidation. 15) Explain extraction of zinc metal from its sulphide ores. Ans :- Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess air, This process is known as reasting. © When ZnS undergoes roasting, ZnO is formed. 2ZnS + 30, —> 2ZnO + 280, © After this processes reduction is necessary. Because Zinc oxide is then reduced to Zing using suitable reducing agent. ZnO + GC—> Zn + CO. 16) Thermite process has wider industrial applications. Why ? Ans :- Thermite process is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. 17) Draw the diagram of the apparatus used in copper sulphate solution, Label the following parts. i) cathode ii) Anonde mud 18) Strips of iron, magnesium and copper are taken in the test tubes A,B,C and D respectively. Same quantity of ferrous sulphate solution is added to these test tubes. In which fest tubes chemical reaction will accur. Why ? Write the chemical equations for the reactions taking place here. Ans :- + Chemical reaction occurs in test tubes A and C * Because zinc and magnesium are more reactive than iran. (OR } Zine and magnesium are found above iron in the reactivity series of metals. (OR) Zn + FeSQ,——-> ZnSO, + Fe 19) observe the following chemical reactions. Fe + CuSO4 > FeSO4 + Cu Zn + FeSO4 —-> ZnS04 + Fe & scanned with OKEN ScannerThe decreasing order of reactivity of the metals in the above reaction is A) In>Fe>Cu B)Fe>Cu>Zn C)Zn>Cu>Fe D)Cu>Fe>Zn Ans :-Zn>Fe>Cu (A) 20) How silver and copper articles lose there Shining surface ? Ans :-* silver articles when exposed to air reacts with Sulphur to form a black layer of these sulphurdioxide. © Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air to form a green layer of copper carbonate. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS 1) Carbon afom doesn't form C4- anion and C4+ cat ion. Why ? Ans :-* Carbon can gain four electrons. But, it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on ten electrons, that is four extra electrons. ® Itcan foose four electrons, but it would require large amount of energy to remove four electrons leaving bettind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on to Just two electrons. 2) What is a covalent bond ? Ans :- Chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. 3) Explain substitution reaction in hydrocarbons with an example. Ans :- Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive but undergo substitution reaction in presence of sunfight. Chlorine can replace the hydrogen atoms one by one. CH, + Gly > CH,CI + HCI 4) Explain the mechanism of cleaning action of soaps. Ans :- + The ionic end of soap interacts with water. while the carbon chain Interacts with aif. + The soap molecules thus {orn structures called misceiles. Where one end of the molecules fs towards the oit droplet while the ionic end faces outside. ® Thus an emulsion forms in water. The soap miscelles help in pulting out the dirt in water and thus cleans clothes. 5) What is Catenation? Write the general formula of Aikanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Ans :- The unique ability of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms, giving rise to farge molecules is called as Catenation. The general formula of Alkanes is GaH2n+2 The general formula of Alkenes is CnH2n The general formula of Alkynes is CnH2n-2 & scanned with OKEN Scanner6) What are Structural isomers? Write the molecular and structural formula of butane Ans :- Carbon compounds with identical molecufar formula but different structures are called structural isomers. Molecular formuta :- C4Hip Structural formula :- euny Tuy H-¢ —0-C¢—0—H ean H-C—C—¢—H I H HH H Maou H 7) explain the addition under substitution reaction with the help of examples Ans :- Addition reaction :- Unsaturated hydrocarbons combines with hydrogen atoms in the presence of catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons. Example :- hydrogenation of vegetable oils (OR) addition reactions of Alkenes/Alkynes. Substitution reaction :- The process in which, in the presence of sunlight other groups of atoms can replace hydrogen atoms one by one from carbon compaunds. Example :- in the presence of sunlight chlorine replaces hydrogen afoms one by one from methane. Methane + chlorine ——--> chloromethane + hydrogen chloride CH4 + Cl2——> CH3CI + HCI 8) C2H6 undergo substitution reaction but not addition reaction. Why 7 Ans :- C2H6 is unsaturated hydrocarbon. In C2H6 there will be single bond between carbon atoms. This is not an unsaturated compound. No hydrogen ators can be added but hydrogen atoms can be substituted. 9) More amount of soap is required to ciean the clothes in hard water. Why ? The reaction of soap with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water develops scum (precipitation / insoluble substance) hence we need large amount of soap to clean clothes in hard water. 10) Can detergent be used to test the hardness of water 7 Give reasons. Ans :- No, Detergents can not be used {o fest the hardness of waler. Because, the Detergents give lather/foam with both Hard and soft water and donot form scum. 11) Write any two differences between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons & scanned with OKEN Scannersaturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Single bond exist between two Double or triple bonds exists between two consecutive carbon ators. consecutive carbon atoms. Give clean flame when they bumt ‘Give yellow/black flame Subjected to substitution reaction. Subjected to both substitution and addition yeaction. Examples :- Alkanes, Cyclo alkanes &x :- Alkenes, Alkynes and benzene ete., 12) What are Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkanes :- These are saturated hydrocarbons with single bond between the carbon atoms. These are chemically inactive Alkenes :- These are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bond between the carbon atoms. These are chemically active. Alkynes :- These are unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bond between the carbon atoms. These are chemically active. 13) What are the functional groups ? Name the functional group present in propanal and propanol. Ans :- A specific group of atoms in a motecute with distinctive chemical properties regardless of the other atoms in the motecule. Functional group present in propanal - Aldehyde Functional group present in propanol is Alcohol. 14) How will ethanol be oxidised ? OR conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an example for oxidation reaction. Why ? Ans :- Ethanol is oxidised in to Ethanoic acid by heating with the oxidising agents like Alkaline potassium permanganate or Acidiffed potassium dichromate solution. OR i + CH, ~CH, -OH an CH, COOH Acidic K.Cr,07* Heat & scanned with OKEN Scanner15) Write the molecular and structural formula for the following compounds. Name of the Molecular Structural formula compound formula Methane CH, HH HGH H Ethane CH, won H—c— ¢—H HoH Propane CsH, S| hee, HAW Bufane Catto HHHH ttt HAHA Pentane CsHi2 Hu 4 a a H-—C—C—C—C—C—-H TT Tt HHHHA Hexane CoH HHHUHH é f 7 H Ethene CoH, am HY nw H“~ SH Propene CH, i H 1 Sc=c—¢—n H~ ' HoH & scanned with OKEN ScannerButene CH, Hy a toa -—-c=c v H Pentene City Ethyen CH H C C H Propyne CHa I =C—-GTH Butyne CH Pentyne CoH H a €-¢-H H Cyclo propane CiHe Cycle hexane Coys & scanned with OKEN ScannerBenzene CH, a & 16) What is Hydrogenation ? Ans :- Conversion of unsafurated oils into saturated fats by adding hydrogen in presence of cafalysts such as palladium or nickel OR WON 7 Ry =<" —Nickel_, R—C—C—R SR R? R +H R R 17) Write the efectronic dot structures of the following compounds. A) Carbon dioxide:- B) Oxygen C) Hydrogen D) Methane ES) = Ce? F) Nitrogen CiD- & scanned with OKEN Scanner19) What is homologous series ? Explain with an example. Ans :- A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called homologous series. The difference between the molecular mass of the members of homologous series is 14u. The difference of molecutar formuta between the members of homologous series is CH» Exampie :- CH, and C,H, (Alkanes) CM, and Csh, (Alkenes) 20) Write the differences between esterification and saponification Ans :- Esterification :- Reaction between an alcoho! and an acid to produce Esters. Saponification :- Reaction between an alkaline base and a fong chain carboxylic acids to produce soaps. LIFE PROCESSES 1) Draw a neat labelled diagram of opened and closed stomata. eure ta) Open ane te cnn atone eae 2) What is the function of the guard cells ? Explain. Ans :- The opening and closing of the stomatal pore is the function of the guard cells. The Guard cells swell when water flows into them causing the stomatal pore to open similarly the pore closes if the Guard cells shrink. 3) What are the importance of Transpiration in plants. Ans.:- i) itis helpful for the upward mavement of water and mineral nutrients from soil up to the feaves. if) it helps in regulating the temperature. ii) The transpiration pul! helps in the movernent of water in the xylem. 4) The activities of secretions of gastric juice and liver are complementary in the digestion how ? Ans.:- Gastric juice consists of Hydro chioric acid, it creates an acidic mediurn which facilitafes the action of a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. Bife juice from the liver & scanned with OKEN Scanneraccomplishes this action. 5) The small intestine is called as the site of complete digestion. Why ? Ans :- The small intestine is the place where the carbohydrates, proteins and fats completely get digested. 6) what is photosynthesis? What is the organic product release during this process. Write the functions of this process. Ans :- The process in which green plants prepare food by using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis. © Carbohydrates / glucose © Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plants 7) Which are the factors essential for photosynthesis ? Mention the events that occur during this process and represent this process by balanced chemical equation. Ans :- factors essential for photosynthesis :~ Carbon dioxide, water, minerals, suniight and chlorophyll. Events that occur during photosynthesis :- i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. i) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy. iii) Splitting of water molecules in the hydrogen and oxygen molecules. iv) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. ® Equation:- 6CO2+12H20-———> C6H1206 + 602+ 6H20 8) What are the methods used by the plants to get rid of excretory products. Ans :~ Methods to get rid of excretory products in plants :- i) Excess of water removed by transpiration. ij) Remove Oxygen and carbon dioxide gases through stomata. ii) Waste products and dead cells in vacuoles by shedding leaves /barks. iv) Resins and gums gets store in old xylem. v) Diffusing certain wastes into surrounding soil. 9) Explain the digestion of food materials in the stomach and small intestine Ans :- Stomach :- i) Gastric glands present in the Wall of the stomach release hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus. ii) Hydrochloric acid creates the acidic medium, which facilitates the action of pepsin. iii) Pepsin digests protein. Small intestine :- i) lt receives pancreatic juice and bite juice, bile juice makes the food alkaline. ji) Bile salts ernuisify the fats in the small intestine. Trypsin Present in pancreatic juice help to digest the proteins. jv) Lipase breaks down the emulsified fats. v) Enzymes present in the small intestine juice convert proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. & scanned with OKEN Scanner10) Explain the role of xylem and phloem tissues in the transportation of materials in plants. Ans :- Xylem -- water conducting tissue. In Xylem tissue, vessels and fracheids of the roots, stems and Jeaves are interconnected to form a continuous water conducting channel reaching all parts of the plant. © Transpiration (loss of water through stomata) creates @ suction pressure and creates 4 column of water. « This steadily pushed the water upward with dissolved minerals in it. hloem :- food conducting tissue. Phloem translocates soluble products of photosynthesis, Amino acids and other substances from leaves to storage organs of roots, seeds, fruits and the growing organs. ® Translocation takes place in sieve tube with the help of companion cell both in upward and downward directions. e Osmatic pressure helps water to move in to the phloem tissue and moves other materials from the phioem to other tissues. 11) briefly explain the formation of urine in nephrons. Ans :- Formation of urine in nephrons :- Nephron is structural and functional unit of kidney. Thin walled capillaries are the filtration units in the kidney. Each capillary cluster in the kidney associated with cup shaped structure of nephron and takes part in the filtration of blood. In this stage some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, satis and major arnount of water are selectively re = absorbed. The liquid by-product that formsatter this process is urine. 12} compare the functions of xylem tissue with that of phloem tissue. Xylem Phloem Transport water and minerals / inorganic | Transport food / organic materials materials. Flow of materials is unidirectional. Flow of materials is in two directions. Xylum tracheids and vessels transport materials from root fo shoot. Sieve tube & companion ceils transport materials to all the parts from leaves. Works by suction pressure Works by osmatic pressure. & scanned with OKEN Scanner13) draw the diagram shawing the structure of nephron and fevel ‘glomerulus’ Glemeraius 14) Draw the diagram showing the sectional view of the human heart Label the following parts. deoxygenated blood (right atrium ) 15) a) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. Why 7 Ans :- because, the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compare to the amount of oxygen in the air. b) “The body temperature of Frogs and lizards depend on temperature in the environment” justify. Ans :- + Both Frogs and lizards have three chamberd heart. So the oxygenated and deoxygenaled blood mix in the heart. Production of energy became slightly Jess. This energy cannol be used for maintaining constant temperature. ¢) itis necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated biood in mammals and birds. Ans :- since they need more energy to maintain their body temperature constant. & scanned with OKEN Scanner16) how are the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries are interrelated in a circulation of blood 7 Ans :=* Arteries carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body. On reaching an organ or tissue, the artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels fo bring the blood into contact with all the individual celis. Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding takes place across the thin wall of smallest vessels, the capillaries. The capillaries then join together to form veins. Veins convey the blood away from the organ or tissue, Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back fo the heart 17) which molecule is formed during the first step of ceilular respiration by The breakdown of glucose molecule in cytoplasm ? Mention the types of respiration and write any two differences between them. Ans :- pyruvate Two types of respiration a) Aerobic respiration and 6) anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Atmospheric oxygen is utilised Aimospheric oxygen is not utilised Liberates mare energy with carbon dioxide | Liberates less energy with ethanol and and water carbon dioxide. Takes place in mitochondria Takes place in Yeast cell Takes place in higher fevels of organisms _| Takes place in lower organisms like yeast 18) Explain the stages of ‘double circulation’ of the blood in humans. Ans :- fransportation of blood in heart * Oxygen rich blood from the lungs comes to the Jeft atrium. When the left atrium relaxes and contacts then the blood gets transferred to left ventricle, © When teft ventricle contracts the blood is pumped out of the body through Aorta, © Deoxygenated blood comes from the body to the right atrium. © As the right @ atrium contracts the blood get transferred to the right ventricle. = On contraction of right ventricle the blood go to the lungs for oxygenation. 19) Give scientific reasons & scanned with OKEN Scannera) Why itis necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds ? Ans :- The birds and mammals constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. Hence, it fs necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. 5) The arteries have thick elastic walls why 7 Ang :- since the blood comes from heart with great pressure. ©) Veins does not have thick walls but they have valves. Ans :- The blood in veins is no tonger under the pressure. Hence they donot require thick wall. fey have valves fo ensure that blood flows only in one direction. 20) Draw a Flowchart fo indicate The breakdown of glucose by various pathways. 21 a) name the products of anaerobic respiration. Ans :- Ethanol and Carbon dioxide. b) When do the lactic aci¢ produce in our muscle cells ? Ans :- when there is a lack of oxygen in muscle celts. CONTROL AND COORDINATION 4) The role of ‘Synapse’ is significant in the continuous transmission of nerve impulses. How? (OR) What happens at the synapse between fwo neurons ? Ans :- At the end of the Axon, the electrical impulse seis off the the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a@ dencrite of the next neuron. & scanned with OKEN Scanner2) What are plant hormones ? Ans :- Plant hormones are the chemical substances, that are naturally find inside the plants. Synthesized in one part of the plant body and reaches the other part to conduct the messages and iniffates the proper functions like growth, coordination etc., 3) How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted in fo the blood? Ans ;- Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and it is responsible to controt any kind of danger or emergency or any kinds of stress. it is secreted directly info the blood and is transported to different parts of the body. It faster the heartbeat and the breathing rate. And provides more accident to the muscles. It also increases the blood pressure. Ail this responses enabie the body to deaf with any stress or emergency. 4) how does the phofotropism occur in plants ? Ans :- the growth of mavement in plants in response to lights stimulus is known as phototropism. The shoots show positive photolropism and the roots show negative phototropism. This means that the shoots bend towards the source of light where are the roots bend away from the light source. For example the floor head of sunflower is positively phototrophic and hence, it moves from east to west along with the sun. 5) What do you mean by Reflex action ? Which is the Centre of Reflex action Ans :- The sudden response io touch the stimufus in the environment is called as Reflex action. Spinal cord is the centre of reflex action. 6) What is meant by Reflex Arc ? Ans :- the nerve pathway of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an oufput action in reflex action is called Reflex Arc. 7) What are the functions of the different parts of the human brain. Ans :- Fore brain-:- the four blind is the main thinking part of the brain, it has regions which receive sensory impulses from various receptors. Seperate areas of the fore brain are specialised for hearing, smell, sight and so on. It controls all the voluntary actions of the body. Medulla :- It controls alf the involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation and vorniting. Gerebelfum :- it is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body. 8) Define the following with example each. A) Phototropism :- The process in which shoots bend towards the light and the roots bends away from the light Ex :- growth of the shoot towards light. & scanned with OKEN Scanner8) Geotropism :- The process in which the roots grow towards the earth and the shoot grow upwards. Ex :- growth of the roots towards Earth. C) Hydrotropism :- The process in which the plant parts grow in response to water. Ex :- growth of the roots towards water. D) Chemotropism :- The process in which the plant parts show response in stimulus of chemicals. Ex :- growth of Pollen tubes towards ovules 9) write the functions of the following plant hormones :- A) Auxins :- Auxins secretes at the shoot tip, it helps the calls fo grow longer and thus helps the plants to grow fonger. B) Gibberellins and Cytokinins :-These present at the in areas of rapid cell division such as in fruits and seeds. They promote cell division. C) Abseissie acid > it inhibits the plant growth it results in wilting of leaves. 10) Name the glands fhat secretes the following hormones and it's functions SILNo | Hormone Endocrine gland Functions ot = | Growth Pituitary gland | Stimufates growth in all organs hormone 02 ‘| Thyroxine Thyroid gland | Regulates metabolism for body growth. 03 | Insulin Pancreas Regulates blood sugar level 04 | Testosterone | Testes Davelopment of mate sex organs and secondary male sexual characters. 05 | Oestrogen Ovaries Development of female sex organs. Regulates menstrual cycle. efe., 06 | Adrenaline Adrenal glands | Prepares our body to face emergency 11) ‘reflex arcs are more efficient for quick responses in animals. “justify the statement. Ans i) In animals the thinking process of the brain is not fast enough. i) Animals have vary little or none of the complex neuron network needed for thinking. & scanned with OKEN Scanner12) name the given structure. What is is general function ? Mention the function of parts labelled as A and 8. These structures in animals are said to be efficient ways fo give quick responses. why 7 Ans :- Reflex Arc :- ¢ It gives sudden action In response to the event happening in the environment. A) Sensory neuron. 8) Effectors :- which shows the sudden visible response. if conducts the impulse of stimutus from receptor in the spinal cord. Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the thinking process of brain is not fast enough in many animals. Meanwhile many animals have very little of the complex neuron network needed for thinking. So it can function in the absence of true thought process and increase the chance of survival. 13) how muscle cells respond for a nerve impulse ? Ans impulses into chemical signals. Then the special proteins in the muscle cells change their muscle cells receive nerve impulses from neurons. They convert received electric shape and arrangement. Due to this new arrangement of proteins the muscle cells either ellangate or become short. 14) How does “touch-me-not” plant responding to touch ? explain. Ans :- + The parts of the plants that are being touched, use electro-chemical impulses for the movement. For this movement plant cells change their shape by changing the amount of water in them. As the result of this change plant cells either files or shrinks and therefore change the shape of the leaves. 15) what are phyto harmones ? name three phyto harmones that promote growth. Ans :- chemical compounds that help to co-ordinate growth development and responses to the environment in plants are called phyto harmones. Phyto harmones that promote growth are :- Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins. 16) ) a) As the growth advances in a climbing plant (creeper) that appears as the plant is moving towards a particular direction. how ? Ans :- for a touch /thigmo tropism, when the tendrils of creeper plants come in contact with @ support, the plant circles around it and grows faster. When tendrils gets attached to a support & scanned with OKEN Scannerthen, tips of the ptant synthesise auxin hormone at higher concentration and stimulates the elongation of cells, then the plant shows directional movements / growth towards light. B) explain the necessary of chemical communication in animals. Ans .- in animals electrical impulses will reach only the cells that are connected by nervous tissue but not each and every cell. Nerve cells cannot create and transferred electrical impulses continuously therefore, chemical communication is necessary in transporting stimulus continuously to each and every cel. 17)) “we withdraw our leg when stepped on thorn unknowingly.” Trace the sequences of events which occur in this action. i) receptors receive the stimulus of pain. ii) messages reach spinal cord through sensory neuron. fil) responses reach motor neuron through association neuron. iv) responses reach effector through motor neuron. v) muscles withdraw the leg. 18) how are phototropism, thigmotropism and chemotropism coordinated in the apparent movement of creepers (climbing plants) towards particular direction ? Ans when creepers detect light, Auxin is synthesized which allows the calls fo grow longer and inter creeper grow towards light. This is called phototropism. © During its growth towards jight if tenders come in contact with any support the part of the tender in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the tendril away from the object this is called Thigmotropism. * Please fopic moments are controlled as per the concentration of chemical substance called Auxin. This is called as chemotropism. 19) what are the role of arteries and capillaries in the circulation of blood in our body. As :- Arteries :- carry blood away from the heart towards the cells. Capillaries :- Helps in exchange of material between bfood and surrounding tissues / organs. 20) draw the diagram of the human brain and label the parts. & scanned with OKEN Scanner'GANISMS RE} 1) Name any two viral and Bacterial infections that transmit through unprotected sexual contact. Ans :- Bacterial infections — Gonormhoea, siphilis Vira infections — Warts and HIV - AIDS 2) a) What are the various contraceptive methods folfowed in humans ? Ans :- i) creation of a mechanical Barrier _ if) By changing the harmonal balance of the body iii) Surgical methods 3) Write the differences between fragmentation and Regeneration Ans :- Fragmentation :- it is a method an organism reproduce by the process of splitting into fragments and each fragment grows into an individual organism. Regeneration :- it is the method of regrowth, by which an organism regrows its organisms which was lost due io predation. But it is not the process of reproduction. 4) How does binary fission differ from muitipfe fission ? BINARY FISSION MULTIPLE FISSION It is a type of asexual reproduction where _| in this fype of asexual reproduction, cell a single cell divides into two daughter calls | divides several times by mitosis producing of equal size and each rapidly grows in fo | several nuciei and then multiple daughter an adult. Ex :- Amoeba cells. Ex := plasmodium 5) What are the changes takes place in flower after fertilization ? Ans :- i) After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. i) The ovule develops tough coat and is gradually converted ino @ seed. The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit. ili) The petats, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fail off. 6) What is Asexual reproduction 7 Name the type of Asexual reproduction that Ans =- It is @ type of reproduction which there is no involvement of formation and fusion of gametes. it involves only one organism in the process. Types of asexual reproduction }) binary fission - amoeba & Leishmania i) multiple fission - plasmodium iii) Regeneration - Hydra and planaria - _ iv) fragmentation - spirogyra ¥) Budding - Hydra and Bryophytum & scanned with OKEN Scanner7) Vegetative propagation can be considered as a ‘boon to the farmers’. how 7 Ans :- i) plants raised by vegetative propagation can bare flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. ii) ft is useful in plants that have last the capacity fo produce seeds. ii) All plants produced are genetically simifar enough to the parent plant to have all it's characteristics. 8) The diagram to show the germination of poilen on stigma and level the parts. - Stigma 9) Surgical method of contraception is better than oral method of contraception. Why ? Ans :- surgical methods are safe in the long run, where as oral pills can cause side effects. 10) Role of the uterus and placenta or complementary to each other in the development of a child. how ? explain. Ans :- Role of Uterus :- The embryo is implanted in the fining of the uterus. It continues to grow and develop to become foetus. Role of placenta :- The devefoping embryo needs oxygen and gfucose. Placenta provide a ot surface area to transport oxygen and glucose from mother to embryo. Remove waste substances produced by developing embryo by transferring them in to mother's blood. 11) Explain the structure and funetion of pfacenta. Ans :- Structure of the placenta :- During the pregnancy period the embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the fefp of disc shaped special tissue embedded in the uterine wall called placenta. jt contains villi on the developing side of the tissue. Function of the placenta :- Placenta provides glucose and oxygen fo pass from mother to embryo. Remove the wastes generated from the embryo & scanned with OKEN Scanner12) Explain the significant function of each structure in human male reproductive system. Ans :-« TESTIS :- They produce sperms and testosterone hormone which is responsible for male characters. SCROTUM :- They regulate temperature necessary for production of sperms. URETHRA AND VAS DEFERENS :- Transport sperm from testis. PROSTRATE GLAND AND SEMINAL VESICLE :- They add their Secretion to make the sperm transport easier and provide nutrition. PENIS :- Delivers the sperms to the site of fertilization. 13) In sustainaing reproductive fertility of a person. a) Position of the testis in the body b) Secretion of the testosterone c) Secretion of the prostrate gland are supplementary to each other explain scientifically. Ans :- a) Sperm formation requires a lower temperature than body temperature. b) Testosterone regulates / Stimulates the formation of sperm. c) Secretion of prostrate gland makes the fransportation of sperm easier. Thus, reproduciive feriility is sustained by the formation, stimutation to the formation and proper transportation of sperms. 14) a} How does the menstruation occur ? Ans The Uterus prepares itselef every month to receive a fertilized egg and thus it's ining becomes thick and spongy. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining slowly breaks and comes oul through the vagina as blood and mucus. b) How the pracess of budding in Hydra is different trom Bryophyllum ? Ans :-* in hydra, 2 bud develops as an aut growth due {o repeated cell division at one specific site. these Birds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, gets detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals. In Bryophyllum, buds are produced in the notches along the leaf margin. These Buds fall on the soil and develop into new plants. 15) a) explain the development of fertilized egg into a foetus in a woman. Ans :- © The fertilized egg starts dividing and forms A bail of cells or embryo. The embryo is implanted in the fining of the uterus where they continue ta grow and develop organs to become foetus. b) In Humans, how the surgical contraceptive methods can be used to prevent pregnancy & scanned with OKEN ScannerAns :-+ ifthe vas deferens in the man is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented. Fertilization will not take place. if the fallopian tube in the woman is blocked, the egg will not be able fo reach the uterus. Fertilization will not take place. 16) In males, testes are focated outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum. Why 7 Ans :- Because to maintain tower temperature required for the formation of sperms than the normal body temperature. 47)) “Reaching the sexual maturation is an essential event with respect to mammals like humans “ Substanciate this statement. Ans :- Reaching sexual maturation. In males :- + Development of testes helps to produce sper / Testosterone. For reproduction requires devetopment of testes. ¢ To have secondary sexual characters. © During Intercourse erection of penis helps to transfer germ cells into the female body. In femates :- + To cause menstrual cycle For the production and release of ovum. ® For the secretion of women related hormones like estrogen. * For the growth of breasts to feed the baby after @ child birth. 18) What is the role of testis and prostate gland in human male reproductive system ? Ans :- Testi Controls the production of testosterone. = * production of sperms and mals gametes. Prostate gland :- provides nutritional media for the movernent of sperm cells by its Secretion. 19) How are the process of reproduction in Hydra and planaria differ from each other ? Explain. Ans :- Hydra :- The reproduction is by Budding. A bud develops as an out growth due (0 repeated cell division at one specific site. The bud develops into independent individual and falls off. Planaria * Reproduction is by Regeneration. Specialized cells proliferate and make large number of cells. Different cells undergo changes to become various tissues / development. Many species of planaria grows in to seperate individual. 20) What is the role of testis and prostate gland in human male reproductive system ? Ans :- Testis :- + production of sperms and male gametes. Controls the production of testesferone. Prostate gland :- provides nutritional media for the movement of sperm cells by its Secretion. & scanned with OKEN ScannerHEREDITY 1) Write the differences between the sex chromosomes of man and sex chromosomes of women. Ans :- * Woman has a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called 'X’ Man has a normal sized chromosome ‘X’ and another short sized chromosome 2) sex of a child is determined by the father. How ? Ans :~A child who inherits X chromosome from her father will be 4 girl and a child who inherits ¥ chromosome from his father will be @ boy. Both the gitf and the boy inherit only X chromosome from the mother. Therefore sex of a child is determined by the father. 3) The consistency in DNA replication during reproduction is very important.” Justify Ans :- The consistency in DNA replication during reproduction is important for maintenance of body design features thal allow the organisms to use that particular niche (area where organisms tive) 4) Mendel crossed plants bearing red cofour (RR) with the pfants bearing white flowers (rr) and produced progeny from them. The plants with red flower (RR) is obtained in the F, generation. were different from the plants with red flower of the parental generation. Why ? Explain with reason. Ans :-+ In the parent generation plant bearing red flowers has both the dominant trait (RR) and the plant bearing white flower has both the recessive traits (r). F, generation plants inherits ane copy of dominant trait (red) and one copy of recessive trait (white) from the parental plants ‘Rr’ but only the dorninant trait (red) is expressed. T 1 Q@ 2 ™ ew, & scanned with OKEN Scanner5) When a tall (TT) pea plant is crossed with dwarf (tt) plant, represent the result obtained in F, generation of mono hybrid cross with the help of checker board and mention the ratios of varieties of plants © Rafo= TT: Tit =1:2:4 OR TALL : DWARF = 3:1 6) Tall pea plants producing red flowers (TTRR) is crossed with short pea plant producing white flowers (ttrr). i) Mention the type of plants produced from these plants in the F, generation ii) Write the ratio of plants obtained in the F, generation by crossing the plants of F; generation and name the varieties of plants obtained. i) Parents :TTRR * ttrr Gametes : TR * tr \ / F, Generation. : TtRr (hybrid ¢mixed flowers producing tall tea plants) ii) Ratio = 9:3:3:1 Types of plants 9 - Tall Red flower producing plants 3 - Tall white flower producing plants 3 = Dwarf red flower producing plants 1 = Dwarf white flower producing plants. 7) Round green colour seeds producing pea plant (RRyy) are crossed with wrinkled yellaw colour seeds producing pea plants (rrYY). Show the result of F2 generation with the help of a checker board and mention the ratio of plants obtained. & scanned with OKEN ScannerF,= Rr¥y » Rr¥y RY Ry rv y RY RRYY | RRyy Rrvy Rryy Ry RRYy RRyy RryY Rryy rv Rrvy Rrvy YY ry y Rrvy Rryy ayy rmyy Round yeliow-9 Round green -3 Wrinkled yellow - 3 wrinkled green - 1 8) How do Mendel's experiments show that traits are inherited independently Ans :- A fall plant with round seeds and a dwarf plants with wrinkled seeds were crossed by mendel. Ail of the Ff progeny plants were tall and had round seeds. Tailness and roundness were thus dominant traits. When F1 progeny were self poilinafed a mixture of tall plants with round seeds, dwarf pfants with wrinkled seeds, fall plants with wrinkled seeds and dwarf plants with round seeds were formed. Thus, the tall/dwarf trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait were inherifed independently. 9) How do mendel's experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive ? Ans :- when when mendel crossed poilinated pure tail pea plants with pure dwarf pea ptants all the F; generation plants were tail. When mendel self poilinated F; tall plants, he got both tall and dwarf plants in the ratio of 3:1 in Fy generation. That means dwarf character was present in F; tall pfants but it was suppressed and only trait of taiiness was expressed. Mendel proposed that in a pair of dissimilar traits, one dominates the other (Taliness in the F,) and hence called the dominant trait while the other one is recessive. 10) How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival ? Ans :- some variations enable some individuals to adapt beiter in this ever changing environment. The advantages variations of species promote its survival. Ex :- Bacteria that can with stand heat will survive better in a heat wave. 11) Is self pollination possible in flowers having only stamen ? Clarify your answer. Ans :- Not possible, because for self pollination a flower must have stamen and pistil /a flower must be bisexual. & scanned with OKEN Scanner12) Red flowering (RR) 4.0 clock paint is crossed with the white flowering 40 clock plant. There are 25% red flowering, 25% white flowering 50% hybrids are found in the F: generation, Then, i) what are the characteristics of plants of F; generation. show the results of F, generation using the checker board and mention the genotypic ratio. iti) Determine the trait that can be considered either as ‘dominant’ or ‘recessive’ by analysing the results of both F, and F; generation. i) RR * ww S_ RW F, generation [ All’are hybrids ] i) ¥, generation: Gametes R w Rg RR RW w Rw ww Genotype ratio is 1:2:1 fi) in F, generation 100% hybrids in F, generation 50% hybrids So, that neither red colour nor white colour is dominant/ recessive. 13) Yellow seeds (YY) producing pea plant is crossed with green seeds (yy) producing pea plant. Show the results of the plants produced in F, generation with the help of checker board. Write the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the plants produced. Ans:- F; generation results Y y Y yy vy y vy yw Phenotypic ratio = 3: 1 Genotypic ratio = 1:72:17 & scanned with OKEN Scanner14) Round seed producing (RR) pea plant is crossed with wrinkled seed (rr) producing pea plant. Show the results of the plants produced in F, generation with the help of checker board. Write the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the plants produced. Ans:- F, generation results R r R RR Rr r Rr iv Phenotypic rai 15) Exact copies of the progenies of the parent organism cannot be produced in Genotypic ratio = 1: 2:4 sexual reproduction. Justify. Ans :- DNA copying mechanisms generata new variations. These variations makes progenies to look different from their parents. 18} Red flowering tall pea plant (TtRr) is hybridised with white flowering, dwarf pea plant (ttrr) draw a checker board to show the result of plants obtained in F, generation F, generation :- Tall red ; Fall white : dwarf red : dwarf white to: f 5 f 2 4 17) What is the sex of a child born by receiving ‘x’ chromosome from father ? Ans :- Female child / Baby girl 18) What is dihybrid cross ? Write it's F, generation ratio Ans :- cross between the two plants which differs in a two characters is called as difybrid cross. The satio of ts F: generation is 9:3:3:1 19} What is a monohybrid cross ? Write it's F2 generation ratio Ans :- cross between the two plants which differs in a single character is called as ditybrid cross. It's result in F, generation is Phenotypic ratio = 3:1 Genotypic ratio = 1:2 :1 & scanned with OKEN ScannerOUR ENVIRONMENT 1) what are Trophc levels ? Construct a grassland food chain with three trophic Jevels. Ans :- Different levels or stages of food chain are called as Trophic level. Grass TL-4 TL-2 TL-3 -> deer ———> Tiger 2) What is ozone ? How is it formed ? how does it affect any eco system 7 Ans :- Ozone is 4 molecule of three atoms of oxygen. At the higher levels of the almosphere, The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen (02) in to free oxygen (O) atoms. These atoms then combine with molecular oxygen to form OZONE. o, —Y. a+0 O+0, — Of [ozone }. Ozone layer shields the earth ultraviolet radiations from the sun This radiation is highly damaging to organisms. 3) Give an example for a food chain of an aquatic ecosystem. If there is an increase in the number of organisms in the third aquatic level. Haw does this affect on that food chain 7 Ans:- Fresh water —> Algae ——> fish ——> Bird If there is an increase in the number of organisms and the third trophic level will reduce the nurnber of organisms in the second trophic level, further if creates an imbalance in the ecosystem and also ultimately destroy the ecosystem. 4) Flow of energy in an ecosystem is always unidirectional. Why ? Explain. (oR) “As energy moves progressively through various trophic levels of food chain, it is not longer available to the previous level.” Give reasons. Ans :-- * The flow of energy in the food chain fs unidirectional. The energy that is captured by the autotrophs does not revert back to the solar input. The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to Autotrophs. © The energy available at each trophic fevel gets diminished progressively dus to loss of & scanned with OKEN Scannerenergy at each level. 5) Microorganisms like bacteria are called decomposers. Why 7 Ans :-+ Breakdown the complex organic substances into simple organic substances. © Breakdown dead remains and wasfes of organisms. 6) A food chain in a polluted aquatic ecosystem is given. Observe it and answer the following questions. i) which organisms are disturbed more due to biomagnification ? Why ? Ans Birds are disturbed due to biomagnification. As the birds occupy the top most level in the given food chain, the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals causing biomagnification get accumutated in their body. il) This ecosystem Will be destroyed gradually due to biomagnification. Why ? Ans :- « Biomagnification is the process of accumatation of non degradable chemicals in the various trophic levels of food chain. As the chemicals are non - degradable or can not be washed, they can not be removed from the organisms of the food chain, This leads to gradual destroying of the ecosystem. 7) Give reasons A) Food chains generaily consists of only three or four steps. Ans :- « Very litle amount of energy (10%) for the next level of consumers. The loss of energy at each step is so great that very litle usable energy remains after four trophic feveltrom. B) Decomposers play an important rofe in the eco system. Ans :- Decomposers break down the dead remains and waste products of the organisms / Decomposers break down the complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances. * These substances are used up once more by the plants / decomposers help in the natural replenishment of the soil. C) Protection of ozone layer is necessary. Ans :- Ozone layer shields the earth ultraviolet radiations from the sun This radiation is highly damaging to organisms. 8) what fs the role of decomposers in an ecosystem ? Ans :- Decompose dead wastes (organic) of plants and animats thus keeps surroundings clean and maintain ecological balance. 9) primary consumers in any food chain is always A) Camivores — B) Herbivores. C) higher carnivores) producers Ans :- Herbivores (B) & scanned with OKEN Scanner10) Nowadays chlorefluorecarbon (CFC) free refrigerators are being manufactured. Why ? Ans :- CFC’S are responsible for the decrease in the amount of ozone layer which protects the earth from ultraviolet rays of the sun. 11) what is“ Ans :- process that involves magnification (increase) of harrafut chemicals at different trophic jological magnification”? levels of an ecosystem. 12) mention any two effeets of non bio degradable substances on the environment ? An: + These substances do not undergo natural recycling and remain innert in the environment May harm the various members by adding into different stages of ecosystem / can cause biological magnification. it Can cause environmental pollution. 13) Give an example for a food chain of grass land ecosystem. If there is an increase in the number of organisms in the second trophic level ? How does this affect the food chain ? Ans :- example for food chain in grass land ecosystem Grass —> Grass hopper —> frog > snake ——> Eagle If the number of organisms in the second trophic level increases, then the number of organisms in the first trophic level decreases. Eventually population of the rest of the organism in the trophic tevels decreases and leads to ecological imbalance. 14) Though ozone is a deadly poison it is essential for the life on earth. justify this. Ans :- At the higher levels of the atmosphere, Ozone Shields the earth’s surface from ultra violet radiations from the sun. Thus protects the living organisms on the earth. 15) The number of organisms decreases by reaching higher trophic level of the food chain in an ecosystem. Why 7 Ans :- Because, as reaching to high trophic level of the food chain, the amount of available energy goes on decreasing. 16) what are biodegradable and non biodegradable substances? Give example for each. Ans :- Bio degradable substances :- These are the substances which can be converted into harmless simpler substances by any biological process Ex :- sewage water., parts of plant. Ete., Non biodegradable substances :- These are the substances that can't be converted into simplest form by biological activity. Ex :- DDT, plastics ete. & scanned with OKEN Scanner17) In an aquatic eco-system the organisms such as fishes, birds, insect larvae and diatoms are found. Construct a food chain using these organisms. If 10 calories of energy is available to the territory consumers in this food chain, what amount of energy is produced in the first trophic fevel. Ans :- © Diatoms —> Insect larvae. —-> Fishes. —> Birds Producers. Pri consumers. Sec consumers. Ter consumers Organisms in the first trophic level that produced the energy was 10,000 calories. 18) Observe the food chain and answer the following questions. Green plants ——> Deer —-—> Tiger Tr T, Ts i) What is the amount of energy do green plants have if the energy available to the tiger is 700 Kd Ans :- Green plants are having the amount of energy 70000KJ il) The organism of the which trophic fevel has the maximum accommodation of harmful chemicals ? Ams. :-Ta/ Tiger. These chemicals are nol bio degradable and get accumulated at each trophic level and hence the top tevel in any food chain the maximum concentration of these chemicals is accumulated. 19) how do energy and harmful materials travel in the trafifc levels after food chain ? Ans :- The energy available at each trophic level diminished a progressively. Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level of the food chain. Harmtul chemical materials get accumulated progressively at each trophic level. 20) Mention the needs for the separation of non biodegradable wastes in the Waste management. Ans :- Because non - biodegradable substances persist in the environment for a iong time. They cause pollution and biomagnification. & scanned with OKEN Scanner