ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Lecture 4

TRANSFORMER

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
4a. Basic Concept of Transformer.
4b. Equivalent Circuit of Transformer.
4c. Transformer Analysis and Characteristics.
4d. Estimation of Transformer Equivalent Circuit
…..Parameters.
4e. Numerical Examples on Transformer.
4f. Autotransformer.
4g. Three Phase Transformer.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Lecture 4g

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- Three phase transformers are used quite extensively in power
systems to transform a balanced set of three phase voltages at a
particular voltage level into a balanced set of voltages at
another level.
- Transformers used between generators and transmission
systems, between transmission and subtransmission systems,
and between subtransmission and distribution systems are all
three phase transformers.
- Most commercial and industrial loads require three phase
transformers to transform the three phase distribution voltage
to the ultimate utilization level.
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- Three phase transformers are formed in either of two ways:
• The first method is to connect three single-phase transformers
to form a three-phase bank.
• The second method is to manufacture a three phase
transformer bank with all three phases located on a common
multilegged core.
- A single three-phase transformer is lighter, smaller, cheaper,
and slightly more efficient, but using three separate single-
phase transformers has the advantage that each unit in the bank
could be replaced individually in the event of trouble.

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- A three phase transformer bank composed of independent
transformers:

Three single phase transformers

connected to form a three phase
bank

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- A three phase transformer wound on a single three-legged
core:

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- The primary windings and secondary windings of the three
phase transformer may be independently connected in either a
wye (Y) or delta (Δ) connection.
- As a result, four types of three phase transformers are in
common use:
(1) Wye-wye (Y-Y).
(2) Wye-delta (Y-Δ).
(3) Delta-wye (Δ-Y).
(4) Delta-delta (Δ-Δ).

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- Y and Δ connection:

.
. ..

. ..

. .
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
(1) Wye-wye (Y-Y):

- The Y-Y connection is seldom used because of possible

voltage unbalances and problems with third harmonic voltages.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

(2) Wye-delta (Y-Δ):

- The Y-Δ connection is commonly used in stepping down from

a high voltage to a medium or low voltage level, as in
distribution transformers.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
(3) Delta-wye (Δ-Y):

- Conversely, the Δ-Y connection is used for stepping up to a

high voltage, as in generation station transformers.

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 (4) Delta-delta (Δ-Δ):

- The Δ-Δ connection is used because of its advantage that one

of the three single-phase transformers can be removed for
repair or maintenance.
- This mode of operation is known as open-delta connection, or
V-V connection.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- The remaining two transformers continue to function as a
three-phase bank, although the kVA rating of the bank is
reduced to 58 % of the original three-phase bank rating.
- The open-delta connection is also used when the load is
presently small but is expected to grow in the future.
- Thus, instead of installing a three phase bank of three single-
phase transformers right away, only two single-phase
transformers are used for three-phase voltage transformation.
- The third single phase transformer serves as a spare and is
connected at a later date when the load has grown.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- Example 1: A three phase transformer has 500 primary turns
and 50 secondary turns. If the supply voltage is 2400 V, find
the secondary line voltage on no load when the windings are
connected:

(a) Y-Δ:

+ +
1385.6 V
+ +
2400 V
_ 138.56 V
138.56 V
_ _ _

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(b) Δ-Y:

+ +
+
+ 240 V
415.7 V
2400 V 2400 V _

_ _ _

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- Example 2: Three single phase transformers are connected as
Y-Δ three phase transformer bank to deliver a power of 400
kVA at 34.5 kV/13.8 kV. Find the rating of each unit (high
voltage, low voltage, turns ratio and power rating).
400
- Solution: Power rating   133.33 kV A
19.92
3 a  1.44
13.8
+ +
19.92 kV
+ +
34.5 kV
_ 13.8 kV
13.8 kV
_ _ _

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 .
19.92 kV 13.8 kV

19.92 kV 13.8 kV

19.92 kV 13.8 kV

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- Example 3: Three single phase transformers, 20 kVA,
2400/240 each, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a
three phase transformer with the line to line voltage ratio of
2400/416 V.
(a) Identify the three phase transformer connection.

2400/240  2400/416

Therefore, connection is Δ-Y and power

rating is 60 kVA.

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(b) Find the primary current and the source line current if the three
phase transformer is now feeding a three phase load at a line to
line voltage of 416 V with a 62.45  25.84 A load line current.

62.45  25.84 A

10.81  55.84 A +

6.245  25.84 A 416 V

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- Example 4: Three single phase transformers of 30 kVA each,
60 Hz, and of 3600/360 voltage ratio. They are now connected
to form a three phase transformer bank. Fill in the information
in the table below corresponding to each connection type.

- Solution:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- The key to analyzing any three-phase transformer bank is to
look at a single transformer in the bank.
- Any single transformer in the bank behaves exactly like the
single-phase transformers already studied.
- The impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency, and similar
calculations for three-phase transformers are done on a per-
phase basis, using exactly the same techniques already
developed for single-phase transformers.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- Example 5: Three single phase transformers of 175 kVA rating
and 33/11 kV each, are now connected to form a three phase
transformer which has a voltage ratio of 57/19 kV (line
voltages). The resistance per phase for the high voltage side is
30 Ω and the one for the low voltage side is 0.75 Ω. The core
loss is 3500 W. The reactance per phase for the high voltage
side is X1 Ω and the one for low voltage side is X2 Ω.

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(a) Indicate the connection type.

33/11  57/19 a 3

Therefore, connection is Y-Y and power rating is 525 kVA.

(b) Draw the single phase equivalent circuit referred to the high
voltage side.
30 Ω X1 6.75 Ω X'2

Ro Xo

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(c) The three phase transformer is delivering 0.95 of its full load
at 0.9 power factor. Calculate the output real and reactive
power, total losses and the transformer efficiency.

+ +

57 kV 19 kV

_ _

Pout  0.95  525  0.9  448.875 kW

Qout  (0.95  525) 2  (448.875) 2  217.4 kV AR
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Total losses = core losses + copper losses = 6311.65 W

3500
3  I 1  (30  6.75)  2811.65 W
2

448.875  103 448.875  103

  100  98.61 %   25.84 A
448.875  10  6311.65
3 3  19  103  0.9

5.05  25.84 A 15.15  25.84 A

Lecture 5: DC Machines
Lecture 5a: Overview to DC Machines
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi