NORMAS UTILIZADAS:

A370–03a

16.4.4 Do not use a steel ball on steels scales most frequently used are as
having a hardness over 450 HB nor a follows:
carbide ball on steels having a hardness Scale Major Minor
over 650 HB. The Brinell hardness test is
Symbol Penetrator Load, Load,
not recommended for materials having a
hardness over 650 HB. kgf kgf
1⁄16-in.
16.4.4.1 If a ball is used in a test of a B steel 100 10
specimen which shows a Brinell hardness ball
number greater than the limit for the ball C Diamond brale 150 10
as detailed in 16.4.4, the ball shall be
either discarded and replaced with a new
17.1.2 Rockwell superficial hardness
ball or remeasured to ensure conformance
machines are used for the testing of very
with the requirements of Test Method E
thin steel or thin surface layers. Loads of
10.
15, 30, or 45 kgf are applied on a hardened
16.5 Detailed Procedure—For detailed
steel ball or diamond penetrator, to cover
requirements of this test, reference shall
the same range of hardness values as for
be made to the latest revision of Test
the heavier loads. The superficial
Method E 10.
hardness scales are as follows:
17. Rockwell Test
17.1 Description: Major Minor
17.1.1 In this test a hardness value is Scale Load, Load,
obtained by determining the depth of Symbol Penetrator kgf kgf
penetration of a diamond point or a steel 1⁄16-in.
15T steel ball 15 3
ball into the specimen under certain
arbitrarily fixed conditions. A minor load of 30T 1
⁄16-in. steel ball 30 3
1⁄16-in. steel ball
10 kgf is first applied which causes an 45T 45 3
initial penetration, sets the penetrator on 15N Diamond brale 15 3
the material and holds it in position. A 30N Diamond brale 30 3
major load which depends on the scale 45N Diamond brale 45 3
being used is applied increasing the depth
of indentation. The major load is removed 17.2 Reporting Hardness—In recording
and, with the minor load still acting, the hardness values, the hardness number
Rockwell number, which is proportional to shall always precede the scale symbol, for
the difference in penetration between the example: 96 HRB, 40 HRC, 75 HR15N, or
major and minor loads is determined; this 77 HR30T.
is usually done by the machine and shows 17.3 Test Blocks—Machines should be
on a dial, digital display, printer, or other checked to make certain they are in good
device. This is an arbitrary number which
increases with increasing hardness. The

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 order by means of standardized Rockwell mechanism, absorbing relatively large
test blocks. amounts of energy. At lower temperatures,
17.4 Detailed Procedure—For detailed they fracture in a brittle (usually cleavage)
requirements of this test, reference shall manner absorbing less energy. Within the
be made to the latest revision of Test transition range, the fracture will generally
Methods E 18. be a mixture of areas of ductile fracture
18. Portable Hardness Test and brittle fracture.
18.1 Although the use of the standard, 20.2 The temperature range of the
stationary Brinell or Rockwell hardness transition from one type of behavior to the
tester is generally preferred, it is not other varies according to the material
always possible to perform the hardness being tested. This transition behavior may
test using such equipment due to the part be defined in various ways for
size or location. In this event, hardness specification purposes.
testing using portable equipment as 20.2.1 The specification may require a
described in Practice A 833 or Test minimum test result for absorbed energy,
Method E 110 shall be used. fracture appearance, lateral expansion, or
a combination thereof, at a specified test
CHARPY IMPACT TESTING temperature.
20.2.2 The specification may require the
19. Summary determination of the transition temperature
19.1 A Charpy V-notch impact test is a at which either the absorbed energy or
dynamic test in which a notched specimen fracture appearance attains a specified
is struck and broken by a single blow in a level when testing is performed over a
specially designed testing machine. The range of temperatures.
measured test values may be the energy 20.3 Further information on the
absorbed, the percentage shear fracture, significance of impact testing appears in
the lateral expansion opposite the notch, Annex A5.
or a combination thereof.
19.2 Testing temperatures other than 21. Apparatus
room (ambient) temperature often are 21.1 Testing Machines:
specified in product or general 21.1.1 A Charpy impact machine is one in
requirement specifications (hereinafter which a notched specimen is broken by a
referred to as the specification). Although single blow of a freely swinging pendulum.
the testing temperature is sometimes The pendulum is released from a fixed
related to the expected service height. Since the height to which the
temperature, the two temperatures need pendulum is raised prior to its swing, and
not be identical. the mass of the pendulum are known, the
energy of the blow is predetermined. A
20. Significance and Use means is provided to indicate the energy
20.1 Ductile vs. Brittle Behavior—Body- absorbed in breaking the specimen.
centered-cubic or ferritic alloys exhibit a 21.1.2 The other principal feature of the
significant transition in behavior when machine is a fixture (See Fig. 10) designed
impact tested over a range of to support a test specimen as a simple
temperatures. At temperatures above
transition, impact specimens fracture by a
ductile (usually microvoid coalescence)

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 Tabla 1. Escalas de dureza Rockwell

Escala Indentador Carga Color de Aplicaciones

Total escala
A Cono 60 Negro Metales duros, superficies templadas,
diamante chapa fina (<0,4 mm )
D Cono 100 Negro Piezas con superficies templada de
diamante dureza media, chapas
C Cono 150 Negro Aceros templados
diamante
F Bola de ø 60 Rojo Aleaciones cobre recocido. Chapa fina
1/16” metálica (>0,6 mm)
B Bola de ø 100 Rojo Aceros blandos, de construcción,
1/16” metales no ferrosos
G Bola de ø 150 Rojo Bronce, cobre-berilio, cobre-níquel,
1/16” fundición maleable
H Bola de ø 1/8” 60 Rojo Aluminio, zinc, plomo
E Bola de ø 1/8” 100 Rojo Fundición, aleaciones Al-Mg, metales
antifricción o sintéticos
K Bola de ø 1/8” 150 Rojo
L Bola de ø 1/4” 60 Rojo
M Bola de ø 1/4” 100 Rojo Metales antifricción o de dureza muy
P Bola de ø 1/4” 150 Rojo baja, Ebonita (ASTM D530-59T),
Madera laminada (ASTM D 805-52),
R Bola de ø 1/2” 60 Rojo
Materiales sintéticos (ASTM D-785-
S Bola de ø 1/2” 100 Rojo
60T), Otros materiales muy blandos o
V Bola de ø 1/2” 150 Rojo
muy finos.
-Escalas de dureza Rockwell (Tomado de ASTM E 18 - 03)
Nota: La máquina de nuestro Laboratorio difiere de lo consignado en esta tabla,
al estar marcada en color rojo la escala de aplicación con diamante y en negro la
escala de aplicación con bolas de acero

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En la práctica las escalas más difundidas son la B y C.

El número de dureza Rockwell se denota como HR seguido de la letra

mayúscula de la escala así:
64 HRC

Esta notación indica una dureza Rockwell de 64 unidades en la escala C

(diamante, carga total 150 kgf)

Cuando se utiliza una bola como indentador, la designación de la escala es

seguida por la letra “S” si es de acero o “W” si es de carburo de tungsteno.

Tiempo de aplicación de la carga. Sobre el tiempo de aplicación de la

carga principal existen discrepancias.

El estándar ASTM E 18-79 especifica un tiempo de aplicación de la carga

principal de no más de 2 s, luego del detenimiento de la palanca de
aplicación, además advierte lo siguiente: en el caso de ensayarse materiales
que presenten pequeño flujo plástico o no lo presenten luego de la aplicación
total de la carga, la palanca debe ser retornada inmediatamente para retirar
la carga principal; en el caso de flujo plástico considerable, lo que se
manifiesta en el movimiento del puntero del indicador luego del
detenimiento de la palanca de aplicación de la carga, ésta debe ser
retornada luego de 2 s de aplicada la fuerza (detenimiento de la palanca).

El estándar DIN 50 103, por el cual se rige el manual de operación de la

máquina de nuestro laboratorio, aconseja retirar la carga 10 s después del
detenimiento de la palanca, si el material ensayado es muy blando debe
esperarse aún más.

El estándar GOST 9013-59 pide mantener la carga entre 4 y 8 s, luego de

establecerse el valor nominal de la misma.

En nuestro laboratorio nos atendremos al estándar ASTM, de todos modos,

cuando se apliquen las cargas por un tiempo mayor a los 2 s, este hecho
será consignado en el informe.

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