Class 4 Multy Ply
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aryanka3116Multiplication
Terms Related to Multiplication
We know that multiplication is repeated addition. The number which is to be
repeated or multiplied is called the multiplicand.
The number which expresses how often the multiplicand is repeated is called
the multiplier.
Thus,
Multiplier times multiplicand = Product
In ab, a is the multiplier and b is the multiplicand written as
Example:
Multiplication is also used to find the number of objects in an array. (An array is a
group of objects or symbols arranged in columns and rows.)
Multiplication fact for the given array:
Properties of Multiplication
There are five main properties of multiplication which are as follows:
1. Order Property
Two numbers can be multiplied in any order. The product remains the same.
Examples:
• 6 × 5 = 5 × 6 = 30;
• 12 × 3 = 3 × 12 = 36.
2. Grouping Property
The product of three or more numbers remains the same, even if we change the
grouping of numbers.
Example:
• (4 × 6) × 3 = 24 × 3 = 72;
• 4 × (6 × 3) = 4 × 18 = 72;
• (4 × 3) × 6 = 4 × (6 × 3) = 72.
3. Multiplication by 1
If we multiply a number by 1, the product is the number itself.
Examples:
• 7 × 1 = 7;
• 6 × 1 = 6;
• 9 × 1 = 9;
• 18 × 1 = 1 × 18 = 18.
4. Multiplication by 0
If we multiply a number by 0, the product is 0.
Examples:
• 0 × 6 = 0;
• 7 × 0 = 0;
• 0 × 17 = 17 × 0 = 0.
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
Each of the five children buys a pencil and an eraser. How much money did they
spend altogether?
You might think that each child pays ₹ 17 or (12 + 5) rupees. Then, you could
express the problem as
5 × 17 = or 5 × (12 + 5) =
You might also think that each child pays 12 rupees for a pencil, so they spend 5 ×
12 rupees for pencil. Each child pays 5 rupees for an eraser, so they spend 5 × 5
rupees for the erasers. The children spend (5 × 12) + (5 × 5) rupees altogether.
Is the same amount of money spent in each case? (Yes)
5 × 17 = 5 × (12 + 5) = (5 × 12) + (5 × 5) = 60 + 25 = 85
This idea is called the distributive property of multiplication over addition. We
say that multiplication distributes over addition.
Tips: The term “distributive” conveys the same idea for which it is used in
practical life. A wholesaler distributes goods to several retailers. Electricity is
distributed from a generating plant to homes and factories. Books are
distributed by a teacher to pupils and so on.
This idea is called the distributive property of multiplication over addition. We say
that multiplication distributes over addition.
Multiplication Tables
To help you revise and understand the multiplication tables, the multiplication
tables from 1 to 20 in the form of multiplication grid are given below.
You can read the table as shown by colour lines.
Thus, 4 × 5 = 20, 7 × 5 = 35, 7 × 7 = 49, 18 × 9 = 162.
Multiplying by 10, 100, 1000, ...
Study the following multiplication facts.
What do you observe?
We observe that,
1. to multiply a number by 10, put one zero on the right of the given number.
2. to multiply a number by 100, put two zeros on the right of the given
number.
3. to multiply a number by 1000, put three zeros on the right of the given
number.
4. to multiply a number by 10000, put four zeros on the right of the given
number. Similarly, if you have to multiply by 10,0000, put 5 zeros on the
right of the given number and so on.
Multiplying by a Multiple of 10, 100, 1000, ...
Observe the following:
• 387 × 30 = 387 × 3 × 10 = (387 × 3) × 10 = 1161 × 10 = 11610
• 609 × 50 = 609 × 5 × 10 = (609 × 5) × 10 = 3045 × 10 = 30450
• 1821 × 800 = 1821 × 8 × 100 = (1821 × 8) × 100 = 14568 × 100 =
1456800
• 120 × 900 = 12 × 10 × 9 × 100 = (12 × 9) × (10 × 100) = 108 × 1000 =
108000
What do you observe?
Multiply the non-zero factors. Put as many zeros at the end of the product as the
number of zeros at the end of the factors.
Multiplication by a 1-Digit Multiplier
Example 1: Multiply 4872 by 4.
We proceed as per these steps:
Step 1: Arrange the multiplicand and multiplier, as shown.
Step 2: Multiply the ones.
Step 3: Multiply tens, regroup and carry.
Step 4: Multiply hundreds, regroup and carry.
Step 5: Multiply thousands.
Multiplication by a 2-Digit Multiplier
Example 2: Multiply 137 by 23.
We have,
137 × 23 = 137 × (20 + 3)
= 137 × 20 + 137 × 3
= 2740 + 411 = 3151.
Example 3: Multiply 3598 by 67.
3598 × 67 = 3598 × (60 + 7) = 3598 × 60 + 3598 × 7
Problems Based on Real Life Situations
Example 4: Ashok ordered 32 gross pencils for the school. How many pencils were
ordered?
1 Gross = 144
So, 32 gross pencils = 144 × 32 = 4608
So, Ashok ordered 4608 pencils.
Example 5: A cricket stadium has 456 rows with 20 seats in each row. How many
seats are there in the stadium?
Number of seats in each row = 20
Number of rows = 456
Total number of seats = 456 × 20 = 9120
Then, there are 9120 seats in the stadium.
Multiplication by a 3-Digit Multiplier
Example 6: Multiply 256 by 248.
256 × 248 = 256 × (200 + 40 + 8)
Step 1: Multiply 256 by 8.
Step 2: Multiply 256 by 40.
Step 3: Multiply 256 by 200.
Step 4: Add the above three products.
2048 + 10240 + 51200 = 63488.
Short Method:
Example 7: Multiply 656 by 203.
Example 8: Multiply 432 by 350.
∴ 432 × 350 = 151200.
Example 9: Multiply 1038 × 809.
∴ 1038 × 809 = 839742.
Problems Based on Real Life Situations
Example 10: A baker bakes 765 cakes in a day. How many cakes does he bake in a
normal year?
Number of cakes baked in a day = 765
Number of cakes baked in a year = (765 × 365)
1 year = 365 days
= 279225
∴ Thus, the baker bakes 2,79,225 cakes in a year.
Estimating Products
Mr Das wants to buy the toys shown below for his daughter Kiran. He would like to
know approximately how much the toys will cost him.
Here, he wants to know the approximate cost.
When we give an approximate answer close to the exact answer, we are estimating.
We round off the numbers and then estimate the product. Here, the cost of the three
toys is 3 × ₹ 86.
Rounding up 86 to 90, the estimated cost = 3 × ₹ 90 = ₹ 270.
Example 11: Estimate the product 38 × 44.
Actual product = 38 × 44 = 1672
Example 12: Estimate the product 516 × 393 to the nearest
(a) tens
(b) hundreds.
Actual product = 516 × 393 = 202788
From the above results, we see that rounding off to the nearest ten produces a
closer approximate of the exact product than rounding off to the nearest hundred.
However, 520 × 390 involves more calculations than 500 × 400.
Tips: To estimate a product, we round off the multiplier and the multiplicand to the
nearest ten, hundred or thousand, whichever is more convenient. Then, multiply the
rounded numbers to get the estimated product.
