HT & LT Panel Testing & Commissioning, organized module-wise with key concepts, working

principles, testing procedures, and other relevant details. This will serve as a comprehensive learning
guide for the topic.

Module-01: What is HT & LT Panel

• HT Panel (High Tension Panel):

o Used for receiving and distributing high voltage power (typically 11kV or 33kV).

o Acts as an intermediary between the power supply and transformers.

o Ensures safe and efficient power distribution.

• LT Panel (Low Tension Panel):

o Used for receiving and distributing low voltage power (typically 415V or 230V).

o Distributes power to end-user equipment.

o Protects circuits from overloads and short circuits.

Module-02: Common Parts in HT and LT Panels

• Common Components:

o Circuit Breakers (ACB, VCB, MCCB)

o Relays (Overcurrent, Earth Fault, Differential)

o Busbars

o Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers (PT)

o Meters (Voltmeter, Ammeter, Energy Meter)

o Indicators and Alarms

o Isolators and Switches

o Protection Devices (Fuses, Surge Arrestors)

Module-03: LT Panel Testing Procedure

• Steps:

1. Visual Inspection

2. Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

3. High Voltage Test

4. Continuity and Polarity Check

 5. Functional Testing of Relays and Breakers

6. Load Testing

7. Temperature Rise Test

Module-04: Scope of Work

• Activities:

o Inspection of Panels

o Testing of Components

o Functional Testing

o Load Testing

o Commissioning and Handover

Module-05: Testing Procedure

• General Testing Steps:

1. Pre-Testing Checks: Visual inspection, wiring verification.

2. Insulation Resistance Test: Ensure insulation integrity.

3. High Voltage Test: Verify dielectric strength.

4. Functional Testing: Check relays, breakers, and alarms.

5. Load Testing: Simulate actual load conditions.

6. Safety Checks: Verify emergency stops and interlocks.

Module-06: Specification Compliance Statement

• Ensure all components and systems comply with:

o IEC Standards

o IS Standards

o Manufacturer Specifications

o Client Requirements

Module-07: List of Main Resources

• Tools and Equipment:

o Megger (for IR Test)

 o High Voltage Test Kit

o Multimeter and Clamp Meter

o Load Bank (for Load Testing)

o Temperature Gun

• Personnel:

o Electrical Engineers

o Technicians

o Safety Officers

Module-08: Health, Safety, and Environment Measures

• Safety Measures:

o Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

o Lockout-Tagout Procedures

o Fire Safety Equipment

o Proper Ventilation in Panel Rooms

• Environmental Measures:

o Proper Disposal of Waste

o Noise Control

o Energy Efficiency

Module-09: High Tension (HT) Panel Testing

• Key Tests:

1. Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

2. High Voltage Test

3. Relay Calibration and Testing

4. Busbar and Connection Checks

5. Functional Testing of Circuit Breakers

Module-10: Low Tension (LT) Panel Testing

• Key Tests:

1. Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

 2. Continuity and Polarity Check

3. Functional Testing of MCCB and Relays

4. Load Testing

5. Temperature Rise Test

Module-11: Following Tests Will Be Carried Out

1. IR Test: Measures insulation resistance.

2. High Voltage Test: Ensures dielectric strength.

3. Electrical & Mechanical Test: Checks operation of breakers and switches.

4. Functional Testing: Verifies relays, alarms, and interlocks.

5. Earth Continuity Test: Ensures proper earthing.

6. Short Circuit Test: Checks protection system response.

7. Load Sharing and Balancing: Ensures even load distribution.

8. Temperature Rise Test: Monitors heating under load.

9. Voltage Drop Test: Ensures voltage stability.

10. Emergency Stop and Interlock Testing: Verifies safety systems.

11. Harmonics and Power Quality Analysis: Ensures clean power supply.

Module-12: Transformer Installation Checklist

• Checks:

o Physical Inspection

o Oil Level and Quality (for Oil-Filled Transformers)

o Winding Resistance Test

o Insulation Resistance Test

o Tap Changer Operation

o Cooling System Check

Module-13: Electrical Connections

1. Bushings: Ensure proper insulation and connection.

2. LV and HV Connections: Verify correct wiring and terminations.

3. Tap Changer: Check operation and settings.

Module-14: HT & LT Panel Testing and Commissioning

1. Pre-Commissioning Checks: Visual inspection, wiring verification.

2. Functional Testing: Test relays, breakers, and alarms.

3. Functional Checks for Components: Verify operation of all components.

4. Load Testing: Simulate actual load conditions.

5. Safety Checks: Verify emergency stops and interlocks.

6. Commissioning: Handover to client after successful testing.

7. Documentation and Record Keeping: Maintain test reports and certificates.

Module-15: HT Panel

1. Main Components of HT Panel:

o Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

o Relays (Overcurrent, Earth Fault)

o Current Transformers (CT)

o Potential Transformers (PT)

o Busbars

2. Working of HT Panel:

o Receives high voltage power from the grid.

o Distributes power to transformers.

o Protects the system from faults.

3. Features of HT Panel (for 11KV or 33KV):

o High dielectric strength.

o Advanced protection systems.

o Remote monitoring and control.

4. Safety Requirements in HT Panel Room:

o Restricted access.

o Proper ventilation.

o Fire safety equipment.

o Emergency stop buttons.

This structured breakdown provides a comprehensive understanding of HT & LT Panel Testing &
Commissioning. Each module can be expanded with detailed notes, diagrams, and practical examples
for deeper learning

key calculations and formulas related to HT & LT Panel Testing & Commissioning based on the
syllabus provided. These formulas are essential for testing, commissioning, and ensuring the proper
functioning of electrical systems.

1. Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

• Purpose: To measure the insulation resistance of cables, busbars, and equipment.

• Formula:

Insulation Resistance (IR)=Applied Voltage (V)/Leakage Current (I)

• Standard Values:

o For LT Panels: ≥ 1 MΩ (as per IS 732)

o For HT Panels: ≥ 5 MΩ (as per IEC 62271)

2. High Voltage Test (Dielectric Strength Test)

• Purpose: To ensure the dielectric strength of insulation.

• Test Voltage:

o For LT Panels: 2 × Rated Voltage + 1000V (for 1 minute)

o For HT Panels: 2 × Rated Voltage + 2000V (for 1 minute)

• Example:

o For 11kV HT Panel: 2×11000+2000=24 kV

3. Earth Continuity Test

• Purpose: To ensure proper earthing of the system.

• Formula:

Earth Resistance (R)=Voltage (V)/Current (I)

Standard Values:

o For LT Panels: ≤ 1 Ω

o For HT Panels: ≤ 5 Ω
4. Short Circuit Test

• Purpose: To verify the protection system's response to short circuits.

• Formula:

Short Circuit Current (ISC)=System Voltage (V)/Impedance (Z)

Example:

o For a system with 415V and impedance of 0.1 Ω:

ISC=415/0.1=4150A

5. Load Sharing and Balancing

• Purpose: To ensure equal load distribution across phases.

• Formula:

Load Imbalance (%) = (Maximum Deviation from Average Load)/(Average Load)×100

Standard: Load imbalance should be ≤ 10%.

6. Temperature Rise Test

• Purpose: To measure the Temperature rise of components under load.

• Formula:

Temperature Rise (°C) = Final Temperature−Ambient

Standard Values:

o For LT Panels: ≤ 70°C

o For HT Panels: ≤ 90°C

7. Voltage Drop Test

• Purpose: To ensure voltage stability under load.

• Formula:

Voltage Drop (V)=I×R

Where:

o I= Current (A)

o R = Resistance (Ω)

• Standard: Voltage drop should be ≤ 5% of rated voltage.

8. Harmonics and Power Quality Analysis

• Purpose: To measure harmonic distortion and power quality.

• Formula:

Where:

o Vh = Harmonic voltage

o V1 = Fundamental voltage

• Standard: THD should be ≤ 5% (as per IEEE 519).

9. Transformer Testing

a. Winding Resistance Test

• Formula:

Winding Resistance (R)=V/I

Where:

o V = Voltage drop across winding

o I = Current through winding

b. Turns Ratio Test

• Formula:

Turns Ratio=(VSecondary) / (VPrimary)

c. Transformer Efficiency

• Formula:

Efficiency (%) = (Output Power)/(Input Power)×100

10. Cable Sizing and Voltage Drop

• Purpose: To ensure proper cable sizing and minimize voltage drop.

• Formula:

Voltage Drop (V)= (2×I×L×R)/1000

Where:

o I = Current (A)

o L = Length of cable (m)

 o R = Resistance per km (Ω/km)

11. Power Factor Calculation

• Purpose: To measure the power factor of the system.

• Formula:

Power Factor (PF)=(Real Power (kW))/(Apparent Power) (kVA)

Standard: Power factor should be ≥ 0.9.

12. Fault Level Calculation

• Purpose: To determine the maximum fault current in the system.

• Formula:

Fault Level (MVA) = (System Voltage (kV)2) / (impedance) (Ω)

Example:

o For 11kV system with impedance of 0.5 Ω:

Fault Level = (11)^2/0.5=242 MVA

13. Load Current Calculation

• Purpose: To calculate the current drawn by a load.

• Formula:

I =P / (Sqrt(3)×V×PF)

Where:

o P = Power (kW)

o V = Voltage (V)

o PF = Power Factor

14. Busbar Sizing

• Purpose: To ensure proper busbar sizing for current carrying capacity.

• Formula:

Current Carrying Capacity (A) = K×(A)^0.5×T^0.39

Where:

o K = Material constant (e.g., 1.0 for copper)

 o A = Cross-sectional area (mm²)

o T = Temperature rise (°C)

15. Relay Settings

• Purpose: To calculate relay settings for overcurrent and earth fault protection.

• Formula:

Plug Setting (PS)=(Fault Current)/(CT Ratio)

Time Setting (TS)=(Desired Trip Time)×(Relay Characteristic Curve)

These formulas and calculations are critical for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of HT
and LT panels during testing and commissioning. Always refer to relevant standards (IEC, IS, IEEE) for
specific requirements and tolerances.