DESIGN OF A YAGI-BASED PATCH ANTENNA

FOR RF ENERGY HARVESTING

EC19811 PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SHREEYA R (2116210801195)
SMIRTHI V M (2116210801203)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI-602 105
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APRIL 2025
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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(an Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University Chennai)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “DESIGN OF A YAGI-BASED

PATCH ANTENNA FOR RF ENERGY HARVESTING” is the bonafide work of

“SHREEYA R (2116210801195) AND SMIRTHI V M (2116210801203)” who

carried out the work under my supervision.

Dr. L. BHAGYALAKSHMI, M.E., Ph.D., Dr. M. SATHISH, M.E., Ph.D.,

Professor and Head SUPERVISOR
Department of Electronics and Professor
Communication Engineering Department of Electronics and
Rajalakshmi Engineering College Communication Engineering
Chennai- 602 105 Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Chennai- 602 105

Submitted to Project and Viva-Voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

DEPARTMENT VISION

To produce globally competent Electronics and Communication Engineers with a

commitment to serve the society.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

M1 To impart training with the best of teaching expertise supported by excellent

laboratory infrastructure and exposure to recent trends in the industry.

M2 To ensure that the students are molded into competent Electronics and
Communication engineers with the knowledge of computer applications and worthy
citizens of the country

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
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5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.
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PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

1. An ability to formulate solutions for practical societal requirements using

communication engineering.

2. To design and formulate solutions for industrial requirements using

Electronics and Communication engineering

3. To understand and develop solutions required in multidisciplinary engineering

fields.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

To conceive an idea and develop confidence in designing, analyzing and

CO1 executing the project in the emerging fields of Electronics and
Communication and multidisciplinary research areas.

Identification of modern tools for the implementation of project through

CO2
simulation and prototype.

Develop a product that meets the specified needs in industrial applications

CO3 with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, societal,
environmental and ethical considerations.
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EC19811 –PROJECT WORK

Project Title: Design of a Yagi-Based Patch Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting

Batch Members : SHREEYA R (2116210801195)

SMIRTHI V M (2116210801203)

Name of the Supervisor: Dr. M. Sathish, M.E., Ph.D., Professor

CO - PO – PSO matrices of course

PO/PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO

CO1

CO2

CO3

Average

Note: Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High),
If there is no correlation, put “–“

Signature of the Supervisor

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ABSTRACT

This project aims to design a rectenna capable of harvesting ambient radio

frequency energy, which can be stored and used to charge low-power devices during

emergencies. Power outages during emergencies like cyclones pose significant

challenges in India, leading to issues such as limited access to information, lack of

lighting, and communication breakdown due to the inability to power the essential

devices. To address this issue, a rectenna design is proposed, consisting of an antenna

and a rectifier circuit. The antenna is designed to capture ambient RF energy at a

specific resonant frequency, with the output fed into a rectifier circuit that converts it

into an equivalent DC signal. By incorporating a voltage booster circuit, the desired

voltage level is achieved, which can then be stored in a rechargeable battery. This

stored energy can later be used to charge low-power devices during emergencies.

This antenna design, along with the necessary circuitry, serves as an effective backup

low-power source in emergency situations.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank God Almighty for enabling us to complete our project work. Our
sincere thanks to our Chairperson Dr. (Mrs.) Thangam Meganathan, for her
sincere endeavor in educating us in her premier institution. We like to express our
deep gratitude to our beloved Vice Chairman Mr. Abhay Shankar Meganathan,
B.E., M.S. for his enthusiastic motivation which is a lot in completing this project.

We would like to thank our Principal Dr. S.N. Murugesan, M.E., Ph.D., for
his kind support and the facilities provided to carry out our work. We would also
like to thank our Head of the Department Dr. L. Bhagyalakshmi, M.E., Ph.D., and
Academic Head Dr. S. Chitra, M.E., Ph.D., for giving the opportunity and
facilities to complete our work in time.

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to
our Supervisor Dr. M. Sathish, M.E., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the course of this project.

We express our gratitude to the project coordinators Dr. S. R. Balaji, Dr. N.

Kumaran, Dr. M. Latha and Ms. V. Yogalakshmi for their valuable suggestions
in doing our project work. We also would like to thank our parents and classmates
for their moral support during the tenure of the project.

SHREEYA R (2116210801195)

SMIRTHI V M (2116210801203)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.

ABSTRACT vi

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA 1

1.2 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 1

1.2.1 Radiation pattern 2

1.2.2 Directivity 2

1.2.3 Gain 3

1.2.4 Polarization 4

1.2.5 Return loss 5

1.2.6 Voltage standing wave ratio 5

1.2.7 Bandwidth 6

1.3 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 6

1.3.1 Patch 7

1.3.2 Substrate 7

1.3.3 Ground plane 7

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1.3.4 Applications of MPA 8

1.4 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA 8

1.5 RF ENERGY HARVESTING 9

1.5.1 Need for RF energy harvesting 10

1.5.2 Advantages of RF energy harvesting 11

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 12

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12

2.2 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY 19

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 22

3.1 DESIGN OF A MICROSTRIP PATCH 22

3.1.1 Geometry of the patch antenna 22

Design steps of the patch antenna in

3.1.2 25
HFSS

3.2 SUBSTRATE THICKNESS VARIATION 30

3.3 PLACEMENT OF REFLECTOR 31

3.4 PLACEMENT OF DIRECTOR 35

Analysis by varying length of the

3.4.1 37
director

3.4.2 Analysis by varying width of the director 37

4 MODULE DESCRIPTION 40

4.1 CSRR IN GROUND PLANE 40

4.1.1 GEOMETRY OF CSRR 40

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4.2 PLACEMENT OF CSRR 42

ANALYSIS BY VARIATION OF
4.2.1 42
CSRR POSITION IN X-DIRECTION

ANALYSIS BY VARIATION OF
4.2.2 43
CSRR POSITION IN Y-DIRECTION

IMPACT OF CSRR ON PROPERTY OF

4.3 43
ANTENNA

5 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT 50

5.1 ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM SOFTWARE 52

5.1.1 SCHEMATIC OF KFVM IN ADS 53

5.2 SIMULATION STEPS IN ADS SOFTWARE 54

RESULTS OF THE RECTIFIER

5.2.1 57
CIRCUIT

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 61

REFERENCES 62

APPENDIX I 66

LIST OF FIGURES
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FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE PAGE NO.

FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES
 xiii

TABLE NO. NAME OF THE PAGE NO.

TABLE
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LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS

CNN – Convolution Neural Network

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, online examinations have gained widespread

popularity, offering unparalleled flexibility, accessibility, and
convenience for both students and educators. This trend has underscored
the need for comprehensive examination management systems that can
efficiently handle every stage of the examination process, from question
generation to final result publication. This online examination system
leverages web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create
an engaging, responsive front-end interface. For data management, it
utilizes and SQLite 3, which together enable secure storage and retrieval
of questions and examination details. Moreover, to enhance the
examination process, the system integrates the NLP Algorithm, allowing
for intelligent, syllabus-based question generation. Teachers can provide
detailed syllabus inputs, including topics, subtopics, and desired question
formats, and the NLP algorithm generates tailored questions that align
with these specifications.

Leveraging the NLP algorithm, the system dynamically generates

relevant questions based on the syllabus uploaded by teachers. Evaluation
of student responses is integrated into the platform, facilitating the quick
calculation and publication of results.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Crafting Tomorrow’s Evaluations: Assessment Design

Strategies in the Era of Generative AI - Rajan Kadel, Samia Abid,
Bhupesh Kumar Mishra, Maneeha Rani, Samar Shailendra, Shiva
Prasad Mahato (2023)

This paper examines the impact of Generative AI (GenAI) on assessment

design in education, focusing on balancing academic integrity, equitable
access, and learning effectiveness. It discusses the challenges and
strategies for assessment design, aiming to preserve integrity while
integrating GenAI responsibly to support learning. The Methodology
used to review and analysis of GenAI tools' implications in assessment
design. The drawbacks are concerns over academic integrity, limitations
in equitable access, and potential reliance on GenAI without deep
learning integration.
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2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing systems for online examinations, such as Moodle and

similar platforms, primarily involve manual question paper preparation
by teachers, followed by online platforms that host the exams, collect
student responses, and process results. These systems typically require
teachers to create, upload, and manage questions manually, which is both
time-consuming and prone to human error. Additionally, grading is often
a manual process for subjective questions.
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CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The system allows to create both student and teacher profiles in

order to attend and create examinations. In the Teacher Portal, instructors
can input syllabus details and specify the desired question format,
enabling the system to generate relevant questions automatically using an
AI technique NLP. These questions are displayed in the Student Portal,
where students can complete their exams. After submission, the system
evaluates the responses and publishes the results on the Student Portal,
providing a seamless, efficient, and automated examination experience.

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

● Frontend: Built with web technologies to deliver an interactive

user interface. It supports smooth navigation and responsive features.

● Backend: Powered by SQLite and Python (Flask) to connect

backend and frontend.
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Fig 3.1 Architecture diagram

The Fig:3.1 illustrates the architecture of online examination portal

shows how teacher and student portal works and helps in creating and
conducting online examination.

CHAPTER 5
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IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

The implementation of AI POWERED EXAMINATION PORTAL

involves a series of well-defined steps that streamline the process of
building a fully functional, efficient, and user-friendly application. This
chapter outlines the step- by-step strategy, hardware, and software
platforms used, as well as the key technologies employed.

1.1 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

The following steps outline the approach taken to develop AI

POWERED ONLINE EXAMINATION PORTAL, from initial design to
deployment.

The Fig: 5.1 illustrates the login page which provides secure access
for both teachers and students to the system. Users can log in with their
credentials to access their respective portals, ensuring role-based access
control.
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Fig 5.1 Login page

Table 5.1 shows the classification accuracy of the proposed system.

Table 5.1 classification Accuracy

Method Accuracy Sensitivity

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION

This project successfully integrates AI-driven automation into online

examination systems, streamlining the entire process from syllabus upload to
question generation, exam conduction, and result evaluation. By leveraging
Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Flask-based backend integration, the
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system ensures efficient, accurate, and unbiased question generation and

grading, reducing the manual workload for teachers while enhancing the exam
experience for students. The Teacher Portal allows educators to upload syllabus
documents, generate AI-based questions, and schedule exams, while the
Student Portal provides an intuitive interface for exam participation and result
retrieval. The Database Management Module ensures secure storage and
retrieval of user data, exam records, and student responses, maintaining a
structured and scalable approach. By automating subjective and objective
question evaluation and ensuring real-time exam monitoring, the system
improves accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility. This project not only
minimizes human intervention but also enhances the fairness, transparency, and
scalability of online assessments. Future enhancements can include adaptive
learning, AI-powered feedback systems, and cloud-based scalability to further
refine the system and improve its real-world applicability.

6.1 FUTURE WORKS

Future work could focus on improving the AI's adaptability to various

academic levels and subjects, allowing it to create questions that meet different
difficulty levels and educational standards. By training the AI on more diverse
datasets, it can generate questions that are not only syllabus-aligned but also
tailored to specific course objectives and learning outcomes.
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PROJECT OUTCOME

TITLE:AI-Powered online examination portal an online web portal for

conducting and evaluating online examination
Authors:

• Mr. Vijayakumar R
• Sudanth Durairaj A
• Yallanki Sudheer
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CONFERENCE: International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and

Information Technology (ICACSIT)
MODE OF PUBLICATION: Online

STATUS: Paper has been Accepted

REFERENCES

1. Barnard R.W. and Kellogg C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution

operators to Problems in univalent function theory’, Michigan
Mach. Journal, Vol. 27, pp.1-94.
2.
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