Solution, 2 ; He Gains > Salm Te homogeneous moduie us Known as sel mW The Aize 6} frotieee in solr Ls tors than Lom. > ~ 7 Ge gel On basis e, mo: ©}, Component > enent t-e ~ © Binesyy gom- The soln which contain 2 comp Cated binary goln- Bg Sugox + water —» Sugax sol” gor + wots — S soln / Buine sel gn+ Wu GHar4 Restiga ® g687;- The soln” which contatn 3 compen cated trinory sol” or + water ent be —) = _» > sola The solm ushich contain Y Component te! d quatenot gel Rg eg» Salt+ S 4 Lemon + water. a * Ginany $oln ;- Me. Solvent + Solyre v - sPuesent (1 * ent unt ol qmount =>) Sols: = = gugsr Colm prysicot siake ef Solate 2 €qcam ple- ~“Giead Ufa t cds Crtngelat Bows COutene )Sobld In gad \.Buat fr ole “Casbon in ol. o Se wt Liquid th Solid Josey, Cet wl 4 Bigs tn Mg. atcohol + vast er w Beng ene ? toluene ow 6 Ely! chosticle 4 Ethy |bororaes gr > moishwie wT mien CoA tse fm gla , Hat 1% o » baled Gor an ©) 8 | Cas (og + H.0 —> Soft Ur | gute et. o | Gas Deane eethil ze! = ® = i it oe * Solvent -+ Solute ———> Sol™- te te Some Conc. teun of | Selmin os D s The no. of poles of solute present tn a . pex Ub vo eo} soln: (-e Known ar Holortity - vol. sol™> th E Stes ol ., mote! » L fe Meme =) Me xIlo Ve Vin cetera) x (OLS * ug= We He Vint i g ater: ag } WaDH fi ASo m2 ef Aolr te Calculate the vrolority of sel of sockiiun Pudi x tole 4 290008608 FTH1A1NY“---werVFrwTVveseseeseeeeeue eee eeeeeeeeeeeee et Sol me Ug > Me= Yo = Nad, Vol= ISome y (HY > Wy x 006 Ug kK a60 ty) = 0-4 moll dng * Molanity eg” 6) ee > comp. a diluted by add» 8 6 met solvent. calucate the (mM? &4 resutt sol” . M= 800 , Vy'= 300V Be — ket y= V sm tb kar nls nV Hoje) it Nile SelooVGn a OK) < Zoot a @ GF rary = Heys) - Sol™ ‘A? and ‘B’ 6} vol. loom, 0:6 mola cuncl 200 mk, O-9molax rebechvely cu mined than Lalelote the molarity o Suoultont woln- = V4 My \ \ =1o0 4 900 > = 300OO Mg Wet Hava Moa y Va L- My> péxloo + 0-9 M00 (rir ¥.v) 30000 Lob Mar 60041800 | goo 0-8y, 30000 3,006 ro 1 Note ;- The molasuity ct Solna change with change e| tfunp. (-¢ molority >} 30 olepensl whon Jemp- > 2) t The no. 0} roles o| solute preent fm Bord. rig “Aploent Ce Known as Molabity | Aol ~ Nola Lky (m) & moles oe} Solute (n Mo» o| Solvent tn kg (Wy) Units mol kg’ m= ne x|000 wy °° ngs 126 ) Me. x A + B > Sol” A=s- 86 (does cdefencd upon temp.) m? at ke (water ¢ c Ign") | f- 2 [tml to = 19] v m= Jv Wa V6 5, we x 1008Note < Iolo ty does not clebend upon kemp- 3) RoaMaliley » The gam eqvivalent man of dolute prevent (th per Ub. Volio| Sol wowumalits; 441"! mano} solute vol. of sol. L ‘ arent fot gan mown > WwW eqn! mars eqh mans Hs yet X We en Me es V-f x We x Lovo ; ae ene Acid =» Bastcity (No.of 1” ton suluate) base > Atidity (No.' 6) OH ion ia) . AL(OW), 6) « v-P fox Salls= charge on metab tons 3 Natt => | Ca Oy! Ayia ne Ara, 3 Pile (Dv) &* 1 * —Pimabity eqn). > Nv, = NA > NV+ Navy > Nau; Hole practi fAdelion xy 2 ab vs alelined asthe eda eh ois ot Component 4 total mole ef soln. +Soluent + golute => goln- 4 + hp ne > rhe Xa > na Natng ©%e? na+ng | ‘ C : ® Xa+ Xe =I [%nt¥a t%, ae) : Xg- 1-¥A / } ‘ Solubility The max. amount 8} solute oLésolve fn (00m /c) @ Vol. ©{ solvent upto aoe | Aatuscected a : ‘ poe “BbiUY/ goln- at a posctieutar Temp. | Pusuxe c ; ie Called) SolubilAy) of solute in Solvent. c . load {> The max. amount c | Totake -grent SUA alt’ssolue in 100 me/ec) & vol: of Ly. uhto for mation of subviated| soln: ok ¢ | pest ula temp. } prenuxe, te cottes solubility ef . | r< Soll in Uguid. Mactan atest soabily yadid f Uaalds when rodne 6 Solid and fiquid both~axe dame shan they fave @ aye notue of Gny ene Component us cc, ee kee (5: 38m) 4 pooct + bie ——> Max. Solubility. CP 7 42779D sugar eto lees ease, CoP) (PD D Wax + i ae ° Solubiti IP a > Minimum ty D) Wax + Petrol ——> Hox. solubility (9) { post) @ Temp: The Solubility |] enétheunic so sel” ts Tnouare with’ inoware of demp: and in erotheime B92 iG + water soln: is decease with 1 6] temp. oe eq Guickume oe x The solubility 4 hydutated Salt does Not change with 7 temp. eq CuSy-StbO + CaSQy-SH, © Coypsem) + Nay (03/024 © Cwoashing soda) @) Puessune - The solubility ef Aetid tr Liquid does not ange by change oF, premure because &} negligible ol: | 4} tiguid upto foumostion 8 égaturate sel™ ata — pwutaulax ctemp. ancl prenuwte e callecl Solubility of | gas In Aig iol. + Ructor ar ¢ gas dn big sie ; () Natwie /e} gad in Liquid “Like Aittolve bike” oath On He, Ma Dee wr p a Solubility order th waters> Nig> HU = oO >tRy ) gor = L ¥Y i Pr )Oh non- Polo Qod ou pruent than the gos Ravi high mMolecutax oma cubsolue mou amount 4g The gas having high Cutircat” emp} that wlll dissolve tilg her mount, Pane Pie oo * pCaiticot dem, s Uahen Planned Coos Convers (nibh? 2 Temp +» The Solubility | Gos dn Liquid Ls exothermic i nature . fo, Solubileh ‘in Liguid Ls , o{ Jas tn Qu Aliveays olecneose with suse (9) #24 bind. $Cuwixes The Solubility ©) gas fy igdicl vs Incuose with Incense | preriure é Yer *tilensuy Zan) The given mam of gas disolve fn Liquid, u alitecHy, | poporctional to applied prenww. n't P x XP nO fH Aa aaa ee Ae 8 2 aA ee eee Hs ey “(k= Cony y = 1x Le c sel ky > Heway's Wnatont y © - ! e : ‘ e ¥ \ ° ~ e z = Mf & ; in ct gases ase same. ’ ug : DP > KW%, @P= Wily " @Ip-Kykny © pe Kyat 0) 5 Pe ee. = Hy tpi al eee H ee ee NE ereWy) Px = x Ridatiens ime 7 + dh order form. B>a>A » (Or > Na > Hy, 29 >39 M0 *Mandpfeance hemuys law:s > The solubili of. gas ts decuae with tnerease in Value e| nen 5 constant. 5 Re, Notes (Mole fraction tn vahoux phase (Y) ) A,bB> Postiol pruusswu use one Cempenent. +B>> Sun fox Totol purswu R 0,5 Pectial prune 4? ier hae i “6 solute) i" Pr> Toto£ prune ~Limitatens of hemy Low i- 1 >The dissolved gas oloes not foun compound with quid. > ThA Low do + applicable at tow pxemwu and Aighs ae = Applic diions of henry, law 7 Wn fouration 9} carbonate beverages The Coy 90s dissolve | in water at high Presse and fou cosbonate. guth on sin do4 cuinks . fo H follow henwy's Lox. * HOt CO, stan htt C0, BP eee me @xbentc aud , (ens 6 4ungs > The 0, 90s dissolve In blo en 4 | pretawrie oan gos vb fegh tn fungs- $0 it foliow hendey'» Sow. § He Se B-Ab Aigh altitudes} The pressure 6} Od» ts low ot: 4 wd altitudes. ‘So “ra ae 2 Oy fn blood ft moke Caused xedprrvatory olieasteY YW Qn 5 2 Sh dech dea olives > The dleep dea divew ure 904 s Cytindex fnéttauy é t ie q ruc tt Contoun Ny ¢ Oy He oa, ate A, Boe 'n blood ond when oliver come back : cee pressure Ls seloase issol Cony exes into bubbles ushich Se eee ee a ae Capillaries and it cunes potn ox bust the - sued) (The pot tn cabstitortel eotead “bent? - The problem OVeCome by use 6} moran, ¢ Not On +He became | ae oe Size e} helium release 440m skein. | Vahroun spstess = Poswet The Pru e 6 : Applic on watt of Cenintner iby yi cones Knovsn ‘as its Vapour - oe hic Liquid tHe % => t6ms T6omm = latm => Té0torr labn's 013 bax + Vafoux fsessure Ls also known os ‘Raul? Low ? Fat Rautis Lou pox valoiile solute) VF pon Lip. -Lip. soln: 2 Bee. to this Low Vohowe twee, of Component fn Soln> is equal to the product of UP of comp } 6h fue stote 4 mole fraction CO (i tent % B= lath so ORRRRR REE RLOCCT eefo = Parte R= Po + % R= Panta + PE P= Pa (\- ry) + Pre 5 = Fi - Rirte + Pious Ps~ Pa + 2a (Fa - Pa) » fe P55 Raultts tase for Non-volatile solute /v:P for Solid => dee. to Law VP of aon ts equal to pro cluck eh ve oe solvent and mole fraction o goluent Sol fa eee Ps = Para +Porxe [ePe-<] ieee we AP ad 2 np = [-2e) fa viel + wee te * -Pa-& anon ee Pa -P , eo aia A = A Pa r, > The soln: ushich obey Kaul Louw at cult cone. (-e known a5 Ydegl soln SS = Pare R= PAX > The change in vol and enthalpy us zexo. .AV>0 4 dH=O Ht follow Ideal oD qeaphe- Ta > > Benzene + toluene > n-hexane + n-heptane > Ethy|-chloviele + thy | ( 4 c re, “btomide : a us Kp = Ber ee ‘ e : ¥ Nen- Joleal Soln:- e ¢ >The soln oloes not obey the a How at hu e Cenc. i-e Known o4 iene YoeaL Pht Pam , BF Pry ~> The change in vol. ¢ oe -bH#O => 4t does bs A Fdeal soln ph : “on > Acetone + Chie ol py Is; not tb be o. VARA R22 22229 2PAD ONGTypes ef Won- deal soln:- ) Nen-Qoleat Soln- showing +e devfatvent The non- Sdeat soin- th which tnivick bIW pwu solvent and im ; r Solute poxticle us ahong and solvent- Solute frtetadion us weak 4han tt show +ve deviation, A eo gg -Shong = § P, > Ph 7 NAY SIN Soe heh P> Py a Py 7 AV>O ~~ ai>o > £9 Ethanol + HO , Methanol + Ha0 %A20 1p -0 a=! BY; Non -Gdeal Soln- showing —ve deviation s> The nen-ddleal set tn which mittaction bLS pure solvent ond solute pantiol & weak anf Solent - Solute & shong i-e fnown aa -ve deviation, —~“fc fatn 5 M -ve deviakion _ Base + Hp —> tue deviation} Yq.) Azeotopes / Azeotropic mut > The mix. e} two Lig comp: u cembositicn e{ component d-e beil ay pure Ayeohopes/ A-M. @ Low bailing Az eadmpes ¢ iol + Water Pv-PD bP’, The eoh~ (28%) @oo’c) ope ushith show ve P. Solute. dwiatten tn 1-Yeal solr CHUGH) boiling Bobo pure ypu yer * Colligative properties i> show -ye dwiatton > The frxopex 6} del” ich dehends uben amount of Selute (ro. ¢} dblute pastttches ) not en nahwu eh sélute that cue cated Coluigative Roped ae, non-volatile solr () Relative lowering ef Vohour 3 BomOsrnoitc pHesUre i Bielevalion 6 Boiling point 4 olepression of frueziry P ins Vaprowe pressure 2 eo} Non- volatile. spluke Solr-/ v-Puse Cunecr, qlucsre., 2a DBAARDAFARFANHKAHAHAOPFRPPRPRARHHKOOKHKKEEQOO SB %=0>Pa=0 (PS MO Vahowr @x fornred)) ©FaieiP ey PA Pa - Ps ——= = np Le ; Oke = aaaU Pa np tng natn > An dilute soln yy, A " => hp tele ae ms ong= 8 , nar Wo Hg Ma “Qt show that the Amount oj Solute 1s depend upon Coluigative pro pote 2 Gia ae WD > The mh, Jute ushich ¢s requited +o stop the osmosis~pyoces: [-@ Known 0% Osmohc pene . * Osnfosis > = The flow solvent | Pom Low tone. ol” +o Ai&yh conc. soln: Hough semi-peumeoble membuane f-e calted osmosis. rol T (T- temp.) m LC (C= Cenc.) W= CRT (R= Constant = 8-314 5k! mol) W= MRT Crs Hole nag) Vv I Sa8 scRiT v+f Reverse Oamests (R:0)3> When the cepplied peruse vy GYuateor than osmotic prenwe thon the solvent move pom Righer cone Solr: to Lower > , ome. selm l-e known as Revere Osmostf. \ a i >D Sotone soins The soln: faving sume eamotte fouswe that axe called (sotonéc soln: Wi = Wo a mM M5 e soln faving hig h 0-P then othex Collect Hepsi soln? aes ++ Ex—osmosi’s > The moment 6] soluent autsicle of nm the celt tn hypertonic 8017- (-e \tnown Qa exO0- OsmosisEndo - osmosis > The moment &} Solvent tnstde cele fn Ry potonic soln? ee ers ane Endo- Osmosis. ' > The ceu get Swallown th endo-osmosi's. USShs; €ndo-osmosi's @levatien cin boilin point 3 The difference in boiling pe 4ol™* and pure soluent ud Known cs elevated boiting point is 1000V = is foot Athlon eae ATb> Clevated boil’ potnt ii ie: Boiling point dolvent. % > boiling point 5 Sehe * The volue ¢ elevated boiti int us Enoteos Wwe alate \ fecroly of sok a =) bkhxm™m DT» = Kom [% Kssmolal elevation constant / Ebutliscopie constant ATb = Kb ne x [000 (mee Fea ; He wh Covttout Kp) s_x!000 “(He * Wa | Ls $0 elevodsan oh BP depend Upon Glkigahve pup BTp = SE ne ew nnns cnc ceceEs ©) The olffexence in puszing point of frute solvent anol solr fs Known as alipemed poazing point. U Fr feptese a ic Ole Alp = =a es > oo fruezing point enk Tr > Butzing point ef dol Th > fyecing point of pwr solv + The value of dipeasion tn fruzing point 5 depend ubon molality $0, Aiea Dlp = kfm t Kp =mola) clepxersien Constant) Coy oscopte Cordtont blip + ng Kl000 2° mp= We Wa He Dp = Ke. ws xlov0 Me x We Cyoph =+ Abnormal molecular mass te > The olifference in motecutax mass e}, solute olue to arsociation or ditsesiatton fs known od abnowmak molecular mars SThe Calculated man i morte than observed mam duse to alssoulation. ANace —> |r, reg ngs cas ih Se Wa AB+36S | obsewed O =S8-S oot ¥ + Caculoded Maw = * (Ne >Mo —> abnowmal molecular mars due to me di'ssocicuion ) picid e . * (Ne < Ho —> baal 3 mass due to a - . asoul yo Seas a . yen, C- oH ————_> ay 4 Nowa © >The Clauated molar mom man clue to a ea # flan Rol) tactor (2) = >a is aigied as statio 6 ebsewed value of coltig ative property ond Gtatakd vale 4 Coligakive psopedy. dL > obsexved velure ee . Coloutiated value 94° OP A> Hs Gb. mm of Solute Mes ebsewed ror af Solute DB) > wotalins of Holes of cise ov Unditss i vase Staaten ardeadss bb. of moled token Ne of nwle token er rr 7 | a Ta a fi» is » - Naw ———> No! + of » mol ° ° > (—x hee % Mo. of moles taken = | me * NO. of moles assoctedion = of % ° foto no. o| a 3 ne > No. of Undiisitiation > I~ ot > . . a + Total no. 6 moles > Undiss. + dss. > l-ad4n& Or t= Jew tne 2 ! a 2 ik l-x tne @ f-) = A(n-1) ee J] > fe 7 n-l za ee - SF he > Ta 1 a None = eet Ps ri > M’x(n2 ° ap ee ee a Deguec ossoutation («) > i a ” > Ve ea 3 @ - 4CH,(00H ——> CHy=C_ 44 Uv ° ree) Ors Hele > n > . pr. of ples Poker ~ a f j > Wo. pf moles asociated =" > “ u = /p tolal no," ‘ Yi Bo. of undssorlated = j—x - ‘ > > >a Total no. ef moles = Undissodcded + awocl ated ‘ t= teAiatiey ? ( « L & ae ayn ( ‘ = I= aS < ‘ Wap. ang os f- Me ; 7 i bi ings ‘ Ho-H° ‘ = oar ‘ He n | ; Sealal >. ¢ cast? Nest “ yd ‘ a n ’ ols h : t=n) [> ; ¢ 3) 9 dy tS bubble Hough water 293k flow) Mon ef Na as would mG In watt : ( = 0°98 1b, Hemmy’s Condt. fox ng =76-4EK bos pevetal prunure of Na Si Me>? , Wy= OFT bavi, ky= 1648 kbax = 16499 bax P= Ky Xe ; 7g= Fug _ 0-984 : ky 16480 re Re [2 = (Kg = (0009 , | : 317 x10‘ mo) GN irigislOOON = nSiO-S 570/)!|eeales\G ee ‘ 1@ ——<— = a2) ha the (