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The document provides an overview of computer systems, detailing their components such as input units, output units, the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and memory types. It explains the roles of hardware and software in computer functionality and introduces concepts like computer organization and the IPO (Input-Process-Output) principle. Additionally, it covers various memory types, including RAM, ROM, and cache memory, highlighting their characteristics and functions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views22 pagesclass 11 computer science chaper-1
The document provides an overview of computer systems, detailing their components such as input units, output units, the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and memory types. It explains the roles of hardware and software in computer functionality and introduces concepts like computer organization and the IPO (Input-Process-Output) principle. Additionally, it covers various memory types, including RAM, ROM, and cache memory, highlighting their characteristics and functions.
Uploaded by
shanthi06011984Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 22
11
1.2
Computer
System Overview
In Wie Cole
1.1 Introduction 1.3. Mobile System Organization
1.2. Computer Components and 1.4 Types of Software
Basic Computer Organization
INTRODUCTION
Computers are the machines that have revolutionised the world around us. The way we used to
live around 25-30 years ago is very different from how we live today. A modern age student
cannot even imagine life, without email, Internet, print outs, playing music on computers oF
Smartphones, photos just a click away in the form of smartphones and so on. In short, in every
aspect of life around us, we see computers play a role directly or indirectly.
Computers deliver so much, diligently and efficiently, all thanks to the wonderful combination
of their hardware and software.
© Hardware. The physical electronic components of a computer are called hardware, #8.
keyboard, CPU, monitor, printer etc.
© Software. These are the recorded instructions and programs that govern the working of a
computer. Recall that a program is a set of instructions to carry out a specific task or achieve «
special work goal.
In this chapter, we shall discuss computer's functioning in broad sense by discussing computer
system organization and how various types of software aid in computer's overall performance,
COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
‘A computer system comprises of five basic components (see Fig. 1-1)
( Input Unit. It is responsible for taking input for the computer. The input devices
attached to the computer system make the input unit.
(ii) Output Unit, It is responsible for taking input for the computer. The output devices
attached to the computer system make the output unit COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PyTtiop,
i
(iii) Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is responsible for processing the data an
Instructions. It comprises of few parts
©) Arithmetic and Logie Unit (ALUD. It is responsible for carrying oUt the arith,
instructions (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and making logic decisions (greater thas
less than, equal to), :
(©) Control Unit. Wt is responsible for
controlling and supervising the
processing
Secondary Storage
ing Unit
Primary Memory. It is th : 1
ternal volatile
memory where data and instructions are ‘Conti Unit
stored during
peussing,
(©) Secondary Storage Unit. It refers deme bol | (ecuaaiaianc uae
to the external storage devices “ |
which provide permanent FT
memory to the computer system.
memory to the computer sy SES
The components of a computer system
make the physical structure of a
computer whereas the logical structure Figure 1.1 Components of a computers
of a computer system is defined as
Computer Organisation.
1.2.1 Computer Organisation
Computer organization refers to the logical structure of a computer describing how its
components are connected to one another ; how they affect one another's functioning, and
contribute to overall performance of the computer.
Computers, as you must be knowing, follow the ‘IPO’ principle ie, Input — Proce:
(@ certain input is processed to generate specific output). So, the computer organization is
also like this — there are component(s) dedicated to obtain input in different forms
component(s) dedicated to perform processing part and component(s) to produce output
in different forms.
Thus basic computer organization is as shown in Fig, 1.2. To see the interconnections and basic
working of computer (Computer Organization), scan this QR Code with stro app.
Pu
To see
mputer Organizat
eee eco ALU Registers
A computer runs on
Ff] electricity power
ote umm
p 0 g
Input Output Storage
unit unit unit
Figure 1.2 Basic Computer Organization, Chopter 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIE
Let us talk about these functional components of a computer, one by ene:
1.2.2 Input Unit
puter, Examples of input
The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the comp
: + (MICR), optical mark
devices and media are: keyboard, mottse, magnetic ink character read
reader (OMR), optical character reader (OCR), joystick etc
The input unit is responsible for taking input and converting, POT Ea
it into computer understandable form (the binary cade), Since
Iy the Aninputunit takes the input and
language of electricity fe. either ON oF OFF or high voltage or converts it into binary form 30
‘ an be understood by the:
low voltage. That means a computer can understand two ERE cag he under oe a
stages ON/OFF or High/Low: voltage or the binary language Gaul
that uses just two symbols: t for ON and 0 for OFF
a computer operates on electricity, Lean underst
All the inputs consisted of data (on which the action was to be performed) as tell as the instruction
(the action to be taken)
On the same lines, the computer input also consists of data and instructions. For example, if
the given input to the computer is Add 2 and 3 then data consists of 2 and 3 and instruction is
Ade. Similarly, if the given input is Print “Hello World” then data consists of “Hello World
and i
truction
“The input unit is comprised of different input devices that take the input in different forms and
pass them in digital form to CPU for processing.
Some common input devices are :
() Keyboard. Keyboard is a typewriter like device which is used to type in the letters,
digits and commands. For visually challenged people, Braille keyboards are also available
these days.
(i) Mouse. Mouse is pointing device with either a roller on its base or some laser
mechanism. Mouse controls movement of pointer (also called mouse poittter) on screen.
(ii) Microphone (Mic). We can send sound input to computer through a special input
device called microphone or mic in short. A mic converts the sound received into
computer's format, which is called digitized sound or digital audio.
A mic can work if your computer has a special hardware known as sound card.
1.2.3. Output Unit
‘The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to
the computer. The output coming from the CPU is in the form
of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in some
form which can be easily understood by human beings i.c.,
characters, graphical or audio visual form. This function of
conversion is performed by output units.
Output Unit converts the
output in binary form to
human readable form.
Some popular output devices are :
(i) Monitors. Monitor (or “screen”) is the most common form of output from a computer.
It displays information in a similar way to that shown on a television screen. The
picture on a monitor is made up of thousands of tiny coloured dots called pixel:
le monitors are also available these days.
For visually challenged people, Bra 4
4
COnpurtR SCIENCE WITH PYTHON —
diy Printers. Printers are the devices that deliver information by means of printed
characters on paper, Printers come in variety of forms, ei, inkl! laserjet, dotmatri
printers ete, Unlike old style printers, which printed on a paper, « days 3D printer
ate also available which can print/ereate 3D models
Gi) Speakers. Speakers receive the sound in form of electric current from the sound corg
and then convert it to so
el
4 The CPU (Central Processing Unil)
The CPU oF the Central Processing Unit is the main control ¢
n of the computer as it guides, directs,
components
also called bra
a computer, The CPU ha:
task. These are :
(Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
ome sub
(i) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
(ii) Control Unit (CU)
nd format audible to user
entre and processing unit. It is
joverns the performance of
controls and y
1g out the processing of a
hat help in carryiny
(iii) Registers
=,4,) and some logical (©,>,=,<=,>=,
jumbers are sent from memory
The ALU performs all the four arithmetic (+,
operations. When two numbers are required to be added, these ™
to ALU where addition takes place and the result is put back in the memory.
other arithmetic operations are performed (through ALU only).
For logical operations also, the numbers to be compared are sent
from memory to ALU where the comparison takes place and the
result is returned to the memory. The result of a logical operation
is either TRUE or FALSE. These operations provide the capability
of decision-making to the computer.
Control Unit (CU)
The CU controls and guides the interpretation,
information. The CU sends control signals until the required operations
ALU and memory. Another important function of CU is the program execution ic, carrying
out all the instructions stored in the program. The CU gets program instructions from memory
and executes them one after the other. After getting the instructions from memory in CU, the
fecoded and interpreted ie., which operation is to be performed. Then the asked
completed, control unit sends
In the same way,
ALU performs arithmetic
(4.-.7,/) and logic
operations.
flow and manipulation of all data and
instruction is d
operation is carried out. After the work of this instruction is
signal to memory to send the next instruction in sequence to CU.
CU acts as a supervisor by
controlling and guiding
The control unit even controls the flow of data from input
the operation taking place.
devices to memory and from memory to output devices.
(iii) Registers
are done properly by
Registers or processor registers are small
units of data holding places. The CPU uses
registers to temporarily hold some
important processing-information during
the time the processing is taking place.
CPU may store some part data or some
memory address or some instruction in its
processor registers.
Modern days’ smart machines (e.9., washing machines,
microwave oven etc.) also come with embedded CPUS. Ir
fact, these embedded CPUs are more than the CPU as
these also contain little ROM, RAM and other required
circuitry containing sc» embedded instructions. These
embedded CPUs with accompanying memory 3nd
embedded instructions are called microcontrolles Chopter 1» COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW
1.2.5 The Memory (Main Memory/Primary Memory]
The memory of a computer i
information and data to facil
more like a predefined working, place, where
temporarily keeps
© its performance, Each memory location has a unique memory
address. When the task is performed, it clears its memory and memory space is then available
for the next task to be performed. When the power is switched off, everything stored in the
memory gets erased and cannot be recalled
The memory of a computer ean be thought of
down into smaller parts known as bis (see Fi
cells’, Hach of these cells is further broken
1.1.3). A bit means a binary digit ie, either 0 or 1.
A umber of bits together are used to store data instructions by their combination
ee
cena ————i
ay
Sn de crite
often called main memory oF
primary memory.
Figure 1.3 Memory cells.
A bit is an clementary unit of the memory. Eight bits together form a byte.
One byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item or
a character. Other units of memory are KB, MB, GB, TB ete.
Every higher memory unit is equal to 2"° of its lower uni ean ee Sraaieiels |
Following Table 1.1 lists various memory units used. nibbles
‘Table 1.1 Units of Computer Memory Measurements
{ Unit ‘Short Name_| Full Name Unit Short Name |Full Name
Bit Binary Digit || 2! ic, 1024GB | 178 Terra Byte
8 Bits 1 Byte Byte 2 ie, 10247B | 1 PB Peta Byte
1024 Bytes | 1 KB Kilo Byte 2 ie, 1024PB | 1 EB Exa Byte
2" je, 1024 KB 1 MB Mega Byte 2 ie, 1024EB | 128 Zetta Byte |
1024 MB 1B Giga Byte || 2" ie. 1024 ZB 1¥B Yotta Byte
Since computer's main memory (primary memory) is temporary, secondary memory space is
needed to store data and information permanently for later use, Some most common secondary
storage media are the hard disk, CD-RWs, pen drive etc. The secondary memory devices are
also known as storage devices.
1.2.54. Parts of Main Memory/Primary Memory
In the random-access memory (RAM), the memory cells can be accessed for information
transfer from any desired random location. That is, the process of locating a word in memory is
the same and requires an equal amount of memory, thus the name “random access”
‘The main drawback of RAM memory is that it is a volatile memory. That is, when the power
goes off, the contents of RAM get erased. COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON — x)
The RAM chips in a computer ean be of ree by
types
) of transistors and capacitors. The amount
of time taken to produce data required from memory, from the start of access until the
availability of data is called memory access time, Today's DRAM chips have access
Tanging from below 20 10 70: nanoseconds CEA
Gi) Static RAM. These are made up of flip-flops! and offer Peete lomelcirrs
faster access times (about 10 nanoseconds) than DRAMs produce data required from |
memory, from the start of ac
Until the availability of data, is |
called Memory Access Time.
@_ Dynamic RAM (DRAM). These are made
es
Static RAMs are thus used in specialized: app!
while dynamic RAMs are used in the primary storag
sections of most computers,
Read Only Memory (ROM)
As the name implies, a read-only memory (ROM) is a memory unit that performs the read
operation only; it does not have a write capability. This implies that the binary information
stored in a ROM is made permanent during the hardware production of the unit and cannot be
altered by writing different words into it (hence non-volatile), Whereas a RAM is a general-
Purpose device whose contents can be altered during the computational process, a ROM is
restricted to reading words that are permanently stored within the unit. ROMs are used for
applications in which it is known that the information never needs to be altered, for example, a
monitor program controlling a machine. These, however, are slower than RAM.
‘There are various types of ROM which are given below
() PROM (programmable ROM). Also called OTP (One Time Programmable). PROM is a
user-programmable memory in which information is burnt using special equipment
called a ROM burner.
(ii) EPROM (erasable programmable ROM). In EPROM, one can program the memory
chip (through various mechanisms e.g, UV radiation) and erase it many times as
needed, The UV-EPROM can take up to 20 minutes for erasing EPROM contents.
(ii) EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM). In EEPROM, the EPROM is
erased electrically which is faster. Also, with EEPROM, selective bytes can be erased
unlike UV-EPROM which erases fully.
(iv) Flash EEPROM. It is like EEPROM but is very fast comparatively (the erasure of the
entire contents takes less than a second). Also, it erases fully and not selectively.
(2) Mask ROM. Mask ROM refers to a kind of ROM in which the contents are programmed
by the IC manufacturer. It is not a user-programmable ROM.
1.2.6 Cache Memory
Pronounced as cash, the eache memory is a special high-speed [XEEEIVEREN
storage mechanism. It can be either a reserved section of main The cache Memory is a high|
memory or an independent high-speed storage device or even speed memory sealalae innee
on CPU chip. Whenever some data is required, the CPU first CPU in order to speed up access
looks in the cache, if it is there or not. If the data is found in © data and instructions stored
cache, CPU does not access memory and hence the process" RAM memory.
becomes very fast.
. A flip-flop is a binary cell capable of storing one bit of information. 1
do,
7
8
9.
10.
COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW
7!
A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, i8 a portion of memory made of
high-speed static RAM (SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used
for main memory, Memory caching is effective because most programs access the same data or
instructions over and over. By keeping as much of this infort ‘as possible in SRAM, the
computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
When data is found in the cache, it is called a cache hit, and the effectiveness of a cache is judged
by its hit rate, 95
Storage Unit
Computers need to store and retrieve data for processing
Since primary memory has a limited storage capacity and is
secondary storage devices are used to store
ently. There are various types of
not permar
large amount of data perr
secondary devices available these days,
To specify the storage capacity of storage devices, same units
of memory are used, which are used for measuring primary
memory. That is, we can represent the storage capacity of
storage devices in terms of kilo bytes (KBs), mega bytes (MBs),
va bytes (GBs) and tera bytes (TBs) as we do for main memory.
Let us now talk about some most common storage devices.
of the time the processor is working, il is accessing, information from cache
4 Hard disks | Magnetic
Media
% CDROMs ~| optical
+ DVDs Media
‘ Flash
+ Pen drive an
X
ae
1
() Storage of 1 KB means the
following number of bytes :
(a) 1000 (b) 964 (c) 1024 (d) 1066
(@ One Megabyte is equivalent to
(a) 210 bytes (b) 220 bytes
(6) 230 bytes. (d) none of the above
What are the functional components of
2 digital computer ?
What are the components of CPU ?
What is its role ? What is the function
of control unit of CPU ?
What role does the input unit play ina
computer ?
What is the function of ALU ?
What role does the output unit play in
2 computer ?
‘What is the function of main memory ?
‘What are the measuring units of memory ?
What are different types of ROM 2
What is the role of cache memory ?
Which storage device is considered a
portable device ?
1. Hard Disks
The hard disk memories store information on one or more
circular platters (or disks) which are continually spinning.
These rotating disks are coated with a magnetic material
and stacked with space between them. Information is
recorded on the surface of rotating disks by magnetic heads
as tiny magnetic spots.
The hard disks of today have storage capacity measured in
giga bytes upto tera bytes.
2. Compact Disks (CDs)
The compact disks or CDs are optical media. The CDs are
relatively cheap and have a storage capacity of upto 700
Mb. There are tiie main types of CDs :
(i) CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memo:
This is used only to store information and cannot
be used to store data. It is mainly used for CD
distribution e.g., software, games, e-books etc:
(ii) CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable). It is mainly used
for CD-R and can be written on only once and disk
can’t be erased.
(ii) CD-RW (Compact Disk-Rewritable). CD-RW is an
erasable disk you can write on multiple times. . COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PHTHON —
3. DVDs
DVD is tohold a
aN optical storage device that looks the ‘asa compact disc but is abl about
1S times as much information and transfer it to the comput pout 20 tim fast a
CD-ROM. A DVD, also called a Super Density disk (SD), can hold upto 17 gigabytes of data ¢.
four hours of movies on a side, DVDs also come in flier variel
© DVD-ROM. This is read only DVDs iv., once recorde initially, you cannot write on ig
@) DVD-R (DVD-Recordable). DVD-R similar to CD-R’'s allow users to write on the disc
once but read it many times.
©) DVD-RW (DVD-Rewritable). Most writable DVD drives are DVD-RW You can eras,
and read many times on them,
4. Flash Memory
A flash drive isa small, ultr:
portable storage device with a ‘solid state’ memory i.e, it has no
deen Patts unlike magnetic storage devices, nor does it make use of lasers — unlike optics,
drives. Instead, it wor milar way to RAM. The key difference is that data is retained in
Flash memory even when the power is switched off. They are now fairly inexpensive, costing from
&250/- upwards. Typical sizes range from 256 Mbytes up to 128 GB and beyond.
5. Blu Ray Disk
Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses
are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same dimensions as a stander
DVD or CD. While current optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD+R, DVD = RW, ang
DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser
instead, hence the name Blu-ray. The benefit of using a blue-violet laser (405 nm) is that it has «
shorter wavelength than a red laser (650 nm), which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with
even greater precision. This allows data to be packed more tightly and stored in less space, so it’s
Possible to fit more data on the disc even though it’s the same size as a CD/DVD. Blu Ray disks of
today are capable of storing upto 128 GB of data.
1.2.8 The System Bus
The system bus (or the bus) is an electronic pathway composed of connecting cables and that
connects the major components of a computer system. Through system bus, data and instructions
are passed among the computer system components.
© The data carrying part of system bus is called data bus.
© The control instruction carrying part of system bus is called control bus.
© The memory address carrying part of system bus is called Address bus.
© A separate type of bus called I/O Bus connects the Input, Output and other external
devices to the system.
1.3. MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
Modern mobile system are tiny computers in your hand. Although they have less computing
power compared to their bigger versions, they handle diverse type of applications such as
making calls through radio signals, offering camera utilities, handling touch sensitive screen,
display audio/video/graphical content but having little battery based power etc.
Thus, the system organization of a mobile system has components to handle all these. The block
diagram of a mobile system is as shown in Fig. 1.4. Chopter
9
| 1 Processor)
[ Keyooora | | Display scraen |
Processing Unit)
Power Management
tu F Transceiver : 1
x 4 aru crppicaton |} | storage
| | communications: Processing Unit) |,
sm | \ | “processor 1
Radio Signal 1 { isitat stonat 1 | { Externat |
hisraGonont iy Processor) pu (Graphic [1 || Stoen
}1 J
Baney |_| Baney | i aaa
Geel I Bas (coDEC ROM | [RAM
These days major
l moe] [osc
Memory components of a mobile
Same sted on
[case] ‘Audio Subsystem systern are integra
ak a single chip called
t } System on a Chip (SoC)
Mic Speaker
The SoC chips consume
less power compared to
Figure 1.4 Mobile System Organization. Saierahetatives:
Let us talk about these functional components of a mobile system one by one.
A mobile system’s CPU handles diverse types of applications but has a little power compared to
computers as mobile systems run on battery power.
|. Mobile Processor (Mobile CPU)
This is the brain of a smartphone. The CPU receives commands, makes instant calculations,
plays audio/video, stores information and sends signals throughout the device.
The CPU of a mobile system has majorly two sub-processor® types : (i) Communications
Processing Unit (ii) Applications Processing Unit (APU)
() Communications Processing Unit. [Mobile System I/O Unit] This subsystem is
responsible for making and receiving phone calls on a mobile handset. It has a digital
_ Signal processor that helps it work with RF Transceiver and the Audio subsystem.
© Radio Signal Management Unit is responsible for connecting SIM (which
provides a type of modem) to the base stations through radio signals. (3G/LTE/4G
based cellular networks).
(ii) Applications Processing Unit (APU). This subsystem is responsible for governing,
controlling, all types of operations taking, place on a mobile system by running various
types of mobile applications (apps).
In fact, major subsystems are like processors in themselves e.g., Radio Signal Management system can be termed as Radio
signal processor. 10 OMPUTER SCIENCE WATH PYTHON — y
as ich sensitive interface ang
This subsystem is responsible for providing display facilities, towel ‘
touch sensitive keyboards,
© Subsysterr sing, package and enable an
This subunit is designed to deliver a tightly bound image process! Se aage Signal Process¢
Mproved overall picture and video experience, I has an integrated Image Sip a
image stabilization, and other
Snsures things like instant image capture, high-resolution support, imag
onthancements,
Memor
~ memory to work. A mobile
tems,
Like its other counterparts, a mobile system also needs
memory is comprised of following vo types of memories
() RAM (Random Access Memory). It is the work memory of your eee eee
installed mobile apps, when run, are first loaded in the RAM and then execute 7 ia apps
remain in the RAM after you are no longer using them and then they are shifted to background
The more RAM you nave on a smartphone, the better the performance and faster the phone will
generally be. RAM does not store information once the device is turned off.
(#) ROM (Read Only memory). The ROM or Read Only Memory is a part of mobile system’s
internal storage and it is not accessible for users to write on and is thus referred to as Read Only
Memory. The ROM is basically Flash memory or technically EEPROM (electrically erasable and
Programmable read only memory).
This ROM part of a mobile system internal storage is where
‘operating system resides. It also has some preinstalled apps in RAM memory is volatile, it loses
this memory sections which cannot be deleted on users’ end its contents when you suiteh off
either. This is the reason why you don’t get full internal memory _ the device.
as advertised on the Box, because a part of it has been used to
NiO)
house operating system and other pre-installed apps.
rm
1.2
1. What are major functional components
of a mobile system ?
2 What is the role of Communication
Processor of a mobile system ?
3. How does a mobile system manage and
draw power ?
4. What is the role of display management
unit of a mobile system ?
5. How does memory of mobile function ?
6. How does the CPU of a mobile system
work ?
5. Storage
The external storage of a mobile system is also called
expandable storage. It comes in the form of SD cards, or
micro SD cards etc. It is the storage which can be removed
easily by you and can be used for storing pictures, music,
videos and the likes. To an extent, even the cloud storage
can also be categorized as external storage.
6. Power Management Subsystem (Battery)
This subsystem is responsible for providing power to a
mobile system. The mobile systems work on limited power
provided through an attached battery unit. This subsystem
has a battery management system that works with a battery
charger and a battery unit, and provides power to the
mobile system in required form. hopter 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM OvERVIEW 1
1.4 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
A computer system consists of hardware and software for its proper functioning,
srowe represents the physical and tangible components of the computer ée,, the components
that can be seen and touched. Input devices, output devices, CPU, hard disk, printer etc, are
examples of computer hardware
ve represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and
make the hardware run, Software can be classified broadly into lie categories.
1. System Software 2. Application Software
Following sections discuss system software and application software in details,
1.4.1 System Software
computer is mere a machine that knows nothing of itself. Rather it requires instructions for
each and everything it performs. These instructions are provided to it through software. The
software that controls internal computer operations (viz. reading data from input devices,
transmitting processed information to the output devices, checking system components, converting
data/instructions to computer understandable form etc.) is known as system software.
The system software can further be classified into tivo categories :
Bama
1. Operating System 2. Language Processor. The software that controls |
internal computer operations is
Let us discuss each one of these individually.
called System Software. |
1.4.1A Operating System
The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use
and secondary goal is to use computer hardware in an efficient manner. An operating system is
an important component of a computer system which controls all other components of the
computer system.
Major components of a computer system an
CHEE
1. The Hardware ‘An Operating System isa
2. The Operating System
program which acts as an
3. The Application program routines (compiler, linkers, areata bevadiri
database management systems, utility programs) patie 7
4, The Humanware (users)
where hardware provides the basic computing resources, the application program routines define the
ways in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users and the
Operating System controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
An operating system's major role is to execute a program. How an operating system executes a
program, is covered in chapter 4.
There are different types of operating systems available today to cater to varied type of
requirements. These are : Single user OS, Multiuser OS, Time sharing OS, Real time OS,
Multiprocessing OS, Distributed OS ete.
We are not discussing these operating systems types here as it is beyond the scope of the syllabus. 1.4.1B Language Processors
A language processor isa special type af a computer software that can translate he soutme code
fof the terms source code
into an object code or machine code Here you should know the meanings oft le
or object code
a programmer in a high level
neeode written by
>A souree code rofers to the progr pe
Programming language (HLL) siveh
> An object code refers to a code usually
that computer can understand casily and run
sin I
te or binary code, a language
Bs
t convert source codes into object
oftware Uh
" compiler and interpreter
assembler, ¢
So,
codes. There are three types of langtay
you can safely say that language processors ar
ss w ly languagy
© progr assembly language
) Assen This language processor converts the prog)
into machine language: .
(Interpreter. An interpreter is a type of system softw. ae
instructions written ina computer program line-by-line, unit by ieete snd woe
(iii) Compiler. A Compiler is another type of system software that translates and executes
instructions written in a computer program in one go
ion time) as now computer does not require
translated machine code runs fast (faster execution time) as now comp! '
eee ecco nun it.) unlike source code which requires conversion into
are that translates and executes
any type of convers
‘object/machine code before it can be executed. :
Chapter 4 (cection 4.3) discusses the working of compilers and interpreters in details.
1.4.2 Application Software 7
This type of software pertains to one specific application. For instance, a software that can
perform railway reservation functions cannot prepare result for a school.
These are the programs written by programmers to enable computer to perform a specific task
such as processing words, inventory control, handling calculations and figures, medical
accounting, financial accounting, result preparation, railway reservation, billing etc.
Application software can further be subdivided into four categories: [UWS SCIEN
1. Packages 2, Utilities ‘An Application Software is the|
set of programs necessary to]
3. Customised Software 4, Developer Tools eats
1.4.2 Packages specified application |
Only system software does not suffice for efficient use of computers because the system
software exists mostly for the benefit of the computer. Other programs i.c., the application
software are required to make the computer useful for people. Application software has been
written to do almost every task imaginable, from word processing to selecting a college to attend.
As applications may be numerous (from thousands to millions of them), it is not feasible to design
software for each one of them. Rather some general software are designed that may be used by
individual users in the manner it suits their needs and requirements. Such general-application
software are known as packages.
Some major and most common categories of general application software (packages) are
() Word Processing Software (ii) Spreadsheets
(iif) Database Management Systems _(iv) Desktop Publishing Software
(2) Graphics, multimedia, and presentation applications. we a
COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 13
14.28. Utilities
Utilities are those helpful prog
smooth functioning of the comput
ms that ensure the
EP
Utility programs or saniaaal
simply Utilities are meant to assist your computer. Some Unilities ate those application
utilities hel you backup data, some help re
outdated files oF recover data that has been aceide
|
1 the computer bY
ve programms that 3
ally
s nye the
information vou need, And some help you avoid virus
attacks or clean viruses, if any. In other words, the utility
programs perform house-keeping functions
febewping, functions |
Tike hacking up disk or scanning f
or arranging
performing, ho!
erased, Some make it easier to find and atr
cleaning view
Information ete
Iris an established truth that everything comes with certain pros and cons, Software also are nok
an exception to it. Utilities bridge the gaps by helping, to solve the problems and maximize your
computer's potential, Some important utiliti
i
are being discussed below.
Text Editor. This utility program is used for creating, editing text files.
2. Backup Utility, This utility program facilitates the backing-up of disk. Back-up means
duplicating the disk information so that in case of any damage or data-loss, this backed
up data may be used
Compression Utility. This utility program facilitates compression of files. Large files can
be compressed so that they take less storage area.
Disk Defragmentor. A file is fragmented when it becomes too large for your computer
to store in a single location on a disk. When this happens, your computer splits the file
up and stores it in pieces. You can use fragmented files, but it takes your computer
longer to access them.
. Disk Defragnentor utility program speeds up disk access by rearranging the files and
free space on your computer, so that files are stored in contiguous units and free space
is consolidated in one contiguous block.
5. Antivirus Software. This utility program ensures virus-free work environment. A computer
virus is a malicious computer program that disrupts normal functioning of a computer.
‘An antivirus software scans your disk for viruses and removes them, if any virus is
found. Moreover, some antivirus software remains present in memory all the time so
that they can detect the viruses (as soon as they occur) and counterattack them.
Application Software
Word processors,
Spreadsheets system Software Databases
Hardware
Grephic operating Presentation
jean ete tities
sofware SYM GPU, dicks, maven eottaaeal
printer, ete
Language Devic’
processors rivers
Figure 1.5 Working iieraichy i a computes. 14
1.4.2C Business Software
1, toa business requirements, This
of a business, For instance,
tware that can serve ity
lymade business s
This type of softw.
This type of software is specifically ereated software aceordin
type of software is developed to meet the general requirements
company wants to computerize its Accounts’ department and get
ese software, There are many £2
ee ixamples of these software are Invento
Management System (for managing inventory details of a company), Payroll system (for
handling payroll of a company’s employees), Financial Accounting, Hotel Management ang
Reservation System ete. Although there arv standard business software available in market, yet
some companies prefer getting customized (tailor ade) software as per their specific
requirements. However, such softwares cannot be directly installed at any other users
ser may differ from the first and the soft
ftware
needs. Such a software is bu:
These can cater to a variety of business +
workplace as the requirements of the second us
may not fit in the requirements of the new user
> Libraries
ams, they have a prewritten set of
1s develop software and progr
lable to do a variety of tasks, which they can use directly
When programmer
libraries. A software library is 2
code/functions, classes, scripts ete. avail:
in their code. These predefined sets of codes are called software
predefined and available to use, suite of data and programming code in the form of prewritten
code/functions/scripts/classes etc. that can be used in the development of new sof
programs and applications.
The software libraries combine codes/ functions / scripts / classes etc. on the basis of their
common domain. In order to use the rewritten functionality, a programmer needs to add that
me heavy mathematical work then
libraries to its code. For instance, if your software requires S01
you need not write the functions/code etc. for complex mathematical functions. Rather what
you need to do is that to include/import an available PER ARSTNT
math based software library in your program. Then BV cottwaral trary eT =faresenned and
you can use all the available functions and features available to use, suite of data and
of this library in your code without having to programming code in the form of prewritten
rewrite them. You can use a software library in a code / functions / scripts / classes etc. that
variety of projects. can be used in the development of new
software programs and applications.
st
Se
Os 3 For example, Python comes equipped with many software
libraries. Some of these are :
|. How, rftware be ified ? . .
Es coeheannnae software ° 1. NumPy (Numerical Python). It provides an abundance
wee as tue categories of system of useful features and functions for operations on
: . : numeric arrays and matrices in Python.
3. What is an operating system ? What is
its role ? 2, SeiPy (Scientific Python). SciPy contains modules for
4. What is application software ? What are linear algebra, optimization, integration, and statistics.
the three categories of application 3, Panda Library. Pandas is a Python package designed
See | to do work with “labeled” and “relational” data. It is
5. Differentiate between a compiler and designed for quick and easy data manipulation
interpreter. . . Poems
Pe aggregation, and visualization.
6. What is utility software ? ont a ; «this chapter. Let us
7. What are software libraries? How are ith this we have come to the end of this chapter.
quickly revise what we have learnt so far.
they useful to programmers ? 15
Let Us REVISE
Computers ean deliver performance because of an efficlent combination of hardware and software
While hantware refers to physical electronic components of a computer, software represent the recorded
nstructionvsofiviare that govern Hts operation,
Computer organization refers (© logical structure of @ computer describing their interconnections and work
Jependency
dep
ents of a computer include : input unit, CPU, Memory, Storage Unit, Output Unit.
The functional compone
for obtaining input from user and converting it to digital form.
The Input unit is responsible
‘The CPU (Central Processing Unit) processt
ALU, Control Unit and Registers.
responsible for carrying out arithmetic operations and logic operations (¢.9-»
1es the received input as per a set of instructions and produces output.
