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OSI Model Explanation

The OSI Model is a framework that standardizes networking protocols into seven layers, each with specific functions ranging from the Physical Layer, which transmits raw bits, to the Application Layer, which provides services directly to users. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and examples, such as TCP and IP for the Transport and Network layers, respectively. The model illustrates how data is processed and transmitted across a network, exemplified by the steps involved in sending an email.

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1 views3 pages

OSI Model Explanation

The OSI Model is a framework that standardizes networking protocols into seven layers, each with specific functions ranging from the Physical Layer, which transmits raw bits, to the Application Layer, which provides services directly to users. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and examples, such as TCP and IP for the Transport and Network layers, respectively. The model illustrates how data is processed and transmitted across a network, exemplified by the steps involved in sending an email.

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dmovie020
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OSI Model Explanation

Overview

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize how

different networking protocols interact in a network. It divides the communication system into seven distinct layers, each

with a specific function.

1. Physical Layer

Function: Transmits raw bits (0s and 1s) over a physical medium.

Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, radio frequencies.

Key Devices: Hubs, Repeaters, Cables.

Working: Converts digital data into electrical/optical signals and transmits them. No interpretation of data.

2. Data Link Layer

Function: Provides error detection, flow control, and framing.

Divided into:

- MAC (Media Access Control): Controls how devices access the medium.

- LLC (Logical Link Control): Error and frame synchronization.

Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), PPP, Switches.

Working: Ensures a reliable link between two directly connected nodes by packaging bits into frames.

3. Network Layer

Function: Handles logical addressing and path selection (routing).

Key Concepts: IP addressing, routing, fragmentation.

Examples: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, Routers.

Working: Determines the best path for data from source to destination and forwards packets accordingly.

4. Transport Layer

Function: Ensures reliable delivery of messages between devices.

Key Protocols:
OSI Model Explanation

- TCP (Reliable, connection-oriented)

- UDP (Unreliable, connectionless)

Responsibilities: Segmentation, reassembly, error recovery, and flow control.

Working: Breaks data into segments, assigns sequence numbers, manages retransmission of lost packets.

5. Session Layer

Function: Manages sessions or connections between applications.

Examples: APIs, RPC, NetBIOS.

Responsibilities: Session establishment, maintenance, and termination.

Working: Coordinates dialogue between two systems; ensures the session is maintained and synchronized.

6. Presentation Layer

Function: Translates data between the application and the network.

Key Roles:

- Data translation (syntax/semantics)

- Data compression

- Encryption/decryption

Examples: SSL/TLS, JPEG, MPEG, ASCII.

Working: Converts data into a format understandable by the application (e.g., encoding/decoding).

7. Application Layer

Function: Provides network services directly to the user or application.

Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, POP3.

Responsibilities: File transfers, email, remote login, etc.

Working: The user interacts with applications that make use of protocols defined in this layer.

OSI Model Working Example

Example: Sending an Email

1. Application Layer: You write and send an email (via SMTP).


OSI Model Explanation

2. Presentation Layer: The email text is converted into ASCII, encrypted if needed.

3. Session Layer: A session is created between your email client and the server.

4. Transport Layer: Data is broken into segments, TCP ensures reliable delivery.

5. Network Layer: IP adds logical addressing and routes packets.

6. Data Link Layer: Frames are created with MAC addresses and error checking.

7. Physical Layer: Bits are sent over the wire or air to the destination.

When received, the layers work in reverse (from Physical up to Application).

Summary Table

Layer | Function | Protocols/Examples

7 - Application | End-user services | HTTP, FTP, SMTP

6 - Presentation | Data format, encryption | SSL/TLS, JPEG

5 - Session | Session management | NetBIOS, RPC

4 - Transport | Reliable transmission | TCP, UDP

3 - Network | Logical addressing, routing | IP, ICMP

2 - Data Link | Framing, MAC addressing | Ethernet, PPP

1 - Physical | Transmission of bits | Cables, Hubs

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