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Pak study Final

Topic 1: Emergence of Pakistan and Initial Problems
The emergence of Pakistan, after a long and arduous freedom movement, was infect a great
victory of the democratic idea of life. The Indian Muslims happily and valiantly laid down
their lives and properties to achieve a destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their
dreams of living an independent life free from Hindu or British dominance. Quaid-e-Azam on
15th August, 1947 said:
"My thoughts are with those valiant fighters in our cause who readily sacrificed all they had,
including their lives, to make Pakistan possible."

Initial difficulties of Pakistan

From its very inception, Pakistan faced a large number of problems. Some of the initial
difficulties were:
1. Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to form a Government
and to establish a secretariat, Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam
took the office of the Governor General, Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister
and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected. Arrangements were to be made to bring
the officials who had opted for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi.
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
A boundary commission was set up under a British Chairman, Sir Cyril Redcliff. He misused
his powers and handed over Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur, Ferozpur, and Jullundur
to India hence providing them a gateway to Kashmir. Quaid-e-Azam called it:
"An unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award."
3. The Massacre of Muslim Refugees in India
On the birth of Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs became more furious. In a planned move, Muslim
properties were set on fire and they were compelled to leave Bharat for Pakistan with
nothing but their lives. Millions of refugees were killed before they reached Pakistan. Many
migrants were looted and had to be provided boarding immediately as they reached
Pakistan.
4. Division of Military and Financial Assets
In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India did a lot of dishonesty in the matters of
Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750
million but the Bharat Government refused to give Pakistan received only 200 million
Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets. This dishonest attitude put
Pakistan into great difficulties.

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5. Canal Water Dispute

Most of the river flowing in Pakistan has their origin in India. In 1948, India stopped water
supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani agriculture. However on 9th September,
1960 on agreement called "Indus Basin Treaty" was signed between the two countries.
6. Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem. Kashmir is the natural part of
Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of the Kashmir's total population was Muslim.
The Hindu Dogra rule, who was secretly with the Government of India declared Kashmir as a
part of India. Pakistan has continuously insisted that Kashmir must get their right of self-
determination but due to non-cooperation of India, Kashmir issue still remain unsolved.
7. Constitutional Problem
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years. Lack of a
permanent constitution created chances of unscrupulous interference in democratic
progress of Pakistan.
8. Annexation of Princely States
All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either of dominions. However,
the fate of following states remained undecided.
 Junagadh
The Muslim Nawab governing Junagadh favored in acceding to Pakistan. But Indian
Government sent Army troops towards Junagadh and occupied the state by force in
November, 1947.
 Hyderabad Deccan
Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest state ruled by Muslim ruler Nezam who
decided to remain independent. But pressure tactics began to be applied by Indian
Government and Mount Batten India attacked Hyderabad on 13th September 1948 and
forcibly annexed this state to India.
9. Electricity Problem
Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to Bharat and unfair demarcation, electricity
system of West Punjab was disrupted, because all power stations were at Mundi, a
predominantly Muslim majority area, gifted to Bharat but Quaid-e-Azam said:
"If we are to exist as a nation, we will have to face the problems with determination and
force."
CONCLUSION
Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavorable circumstances It had
no resources, it had no resources, it had to build up its administrative machinery from a
scratch. But Supreme efforts were made by the Quaid-e-Azam and his colleagues to grapple

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with the situation His golden principles "Unity" "Faith" and "Discipline" gave way to Pakistan
for a bright future of a strong and well developed country. In his last message to the nation
on 14th August 1948, he told the nation:
"The foundation of your state has been laid and it is now for you to build and build as
quickly and as you can."

Topic 2: Democracy
Democracy is a Greek word ‘Demos – people and Krato’s – power’, which means ‘Rule by
the People ‘.
It is a form of government in which the government is run by the majority. In a democratic
government, the supreme power of state is vested on the people and exercised directly by
them or by their elected representatives.
Memorable phrase of Abraham Lincoln:
Who was the 16th President of USA stated that:
‘Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Importance of democracy:
Democracy is important because it provides all the citizens some basic rights through which
they can give their opinion. It is known as the ‘rule of majority’. The power cannot be
inherited in democracy. People elect their leaders. Representatives stand in an election and
the citizen’s vote for their representative. The representative with most number of votes
gets the power.

Democracy in Pakistan:
Pakistan constitutionally is a democratic parliamentary republic with its political system
based on an elected form of governance Pakistan is one of the youngest democrats in the
world. But unfortunately, the plant of democracy in Pakistan has not taken its roots deep
enough to make the country a true democratic state! Since the birth in 1947, Pakistani
founders has choose a democratic form of government to run the country, but it was on and
off. It’s a rotation between marshal law and democracy and unfortunately the longest/
continuous tenures were of establishment not democratic i-e General Ayub Khan, General
Zia ul Haq, and General Musharraf almost 30 years.

Factors responsible for success of democracy:

There are some important factors which are responsible for the success of the process of
democracy:
1. Election:
The fundamental basis of democracy. The elections must be fair and clear.
2. Political freedom:

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For the success of democracy the freedom of speech expression and associations are more
essential factors.
3. Education:
Without education, there can be no democracy. In the absence of educated mass,
democracy is considered as a farce.

Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan:

There are number of reasons behind it. Some of them are:
❖ Feudalism (feudal society).
❖ Lack of education.
 Corrupt political leaders.
❖ Inherited politics.
❖ Manipulation of election process.
❖ Illiterate and apathetic people.
1. Feudalism (feudal society):
Pakistan came back to democracy only because of international pressure. For Pakistan,
democracy doesn’t suit the larger part of population as historically. Feudalism is the basic
reason that leads towards the failure of democracy because this is the feudalism that
actually provokes the situation. Almost 70% of Pakistan leading life in a feudal system and
rural traditions. These feudal lords, when see that things are slipping out of their hands,
they rig the election process and don’t let a deserving person come in power.
2. Lack of education:
Unless the people are educated, democracy can never prosper and run slowly in the
country. One of the reasons of constitution’s weakness in Pakistan is vast uneducated
electorate. Aristotle has rightly remarked:
“To neglect the education of young ones, is to weaken the constitution of the country”.
Democracy is a function of education. It cannot be managed effectively without sound
education of voters and their high level of information. Education standards were destroyed
and now we see a lot of degrees and less educated people. Democracy is a system of
government, in which public has the main power. How can an illiterate person, who’s totally
unaware of this power, can choose a right leader? And we’ve masses of illiterate people
42%.
3. Corrupt political leaders:
In many democratic countries, the political leaders, officers, tend to be corrupt, dishonest
and inefficient. They ask for the bribe. This result in the lack of trust of citizens. This affect

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the working of democracy in the country very badly. So, in my opinion, reasons of poor
performance of democratic government is the corrupt political leaders, establishment and
corruption with variable intensity.
Recommendations / remedies:
Every problem has its solution so same is the case in this problem. The problem of failure of
democracy can be solved, if some steps are taken. Some recommendations are as follows
for the betterment of democracy in Pakistan:
 First of all, get rid of feudalism to conduct fair and free elections and the people can
elect their representatives for their welfare.
 Secondly, the free atmosphere should be provided to the judiciary for the
implementation of rule of law and to stop all illegal orders.
 The constitution must be supreme in every situation and circumstance.
 Election commission should be independent to conduct fair elections.
 Political parties should have well-developed ideology and they must expand their
network.
 Youth is the most important part of any society so they should join political parties after
academic education because these are political parties that work for the betterment of
democracy.
 Youth should register their votes and they must take part in the elections.
 The only way of making democracy work in Pakistan is educating people.
Conclusion:
The experience of democracy is bad for Pakistan due to many reasons like, weak political
parties, martial laws, manipulation of elections, lack of constitutionalism, lack of rule of law
etc.
Our problems can be solved easily if our leaders are right and want to serve the nation
without personal needs and who have the right knowledge and commitment. So, in my
opinion if democracy bring the same elite class in power who are only interested in gaining
their own interests, then for me, this is failed system not for Pakistan only but for all
countries struggling.

Topic 3: Debacle of East Pakistan

What was East Pakistan and where did it go?
East Pakistan was the (Eastern-Part) of Pakistan, Which was significantly, strategically &
agriculturally very important.
It was separated from Pakistan in 1971 that resulted in Bangladesh.
Causes of Separation
1. Geographical Distance:

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The distance between East & West Pakistan was (1600kms). And it took 7 DAYS to reach
there by sea and approx. (2 days) by flight.
2. Language Issue:
Both wings spoke different languages as, "East Pakistan spoke Bengali while "West Pakistan
spoke Urdu.
3. Economic Backwardness:
 No Development in East Pakistan (Health, Edu, Infrastructure).

 East Pakistani's were worker as west were investors.

 All the loans had gone towards prosperity of West Pakistan.

 All the Dictators were from West Pakistan, so, they focused west.

 East Pakistan was totally neglected due to Martial Laws.

 Because of this people were not able to live a slandered life and they felt deprivation.

4. Political Issue
Elections:
Fair elections were conducted by Gen. Yahiya Khan, In elections two parties were most
prominent. One belonged to Mr.Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (PPP) from West & other belonged to Mr
Sheikh Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman (Awami League) from East.
Result of Election:
 88/144 seats were won by PPP

 167/169 Seats were won by Awami party

So the governance clearly belonged to Awami League. But Mr.Shiekh Mujeeb proposed that
the dictator will not be the president and the president will be of our own but GEN Yahiya
khan wanted to be the President. So, Mr. Bhutto proposed that I will be the PM and Gen
Yahiya will be the president and no one will question us.
War:
As because of injustice of election many protest were starting to occur in East Pakistan. So,
Mr. Bhutto proposed to start military action in East Pakistan, killing (20,000) people. This
created uncertainty in East Pakistan and civil war broke out,
 People had stopped paying taxes.

 People had stopped going to offices.

 There were bloodshed, strikes & marches each day.

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As a result people felt that they want independence so a liberation force MUKTI BAHENI
emerged.
Engagement with India
Seeing the disturbance in East Pakistan India took advantage and combined with MUKTI
BAHENI they fought a war of 1971 against Pakistan. Pakistan has lost that war because of
too much distance of East Pakistan Also China cannot came to help because of heavy snow
of mountains. Pakistan has surrendered to India losing the battle of 1971 against India. In
this way The Bengal (East Pakistan) was separated.
East Pakistan Now
 East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh.

 Bangladesh's First PM was Sheikh Mujeeb.

 Capital of Bangladesh became Dhaka.

 Currency of Bangladesh become Takka.

 Language Became Bengali.

Topic: 5 The Constitution of 1973

Background:
After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic
constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972 the National Assembly constituted a
committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the
draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on
20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that it was discussed and debated
n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his
assent on 12th April 1973. Finally the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973.
Consequently the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According
to the Constitution of 1973 Mr. Z.A. Bhutto look over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr.
Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.
Salient Features of 1973 Constitution:
The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and
1962. It has the following salient features.
1. Written Constitution
Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962 the Constitution of 1973 is a written
document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.
2. Introductory and the Objectives Resolution

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It commences with an introductory which slates the Islam shall be state religion. The
principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made substantive
part of the constitution.
3. Islamic System
The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented
Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.
4. Rigid Constitution
It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make
amendments in it. Two-third majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.
5. Federal System
The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of
Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal
Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament).
6. Parliamentary form of Government
The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime
minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora
(Parliamentary). He is elected on direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a
cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conducts the affairs of
the country. According to 1973 Constitution the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.
7. Bicameral Legislature
The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The
Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly.
The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this
number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been
raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of legislature.
8. Direct Method of Election
The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National
Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.
9. Fundamental Rights
The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.
Security of person, Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention, Prohibition of slavery
and forced labor, Freedom of movement, Freedom of assembly, Freedom of association,
Freedom of business, Freedom of speech, Freedom of profess religion, Right to hold
property, Equality before law, Right to preserve language, script and culture and Safeguard
against discrimination in services.
10. Principles of Policy

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The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:

 Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.

 The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.

 The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.

 Social justice shall be promoted.

 Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.

11. Independence of Judiciary

The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full
job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be
removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the
Supreme Judicial Council. In addition the Judges are paid respectable salaries.
12. National Language
The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan, However
English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly regional languages
have been provided full protection.
13. Single Citizenship
The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to
this principle the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution
only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.
14. Rule of Law
The 1973 Constitution establishes rule of law in Pakistan. According to rule of law no person
can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan. are equal before law.
15. High Treason
According to the Constitution of 1973 the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the
Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.
16. Referendum
The Constitution of 1973 has authorized the President to hold Referendum on any national
issue. Similarly the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold referendum on any
important national issue
Islamic provisions of Constitution of 1973:
Background:
On 7th April, 1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a committee to prepare a
draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan. A bill to provide a constitution was

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introduced by the committee in the Assembly on February 2, 1973. The Assembly passed
the bill on 19th April, 1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.
The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic
Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.
Provisions:
The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of Holy
Quran and Sunnah.
1. Name of state:
Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall be known as "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".
2. State religion:
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
3. Sovereignty Belongs to Allah:
Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the authority bestowed
by him on men is a sacred trust which the people of Pakistan will exercise with the limits
prescribed by Quran and Sunnah.
4. Definition of a Muslim:
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who believes in Tauheed or
Oneness of Allah, and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last
prophet of Allah has described as a Muslim.
5. A Muslim to be a President and Prime Minister:
The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected president and Prime Minister
of Pakistan. Non non-Muslim could hold these offices,
6. Islamic way of life:
Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with
the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
7. Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils:
The State shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and eradication of social
evils and shall prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of injurious drugs, printing,
publication, circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.
8. Teachings of Holy Quran:
The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory to
encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
9. Strengthen Bond with Muslim World:

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The state shall endeavor to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in order
to promote Islamic unity.
10. Council of Islamic Ideology:
There is a council of Islamic Ideology which shall guide the government in respect of Islamic
teachings, their implementation and propagation. Its chairman and members are appointed
by President. Although its advice is not binding on the government yet it is not easy for any
government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding any law.
11. Error Free Publication of Quran:
The government shall endeavor to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the
Holy Quran.
12. Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology:
The federal and Provincial Ministers, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National and
Provincial Assemblies, the chairman of the Senate and the Governors and Chief Ministers of
the Provinces also take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.
13. Ahmadi’s A Non-Muslim Minority:
According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani group or the Lahori
group who call themselves "Ahmadi's" were declared as Non-Muslim minority.
CONCLUSION
The 1973 constitution enlisted the main principles of State Policy Maximum efforts were
made to improve the character of this constitution. Like other constitutions, 1973
constitution of Pakistan also provides for the protection, propagation and enforcement of
Islamic Ideology.

Topic: 6 Pakistan geostrategic, geo-political and geo-economic importance:

Pakistan is located in South Asia having an area of about 796096 sq kms. The geography of
Pakistan is a profound blond of landscapes varying from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and
plateaus ranging from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountain of
Karakoram Range in the north. Administratively, the state of Pakistan consists of four
provinces, previous FATA, PATA, and FANA. The capital territory is Islamabad having area of
906 kms. Along with that Baluchistan having an area of 347190 kms with 6 divisions and 32
districts is the biggest province area-vice, Punjab having an area of 205345 kms 9 divisions
and 36 districts, Sindh covers an area of 140914 kms having 6 divisions and 29 districts,
while K.P.K is having area of 74521 kms 7 divisions and 26 districts. FATA consists of 7
agencies and 6 frontiers regions having an area of 27220 kms (which is equal to the area of
Belgium). The area of northern areas is not included in that. Pakistan is blessed with her
own mountains, Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindukush and Koh-Suleiman etc. Some of the
highest peaks like K2 with the height of 8611 meters, Nanga Perbat, Kakapos and Tirech Mir
etc. Famous glaciers are Siachen, Baltoro, and Batora etc. Famous mountain passes are

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Khyber Pass, Tochi pass, Gomal pass, Bolan Pass, Lowari pass and Khunjrab pass etc.
Important rivers include, one of the mightiest river Indus (2000 miles), Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi, Sutlej, Bras etc. Great lakes are Machar, Keenjhar, Hanna, and Saif-ul- Maluk, Sat Para
and Kachura etc. Important deserts are Thar, Thal, Cholistan and Kharan etc. Fertilized
valleys, clays, sea and warm water. Irrigation system is the best in the world and Indus valley
is the most fertilized valley in the world. KPK is the biggest electricity producer, Punjab is
regarded as Anaj-Ghar (Food house). Similarly, Sindh is the hub of economic activities while
Baluchistan is regarded as basket of fruits. Pakistan shares about 5300 kms land border with
India, China, Afghanistan and Iran. For example, Duran line (2250 kms), India Border (650
kms), Iran (800 kms) and China (600 kms).
Pakistan geostrategic importance
Pakistan lies geographically on a cross road by connecting south Asia, Central Asia and West
Asia. For example, the warm water of Arabian Sea connects Pakistan with the Persian Gulf
and oil producing Arab states. The Northern Mountains ranges serves as natural defense
system and as well as act as climate change agents to prepare clouds and produce rain all
over Pakistan. Indus River serves as the water house for whole territory of Pakistan, which is
one of the mightiest rivers of the world. Similarly, the coastal areas of Pakistan from Pesni to
Jiwani and Runn of Kuteh is 1046 kms long border which connects Gawadar and Port Qasim
both during peace or war, for carrying the trade activities or military operations, the land,
airports, seaports and airspace of Pakistan can play an effective role in the region.
Pakistan geo-political importance
The geopolitical importance of Pakistan is also undeniable, where Pakistan is located India,
China, Iran Afghanistan, Russia, Arab countries and Tajikistan etc. They're perusing their
political agenda which directly or indirectly involves Pakistan. The regional and global
polities e.g. Afghan Jihad against Soviet Union the geo-political importance of Pakistan
recognized worldwide. Similarly, today the legacy of Pan-Islamism and her role as a front-
line state against terrorism too added a new dimension to the geopolitical importance.
Pakistan geo-economic importance
Globalization adds new dimension to the world's economies and Pakistan is blessed with
valuable natural resources and man power. For example, Afghanistan is a land locked
country that's why the Afghan transit trade is being carried out through Pakistan. So, once
the Afghan problem is resolved on permanent basic, the central Asian states would prefer
definitely Pakistan seaports for their import/export between Iranian ports as compared to
Pakistani ports are 1000 kms away to the central Asian lands, while, the exclusive economic
zone of Pak-Iran is 200 pipeline project and the Pak-Iran-India gas pipeline project would
further boost up the relations economically so, all these factors contribute to the geo-
economic importance of Pakistan.

Topic 6: Foreign policy, determinants, opportunities and challenges

of Pakistan’s foreign policy in 21st century

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What is foreign policy?

Foreign policy it can be defined as; "the general plan/policy of a state/country with other
counties/states by establishing relation is known as the foreign policy of that country".
It is also defined as; “the doctrine that establishes relations between sovereign (free and
independent) states based on some bilateral principles and preferences is known as foreign
policy”.
Actually, in now-a-days every state has his/her own foreign policy (America, Pakistan etc.)
example today the world is more like a global village where no one is self-sufficient (there's
no such state in any perspective i.e. religion, economic, etc.). Pakistan-China, Islamic
countries (Turkey, Iran and Arabian states of Islam). Turkey-Pakistan also because of the
preferences, but India-Pakistan relations are not good because of some reasons, Israel
because believe vice because what they're doing in Palestine and Jews (Punishing Muslims).
Similarly, every state is doing the same. Every state has to establish its relations with other
countries. So, Pakistan is facing so many challenges today among them foreign policy is the
most important one like it was in the previous decades, So, in this regard Pakistan has taken
many initiatives to make our neighborhood peaceful and to promote regional connectivity
and to create condition of economic developments that benefits the people of Pakistan. For
example, in this regard Pakistan has to revive dialogue with India, restoration of peace in
Afghanistan by brining Taliban to the negotiating table, to act upon the UN charter by
establishing strong relations with neighbors, Muslim Ummah (because of the ideology of
Pakistan) and super powers.
So, regarding the foreign policy the Quaid-e-Azam in 1948 in his speech defined that our
foreign policy is friendly and good will towards all nations of the world. We don't cherish
aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and
faithfulness in national and international dealings and are prepared to make out utmost
contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among all the nations of the world
we believe in fair play and balanced. Pakistan will support depressed and oppressed states
in the UN Charter (Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, and Palestine).

Determinants (aims and objectives) of Pakistan’s foreign policy:

1. Protection of freedom and sovereignty:
The foremost objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is to protect Pakistan's freedom and
sovereignty because Pakistan is a sovereign state and doesn't allow anyone to harm its
freedom. (Army, Navy, Air-force, ISI, Police, etc.)
2. To establish cordial/brotherly relations with Muslim countries:
Second aim was to establish Cordial/Brotherly relations with Muslim Ummah by actively
engaging in issues consisting (Afghanistan, Kashmir, Palestine and Syria). To highlight their
issues.
3. Non-interference in internal affairs of other states:

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Pakistan has the policy to not interference in the internal affairs of the other counties based
on non-use of force and sovereignty paradigm. In this regard, Pakistan always support
disbarment for the purpose of global peace.
4. Member of different international organizations:
Since its inception, Pakistan has become the member of different international
organizations e.g. British Commonwealth, N.A.M, E.C.O, S.A.A.R.C, A.S.E.Α.Ν, U.N.O, O.I.C
and D-eight etc. To promote regional cooperation, peace and unity in the world.
5. Implementation of un-charter:
One aim of Pakistan's foreign policy is to act upon the UN charter and to support all actions
by the UN to implement it accordingly.
6. Promotion of world's peace:
Pakistan want to promote peace and stability in the world and has no aggressive desires
against any other country. Under this idea, Pakistan wants that disputes should be settled
through negotiations rather than battlefield.
7. Policy of non-alignment:
Pakistan has also the policy to keep always from the alignment with any kind of super power
and in any matter to avoid confusion and negativity.
8. Support right of self-determination:
Pakistan has expressed support for the right of self-determination in various contexts. The
country has been vocal about the right of the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine
their own political future. Pakistan believes that the Kashmiri people should have the
opportunity to exercise their right to self-determination as enshrined in United Nations
resolutions.
9. Condemn racial discrimination in the world:
Pakistan is committed to condemning racial discrimination in the world. The country
believes in promoting equality, respect, and justice for all individuals, regardless of their
racial background. Pakistan has taken steps to address racial discrimination within its own
borders and has expressed its support for global efforts to combat racism and discrimination
in all forms.
10. Minimum credible deterrence:
Pakistan has adopted the policy of minimum credible deterrence. Pakistan believes that
possessing a credible deterrent is essential for maintaining peace and stability in the region.
The aim is to discourage any hostile actions while avoiding an arms race or unnecessary
escalation of conflict.
11. De-weaponization:

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Pakistan recognizes the importance of reducing weapons and promoting peaceful

resolutions to conflicts.

Challenges to Pakistan’s foreign policy in 21st century:

1. Pakistan's nuclear program:
The most important challenged faced by Pakistan's foreign policy is the nuclear capability
because Pakistan is the only state in Muslim world having nuclear power and US was against
it from the very beginning due to ideological difference and didn't bother India in this
regard.
2. Anti - terrorism movement:
After 9/11 the Pakistan government was under pressure to cooperate with the US and
become alloy of the NATO led forces in this war, but on the other hand, they declared
Pakistan as a terrorist state.
3. Economy of Pakistan:
When Pakistan after 9/11 joined the NATO allied so the basic purpose of joining this was to
economically stabilize Pakistan, Musharraf agreed to cooperate because in 1970s era
Pakistan economy was in bad shape, because of this the economy of Pakistan is stabilized. In
this era USA gave Pakistan $12 Billion US dollars because of this decision of joining the NATO
led alliance the Pakistan economy benefited.
4. India us strategic alliance:
Is the most notable challenge to Pakistan's foreign policy to counter the China's rise in this
region, in response Pakistan realigned itself from the US keeping in view his own national
interests, so India will make a choice to either peacefully co-exist with their neighbors or
face a nuclear war, so Pakistan have to exercise its foreign policy independently irrespective
of US bullying.
5. Islamic military alliance (41 states) I.M.A:
Pakistan is a victim of the illusion that by joining the military alliance made in the Middle
East against terrorism. However, it is now realized that it was beguiled into alliance through
its Ex-army chief who was made commander of the alliance to spill over sectarianism into
Pakistan. And also, the slogan that we are going to fight against terrorism, but Yemen even
it's a Muslim state but still having issue there and they haven't included Iran in this alliance.
6. Do more dilemma:
It is another illusion that the US led coalition every time demanded and raised the slogan of
do more dilemma for war on terror and even Donald Trump signed as the part of the
problem not as the part of solution.
7. Cross - border terrorism:

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It is also a challenge in 21st century in the east and western border India and Afghanistan
also allegation terrorism that enhances tension.

8. Increasing volatility of India with U.S.A:

The relations of India with USA is establishing more and more stable with the passage of
time.
9. Security threats to CPEC:
Another challenge in 21st century, as you know CPEC is a multi-faceted project which will
bring prosperity and development in the region and to the world economy, but there are
many security threats to CPEC from the USA, India and other nations who are willing to
destroy this project.
10. Civil military relations:
After joining the Islamic Military Etihad, Pakistan relations with Iran is worsen on the
diplomatic side and now facing heat if the blunder. Therefore, Pakistan need to learn about
their role and size and not to disturb ties with other states.

Opportunities to Pakistan’s foreign policy:

In the current regional and global context, there are different opportunities to flourish and
boost our economy by setting goals on different dimensions and interest.
1. Economic benefits:
The 9/11 events contributed toward the improvement in economy, which was in worst
conditions during 1990s due to sanctions imposed on Pakistan by USA, Europe, Japan, etc.
After becoming alloy in war on terror sanctions were lifted by US and other counties and US
decided to give $12 Billion relief package.
2. Geostrategic location:
The geostrategic location of Pakistan forces US to take dramatic turn in its policies towards
Pakistan because of Afghanistan war on terror. Then due to Gwadar port Pakistan can get
economic benefits from China as well as other parts of the world.
3. From unipolar to multi-polarism:
World is definitely moving from unilateralism and unipolar to multipolar system after US
attack on Iraq, so Pakistan due to past experiences with US, gradually lower its dependence
on Washington D.C.
4. Improvement of economic relations with European Union:
After 9/11 economic and political relations of Pakistan flourished with European Union e.g.
E.U approved 71 million Euros and mainly helped in governance and accountability in
educational sector and textile.

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5. Regional cooperation:
Relations with Russia has improved after 9/11 and with China day by day are becoming
more stable, but the relations with India remains bad, but the S.A.A.R.C will make it effective
with the passage of time, however this depends on the behavior and attitude of India.
6. Relations with Muslim countries:
Similarly, after 9/11 the whole world blamed Muslims for terrorism that is why Pakistan has
to revive its policy. So, these relations of Pakistan with the Islamic world have revived and
after that Pakistan revived its relation with different aspect by helping people, building
infrastructure, baking, media, health, education.
7. Pak china prospects:
With the rise of China the dynamics of international politics are changing and with the
initiative of CPEC project, Pakistan is set itself on a road to economic development and
stability.
8. Pak - Iran relationship:
Will further strengthen the bonds by mutual cooperation as Iran shows interest in joining
the CPEC project and India-Iran pipeline.
9. Agreement on afghan issues:
Pakistan, China, and Russia agree on efforts for foster remove Afghan issue peacefully,
which will provide chances to Pakistan to boost relations with Russia by pulling out US from
the region.
10. Pak-India prospects:
Pakistan India relations is a major challenge to Pakistan's foreign policy, so foreign policy
pundits need to formulate its policy according to the changing regional atmosphere with
India on national interest e.g. T.A.P.I pipeline project etc.
So, the policy makers of Pakistan have to review its foreign policy based on national
interests and regional scenarios because father of our nation wanted to make our nation
wanted to make our nation an economically and tolerant state free from all kinds of
discriminations and to revive as a role model for the Islamic world, so based on the national
consensus foreign policy should be formulated without having any influence of super
powers.

JIYA NOTES