Mountaineering

✓ Mountaineering is the sport, activity, or profession of climbing mountains, often involving

hiking, rock climbing, and ice climbing.
✓ It requires physical endurance, technical skills, and knowledge of navigation, weather, and
safety techniques.
✓ Mountaineering can be done for adventure, exploration, scientific research, or personal
achievement.

History of Mountaineering
• 1492 – First Recorded Ascent of Mont Aiguille
➢ French climber Antoine de Ville was ordered by King Charles VIII to climb Mont
Aiguille, a sheer rock formation in France. This marked one of the first recorded
technical climbs, though it was done for exploration rather than sport.
• 1760 – Saussure’s Mont Blanc Challenge
➢ Swiss scientist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure offered a reward to anyone who could
climb Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps. This encouraged many attempts
and spurred interest in mountaineering.
• 1786 – First Successful Ascent of Mont Blanc
➢ Frenchmen Jacques Balmat and Michel Paccard became the first to reach the
summit of Mont Blanc. This climb is considered the birth of modern
mountaineering, as it was done with scientific curiosity and personal ambition.
• 1857 – Founding of the Alpine Club
➢ The Alpine Club in London became the world’s first mountaineering club, bringing
together climbers to share knowledge, plan expeditions, and set standards for the
sport.
• 1865 – First Ascent of the Matterhorn
➢ Edward Whymper and his team successfully climbed the Matterhorn, a dangerous
peak in the Alps. However, four climbers fell to their deaths on the descent,
highlighting the dangers of mountaineering.
• 1950 – First Ascent of an 8,000-Meter Peak (Annapurna)
➢ A French team led by Maurice Herzog became the first to successfully summit an
8,000-meter peak, Annapurna (8,091m) in Nepal. The climb was groundbreaking
but extremely dangerous, and Herzog suffered severe frostbite.
• 1953 – First Ascent of Mount Everest
➢ Sir Edmund Hillary (New Zealand) and Tenzing Norgay (Nepal) reached the
summit of Mount Everest (8,848m), the highest peak in the world. This was a
historic moment in mountaineering, proving that Everest could be conquered.
• 1963 – First American Ascent of Everest
➢ A team of American climbers successfully summited Everest. Tom Hornbein and
Willi Unsoeld made history by climbing via the dangerous West Ridge, a new and
difficult route.

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 • 1986 – First Person to Climb All 14 of the 8,000-Meter Peaks Without Oxygen
➢ Italian climber Reinhold Messner became the first person to climb all 14 mountains
over 8,000 meters without using supplemental oxygen, proving the limits of human
endurance.
• 2019 – Fastest Ascent of All 14 of the 8,000-Meter Peaks
➢ Nepali mountaineer Nirmal Purja set a record by climbing all 14 of the 8,000-meter
peaks in just six months, breaking the previous record of nearly eight years.

Different Types of Climbing Activities

1. Rock Climbing – With the use of ropes, rock climbing can be done indoors or outdoors
and usually involves two people, but it can be done in a group. The person climbing is tied
to a rope controlled by another person. Controlling the rope is called belaying and the
person controlling the rope is the belayer. Traditional climbing is where the first climber
(the 'lead') places their own protection on their way up the rock face and their partner (the
'second') removes the protection while they are 'seconding' the route. Sport climbing is
where fixed protection (primarily bolts) is already placed in the rock for climbers to clip
into as they ascend. Soloing is where people climb on their own and usually without a rope.
2. Bouldering – is a form of climbing usually practiced on small rocks and boulders, or at
indoor walls. As the climber doesn't go very high it is often possible to jump back down.
Boulderers usually use padded mats to jump down (or fall) onto to reduce impact on
landing and to protect the ground from erosion. Bouldering routes are called boulder
problems.
3. Ice Climbing – involves climbing on snow or ice. It is most often done outdoors using
ropes and protection systems similar to rock climbing. There are now some specialist
indoor venues for this form of climbing. Specialist equipment required includes mountain
boots, warm clothing, ice axes, crampons, harness and rope.
4. Competition Climbing – is a competitive form of climbing done on artificial structures
and climbing walls.
5. Hill Walking – involves walking over mountainous terrain and venturing through
exhilarating landscapes with fabulous views. Specialist skills needed include map reading,
terrain judgment and navigation. Boots, warm and waterproof clothing are required as the
weather in hills and mountains can be inclement and sometimes difficult to predict
accurately.
6. Scrambling – involves elements of both hill walking and rock climbing. Some scrambles
up steep ridges can be very exposed. The steeper the rock, the harder the scramble and
obviously the more skills and equipment required.

Hiking Vs. Trekking

Hiking
• Hiking is a natural exercise that promotes physical fitness, is economical and convenient,
and requires no special equipment. Because the hiker can walk as far as he wants, there is
no physical strain unless he walks among hills or mountains.

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 • In its most basic definition, Hiking is simply Walking for recreational purposes. In short,
in hiking, “the journey is more important than the destination”.
• Hikes can vary in length and difficulty, ranging from short walks lasting a few hours to
multi-day expeditions covering significant distances. Hiking trails are often marked and
maintained, making navigation relatively straightforward for hikers.
• Hiking generally does not require specialized equipment beyond sturdy footwear,
appropriate clothing, water, and basic navigation tools.
• Hiking is a recreational activity where we walk because we want to, not because we have
to. The journey is more important than the destination. The reason we make this journey
varies from person to person and from occasion to occasion.

Trekking
• Trekking is an activity in which people take multi-day hiking trips through rural, often
rugged territory. Many people who are trekkers engage in longer trips though entire regions
of the world, using trekking as a way of getting from place to place. It can also be
incorporated with other outdoor sports, such as rock climbing or backpacking.
• Trekking is a more intensive and immersive form of hiking that often involves longer
journeys through remote or rugged terrain, such as mountains, jungles, or wilderness areas.
• Trekking routes may require overnight camping or staying in mountain huts or lodges, as
journeys can span multiple days or weeks.
• Trekking typically requires more preparation and specialized equipment than hiking,
including backpacking gear, camping supplies, and possibly navigation tools like GPS
devices or maps.

Hiking Vs. Trekking

We have often heard the terms hiking and trekking used interchangeably. We all know
they’re both outdoor recreational activities. But are they really the same?
Hiking is an outdoor activity of walking in beautiful natural environments on pre-charted
paths called hiking trails. There are day hikes and overnight hikes while trekking is a long journey
be undertaken on foot in areas where there are usually no means of transport available. Trekking
is not necessarily mountaineering; it is walking for a number of days, usually on uncharted paths,
in challenging environments which are likely to be hilly or mountainous.
Below are the lists of difference between hiking and trekking:
1. Environmental impact
✓ Hiking – Hikers over many years in an area can destroy the natural environment
they walk in through wood gathering, fires, fecal matter, leaving non-biodegradable
matter.
✓ Trekking – as treks take longer than hikes, the environmental impact can be greater.
2. Locations
✓ Hiking – Usually in beautiful natural environments, nature trails, hills. In areas
where there is no means of transport and areas of great natural beauty.
✓ Trekking – Usually in mountainous areas.

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 3. Equipment
✓ Hiking – depends on the weather, day or over-night hiking, Shoes applicable to the
hiking terrain, water, compass, sometimes a hiking pole. Backpack with survival
kit, food and medicine for overnight hiking.
✓ Trekking – Survival kit, camping gear, boots, compass, clothing applicable to
changes in temperature especially if in mountainous areas.
4. Overview
✓ Hiking – An outdoor activity of walking in natural environments often on pre
charted paths called hiking trails.
✓ Trekking – A long journey on non-designated paths which could last several days
and could be challenging. It is more intense and energetic than hiking.
5. Worldwide differences
✓ Hiking – It is called by different names around the world: tramping in New Zealand,
bush-walking in Australia, trekking in Nepal.
✓ Trekking – It is also known as backpacking but should not be confused with
mountaineering.

Camping
• Camping, in layman’s term, is a place where an army or other group of persons or an
individual is lodged in a tents or other temporary means of shelter. Camping comes in many
different forms. Some consider camping an activity that involves hiking into the middle of
nowhere and sleeping under the stars.
• Camping is an outdoor recreational activity that involves spending time in nature, typically
away from urban areas, and setting up temporary shelters or tents to sleep in. It's a popular
way to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life, reconnect with the natural world, and
enjoy activities such as hiking, fishing, birdwatching, and stargazing.
• Thomas Hiram Holding, often credited as the "Father of Modern Camping," popularized
recreational camping in the UK through his camping expeditions.
• In 1910 – The Boy Scouts of America publishes its first official handbook, which includes
instructions on camping and outdoor skills.

Five Types of Camping Trips

1. Glamping
• Glamping, short for "glamorous camping," offers luxurious accommodations and
amenities in natural settings.
• Glamping sites may include furnished tents, yurts, cabins, or treehouses equipped
with comfortable beds, electricity, and even private bathrooms.
• Glamping is a way to experience the great outdoors without sacrificing luxury.
2. Backpacking
• Backpacking involves hiking and camping in remote or wilderness areas with all
necessary gear carried in backpacks.
• Backpackers typically travel light, carrying lightweight tents, sleeping bags, food,
and cooking equipment.

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 • Backpacking trips often involve multiple days or weeks of hiking, exploring trails,
and camping in backcountry campsites.

3. Car Camping
• Car camping allows campers to drive to campsites and set up tents or sleeping
arrangements near their vehicles.
• Car campers have the convenience of easy access to amenities such as coolers,
camping stoves, and additional gear stored in their vehicles.
• Car camping is popular for families and those who prefer a more comfortable
camping experience with the flexibility to bring more gear and supplies.
4. RV Camping
• RV camping involves traveling and camping in recreational vehicles (RVs),
motorhomes, camper vans, or trailers.
• RVs provide self-contained living spaces with amenities such as beds, kitchens,
bathrooms, and electricity.
• RV camping offers flexibility in choosing campsites and the ability to explore
multiple destinations while enjoying the comforts of home on the road.
5. Tent Camping
• Tent camping is the most traditional form of camping, involving pitching tents in
campsites or remote wilderness areas.
• Tent campers sleep in tents and rely on basic camping gear such as sleeping bags,
sleeping pads, and portable stoves for cooking.
• Tent camping offers a more immersive outdoor experience, allowing campers to
connect with nature and enjoy the simplicity of life under the stars.

Orienteering
• Orienteering is a sport in which orienteers use an accurate, detailed map and a compass
to find points in the landscape. It can be enjoyed as a walk in the woods or as a competitive
sport.
• It is a competitive international sport that combines racing with navigation. It is a timed
race in which individual participants use a specially created, highly detailed map to select
routes and navigate through diverse and often unfamiliar terrain and visit control points in
sequence. Courses also can be enjoyed as a walk in the woods, with difficulty levels from
beginner to expert offered at most events.

Types of Orienteering Events

1. Cross-Country Orienteering
• Cross-country orienteering, also known as classic orienteering, is the traditional
form of the sport.
• Participants navigate through a series of control points marked on a map, usually
in a specific order, using a compass and their navigation skills.

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 • The course may vary in length and difficulty, with participants competing to
complete the course in the shortest time possible.

2. Score Orienteering
• Score orienteering, also called score format or score event, is a more flexible type
of orienteering.
• Participants aim to visit as many control points as possible within a specified time
limit, choosing their own route and order.
• Each control point is assigned a point value, and participants must strategize to
maximize their score within the time allotted.
3. Line Orienteering
• Line orienteering, also known as corridor orienteering, focuses on precision
navigation along pre-defined routes.
• Participants must stay within designated corridors marked on the map, often narrow
strips of land or trails, while navigating to control points.
• Line orienteering tests participants' ability to maintain accuracy and avoid veering
off course within constrained boundaries.
4. Route Orienteering
• Route orienteering, also called precision orienteering or trail orienteering,
emphasizes precise navigation along specified routes.
• Participants follow pre-determined routes marked on the map, typically along trails
or paths, while locating control points and answering questions or solving puzzles
at each point.
• Route orienteering requires careful map reading and attention to detail to
successfully complete the course.
5. Relay Orienteering
• Relay orienteering involves teams of orienteers competing in relay races, with each
team member completing a section of the course.
• Participants hand off control to the next team member at designated exchange
points, similar to relay races in track and field.
• Relay orienteering adds an element of strategy and teamwork, as teams must
coordinate transitions and pace themselves throughout the race.

Philippine Traditional Games

• Philippine traditional games, also known as "larong Pinoy," encompass a variety of
indigenous games that have been played by Filipino children for generations. These games
often involve physical activity, teamwork, and strategic thinking, and they serve as a
cultural heritage that reflects the creativity, resourcefulness, and playful spirit of the
Filipino people.

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 1. Chinese Garter – A game where players jump over a garter stretched at increasing heights
without touching it.
2. Holen – A traditional marble game where players aim to hit opponents’ marbles out of a
drawn circle.
3. Jackstone – A dexterity game where players toss and pick up small metal jacks while
bouncing a ball.
4. Kadang-Kadang – A relay race where players walk on coconut husk stilts while
maintaining balance.
5. Karera ng Bangkang Papel – A race where players blow or push paper boats in water to
reach the finish line first.
6. Karera ng Sako – A sack race where participants hop to the finish line while inside a sack.
7. Kuwarta sa Noo – A game where players balance a coin on their forehead while
performing tasks.
8. Labanan ng Gagamba – A spider-fighting game where players place their pet spiders on
sticks to battle.
9. Luksong Lubid – A jump rope game where players take turns skipping over a swinging
rope.
10. Luksong Tinik – A jumping game where players leap over progressively higher hands and
feet stacked together.
11. Palo Sebo – A contest where players climb a greased bamboo pole to reach a prize at the
top.
12. Patintero – A tag game where defenders try to block runners from crossing lines drawn on
the ground.
13. Piko – A hopscotch game where players toss a marker into numbered boxes and hop
through them.
14. Pinoy Henyo – A word-guessing game where one player asks yes-or-no questions to guess
a word within a time limit.
15. Sipa – A traditional game where players keep a rattan shuttlecock airborne using their feet
or knees.
16. Sisiran ng Pera sa Arina – A game where players search for coins buried in a pile of flour
using only their mouths.
17. Sungka – A board game where players distribute shells or pebbles in wooden cup holes to
collect the most.
18. Syato – A stick game where players hit a small stick (syato) into the air using a longer
stick.
19. Taguan – A classic hide-and-seek game where one player searches for the hidden
participants.
20. Tatsing – A game where players try to knock down bottle caps by flicking their own caps.
21. Teks – A card-flipping game where players win by guessing how the small illustrated cards
will land.
22. Tumbang Preso – A game where players aim to knock down a tin can with a slipper while
a "prisoner" guards it.

HOPE 4 – RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY

Prepared by: Mr. Francis F. Climaco