See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/342108313

Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil

Article in Plant Protection Science · June 2020

DOI: 10.17221/100/2019-PPS

CITATIONS READS

13 317

2 authors, including:

Kahkashan Perveen
King Saud University
140 PUBLICATIONS 1,927 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Kahkashan Perveen on 28 December 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196 Original Paper

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants

by mentha essential oil
Kahkashan Perveen*, Najat A. Bokahri

Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Citation: Perveen K., Bokahri N.A. (2020): Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil.
Plant Protect. Sci., 56: 191–196.

Abstract: The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated
for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries)
Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical compo-
sition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in
the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore,
it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test
proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh
weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5
in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim
treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the
percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf
blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide.

Keywords: plant pathogenic fungi; eco-friendly; Solanum lycopersicum; plant growth; Alternaria alternata; Mentha arvensis

Alternaria spp. not only causes direct damage to Linnaeus) is an important horticultural crop grown
fruits, plants and vegetables by infection, but also and consumed throughout the world, it is attacked
indirectly spoils the food by producing a mycotoxin by various pathogens including A. alternata. To con-
(Agrios 2005). Alternaria leaf blight, caused by Al- trol the Alternaria infection, the use of a fungicide
ternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler possesses a great is a must besides other cultural practices (Akhtar et
threat to agricultural plants (Mehmood et al. 2014). al. 1994). A synthetic fungicide creates various en-
The disease on the leaf appears as leaf spots and vironmental problems such as environmental pollu-
blight. Alternaria is considered to be necrotrophic tion, human health hazard and pathogen resistance
since it kills the host cells at an early plant stage. The (Yang et al. 2011). To overcome these issues, scien-
toxic substances produced by the fungus causes ne- tists are extensively exploring for environmentally-
crotic lesions (Chung 2012). Alternaria blight brings friendly chemicals that can control the plant patho-
morphological and physiological changes in the genic fungi. Essential oils from plants are among the
plant that leads to tissue necrosis and foliar lesions products that have been explored to replace chemi-
and senescence, thus reducing the food production cal fungicides. Mentha sp. has been reported for
(Agrios 2005). The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum possessing an antimicrobial activity (Tiwari 2016;

Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Research group No. RGP-066.

191
Original Paper Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

Franca 2018), however, the potential of the Mentha a negative and positive control, respectively. The in-
arvensis Linnaeus mentha essential oil to manage oculated plates were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C for 5 days.
A. alternata is unexplored, thus, the study was aimed There were four replicates for each treatment and
at assessing the potential of the mentha essential oil the experiment was repeated twice. The diameter of
in managing the Alternaria leaf blight of tomatoes the fungal growth was measured and the inhibition
(S. lycopersicum.) caused by A. alternata in vitro and of the mycelial growth was calculated by the follow-
in pot conditions (in vivo). ing formula:
Fc − FT
=FI ( % ) × 100 (1)
MATERIAL AND METHODS Fc

Isolation and identification of the fungi. Leaves where: FI – the fungal mycelium inhibition (%),
of tomato plants (S. lycopersicum) showing symp- FC – diameter of the fungal colony in the control plate;
toms of Alternaria leaf blight were cut into small FT – the diameter of the fungal colony in the treated plate
pieces and surface sterilised with a 1% sodium hy- (Singh & Tripathi 1999).
pochlorite solution for 1 minute. The sterilised sam-
ples were placed on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) Effect of the mentha essential oil on the conidia
medium and incubated at 25 ± 1 °C till the fungal germination. The effect of the mentha essential oil
growth was visible. The fungi were purified and on the conidia germination of A. alternata was deter-
identified by studying the macroscopic and micro- mined as mentioned by Feng and Zheng (2007) with
scopic structure of the isolated fungi (Simmons a slight modification. Different oil concentrations of
1992). The Indian type collection centre confirmed (40, 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 µL/mL) were obtained by serial
the identity of the isolated fungus as A. alternata dilution. Tween-20 (0.5%, v : v) was also added into the
(ITCC 10.637.17). The pure culture of the fungus tubes to enhance the dispersion of the oil. After that,
(A. alternata) was sub-cultured on the PDA and 100 µL of conidia suspension (1 × 106 conidia/mL)
stored at 4 °C. was added into each tube. The tubes containing Car-
Isolation of the essential oil. The isolation of the bendazim (0.2 %, v : v) and distilled water in place of
essential oil from the leaves of M. arvensis was car- the mentha essential oil acted as the positive and
ried out following the same protocol as mentioned negative control, respectively. There were three rep-
by Bokhari et al. (2016). Briefly, 100 g of fresh leaves licates for each treatment and the experiment was re-
of M. arvensis were hydro-distilled in a Cleveng- peated twice. After 3 days of incubation at 25 ± 1 °C,
er-type apparatus for 4 hours (Clevenger 1928). 100 µL of aliquot was examined under a light micro-
The oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The scope to observe the conidia germination. The num-
oil (mentha essential oil) was stored in a glass amber ber of conidia germinated/mL and the percentage of
vial at 4 °C until analysed. the inhibition were calculated.
Effect of the mentha essential oil on the my- Determination of the bio efficacy of the mentha
celial growth. To determine the reduction in the essential oil against A. alternata in vivo. A pot
mycelial growth of A. alternata by the mentha oil, trial was conducted to determine the bio efficacy of
the poison food technique was employed (Sharma the mentha essential oil against A. alternata (Ara et
& Triparthi 2006). Tween 20 (Himedia, India) (0.5%) al. 2012). The tomato seedlings (4 weeks old) raised
was added to the mentha essential oil to prepare an in a sterile soil were transplanted in sterile pots (one
emulsion. The mentha essential oil emulsion was seedling per pot) containing a sterile peat moss soil
added in a molten sterile PDA and was poured into and sand (5 : 1). After a day, an aliquot of 5 mL co-
petri plates. The final concentration of the oil in the nidia suspension (1 × 106 conidia/mL) was sprayed
PDA was 40, 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 µL/mL. After solidi- evenly over the leaves of the tomato plant. After a day
fication of the PDA, the plates were inoculated with of incubation, the leaves of the tomato plants were
a mycelial plug (5 mm) of 5 days old A. alternata. sprayed with 5 mL of the mentha essential oil con-
The mycelia plug of the tested fungus was placed taining Tween 20 (0.5%) as an emulsifier and diluted
upside down into the centre of the PDA plates. The with sterile distilled water (40 µL/mL). The inocu-
control plates were treated in the same manner ex- lated untreated control received the same amount
cept that the mentha essential oil was replaced with of treatment excluding the mentha oil, while the
the sterile distilled water and carbendazim (0.2%) in uninoculated control was devoid of the A. alternata

192
Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196 Original Paper

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

inoculation. In a same manner, a set of replicates a one-way ANOVA using XLSTAT (version 2019).
was sprayed with carbendazim (0.2%). For each The significance of difference among the means was
treatment set, there were four replicates. The plants carried out using Tukey’s HSD tests at P = 0.05 and
were watered with sterile distilled water as and when the results were expressed as a mean ± SD.
required. The experiment was terminated after
a month, the plants were uprooted, and the data, RESULTS
such as plant height, plant fresh weight, were record-
ed. The uprooted plants were evaluated on a scale of To determine the effect of the essential oil of
0 to 4 for the disease index where: 0 = symptom- M. arvensis on the mycelial growth and conidia ger-
less, 1 = up to 25% of the plant with small lesions, mination of A. alternata, five different concentrations
2 = 25 to 50% of the plant with large lesions, 3 = 50 (40, 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 µL/mL) of the mentha essential
to 75% of the plant blighted and 4 = 75 to 100% of oil were selected. The results indicate that the men-
the plant blighted (Biermann & Lindermann 1981). tha essential oil significantly (P < 0.05) rendered the
The plant dry weight was also recorded after drying mycelial growth and was dose dependent (R2 = 0.977)
the plants at 105 °C for 30 min and, after that, 70 °C (Figure 1). The maximum mycelial growth inhibition
for 24 hours. by the mentha essential oil was 93.6% at the concen-
GC-MS analysis. For the gas chromatography tration of 40 µL/mL, whereas carbendazim showed
(GC) analysis, a gas chromatograph instrument 100% mycelial inhibition at the recommended dose.
(GC 5890II series, Hewlett Packard, USA) with Similar results were observed on the conidia germi-
a flame ionisation detector (FID) was used. The nation (Figure 1). The mentha essential oil exhibits
split/splitless injector (split ratio of 1 : 50) and an a significant difference in the activity over the dose
HP-ChemStation (version B.04.03) GC data sys- (P < 0.05). The maximum reduction in the conidia
tem was used, equipped with CP-Sil 8 CB column germination of 90.6% was recorded at 40 µL/mL and
(30 m × 0.25 mm id, a film thickness of 0.25 μm) was dose dependent (R2 = 0.961).
(Agilent Technologies, USA). First, the oven tem- The inhibitory effect of the essential oil of M. ar-
perature was increased to 70 °C for 4 min and then vensis against A. alternata was assessed in pots. It
held at 220 °C for 5 min. The temperature of the in- was observed that the untreated plants were stunted
jector port, ionisation chamber and FID was 210, 230 with the disease symptoms apparent on the tomato
and 250 °C, respectively. Helium was the carrier gas
(1 L/min). The percentage composition of the es- Mycelial growth Condidia germination
120
120
sential oil was calculated from the peak areas using
the normalisation method. The gas chromatography f g
100
100 f
f
– mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out on
a Clarus 500 (Perkin Elmer, USA) gas chromatogra- 80 ee
Inhibition (%)

phy coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) (Cla- d

rus 500, USA), equipped with a CP-Sil 8 CB col- 60
umn (30 m × 0.32 mm id, a 0.25 μm film thickness). c
d

The oven temperature for the column was identical 40

c
to the GC analysis. For homogeneity, the peaks were
b
identified by studying the mass chromatograms of 20
b
the fragmentation pattern of the compound ob- aa
0
tained by the mass spectrometry analysis and also 0 2.5 5 10 20 40 cbzm
by using the peak purity function of the MSD soft- Mentha oil concentration (µL/mL)
ware. The oil constituents were identified by com-
parisons of their retention indices and their mass Figure 1. The effect of the different concentrations of the
spectra with the authentic standards mass spectra mentha essential oil on the mycelial growth and conidia
interpretation and comparison with the National In- germination of Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler
stitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) libraries
cbzm – carbendazim; the value represents the mean of the 4
(Alshaikh & Perveen 2017). replicates ± the standard deviation; the data marked by the
Statistical analysis. The statistical analysis to find different letters in the columns are significantly different
the differences among treatments was performed by (P ≤ 0.05) according Tukey’s HSD tests

193
 Original Paper Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

leaves while the mentha essential oil treated plants Table 1. The chemical composition of the mentha essen-
had less symptoms of A. alternata when compared to tial oil hydro-distilled from the fresh leaves of Mentha
the untreated plants. The data represented in Figure arvensis L.
2 shows that the application of the mentha essential
No. Compound RI %
oil significantly improved (P < 0.05) the plant height,
1 α-pinene 936 0.5
fresh and dry weight when compared to the untreat-
ed tomato plants. The reduction in the untreated 3 myrcene 989 0.7
tomato plant height, fresh and dry weight was 65%, 4 limonene 1 038 1.9
51% and 48% when compared to the control tomato 5 octanal 1 065 0.6
plants while the percent reduction in the same pa- 6 isopulegol 1 165 1.3
rameters in the mentha essential oil treated plant was 7 menthone 1 172 7.9
10% (plant height), 12% (fresh weight) and 13% (dry 8 isomenthone 1 185 6.7
weight) when compared to control plants. Therefore, 9 menthol 1 191 69.2
it can be concluded that the treatment with the men- 10 α-terpineol 1 201 0.6
tha essential oil improved the plant height, plant fresh 11 cis-tarveol 1 204 1.6
and dry weight by 84.6, 81.5, and 80.0%, respectively 12 myrtenal 1 210 0.2
when compared to the untreated plants. Whereas the 13 piperitone 1 251 1.0
carbendazim treatment improved the plant height, 14 menthyl acetate 1 278 3.8
plant fresh and dry weight by 96.9% when compared 15 β-caryophyllene 1 417 0.7
to the untreated plants. It has been observed that the 16 isomenthol 1 449 0.5
application of the mentha essential oil reduced the 17 β-farnesene 1 455 0.8
disease incidence significantly (P < 0.05). The disease 18 δ-cadinene 1 517 0.2
incidence in the untreated plants was 3.5, while it was
RI – retention index

Plant height Plant fresh weight 0.93 in the mentha essential oil treated plants and was
Plant dry weight Disease incidence lowest in the carbendazim treated plants (0.08).
16
16 44 The mentha essential oil obtained by the hydro-
a
b distillation of the leaves of M. arvensis was slightly
14
14 a c 3.5
3.5
yellow in colour and the oil yield was 0.69%. The
height/ weight (cm)

incidence (%)(%)

12
12 33 GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds repre-
height/weight

Disease incidence

senting 98.2% of the total oil (Table 1). Among all

10
10 2.5
2.5
d the compounds detected, the menthol percentage
88 22 was highest (69.2%); the other major constituents
were menthone (7.9%), isomenthone (6.7%), methyl
Disease
Plant

66 1.5
1.5
acetate (3.8%) and limonene (1.9%) carveol (1.6%),
Plant

a a
bb
44 11 isopulegol (1.3%), piperitone (1.0%).
a c a
b
22 c 0.5
0.5

c c
DISCUSSION
00 00
Control
Control Untreated
Untreated Mentha oil oil
Mentha Cbzm
cbzm
Treatment
Mentha essential oil showed the potential to inhib-
Treatment it A. alternata by rendering both the mycelial growth
Figure 2. The effect of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) and conidia germination. Reports are available on the
on the disease development and growth of the tomato inhibitory effect of essential oils on pathogenic fungi
plant infected with Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler (Isman 2000; Kumar & Kudachikar 2017; Madjouko
in the pot condition (in vivo) et al. 2019). The complete inhibition of A. alternata
cbzm – carbendazim; the value represents the mean of the 3 with 1000 mg/L of essential oils of Piper hispidiner-
replicates ± the standard deviation. The data marked by the vum (C. DC.) and Citrus reticulate (0.2 mL/100mL)
different letters in the columns are significantly different (P has been reported (Nascimento et al. 2008; Chutia
≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s HSD tests. Disease incidence:
et al. 2009). The essential oil of M. spicata inhibited
0 – symptom less; 1 – up to 25% plant with small lesions;
2 – 25 to 50% plant with large lesions; 3 – 50 to 75% plant the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
blighted; 4 – 75 to100% plant blighted (92.93%) at the concentration of 40 μL/mL (Jha

194
Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196 Original Paper

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

& Regmi 2018). Mona et al. (2016) reported the thone and menthol of a hydro-distilled peppermint
absolute inhibition of the Alternaria solani (Ell. essential oil alone and in combination were able to
& Mart.) L.R. Jones and Grout mycelial growth by reduce the growth of certain fungi.
peppermint, lemongrass, thyme and sweet basil oils The present study reflects the significant potential
at a concentration of 2%. The current study observed of the mentha essential oil in managing the Alternaria
that the effect of the mentha essential oil on A. alter- tomato blight caused by A. alternata. M. arvensis has
nata was dose dependent, thus, it reflects that a com- been known for several medicinal properties that
plete mycelial inhibition can be achieved at a higher include anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activi-
concentration of the mentha essential oil. Kuinkel et ties (Thawkar 2016). Therefore, the lower health risk
al. (2016) observed the absolute inhibition of Glo- along with being economical and eco-friendly makes
merella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & Schrenk the mentha essential oil a suitable ingredient for the
with the 40% essential oil of Thymus linearis Benth development of a natural fungicide, which can reduce
and M. arvensis. Recently, Franca et al. (2018) re- the use of chemical fungicides. The study suggests
ported the mycelial growth inhibition of A. alternata that there is a requirement of determining the active
by a peppermint essential oil that was dose depend- components of the essential oil, further field trials are
ent. Pérez-González et al. (2016) also reported simi- needed to assess the actual potential of the mentha es-
lar results while treating A. alternata with different sential oil. Alternaria is a ubiquitous pathogen, thus,
concentrations of oregano oil. The tested concentra- this study can help in utilising mentha essential oil in
tion of the mentha essential oil exhibited satisfactory managing the pre- and post-harvest diseases caused
results in reducing the Alternaria blight of tomato by Alternaria to important agricultural products.
plants. A greenhouse study reported that the treat-
ment of oregano oil (1%) was at par with the chemi- Acknowledgement: The authors would like to ex-
cal fungicide tested to treat tomato plants infected tend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of
with A. alternata (Pérez-González et al. 2016). the Scientific Research at King Saud University for
Reports from different regions of the world have its funding of this research group No. RGP-066.
identified the main constituents of the essential oil
of M. arvensis as menthol (Pino et al. 1996; Singh REFERENCES
et al. 2005; Bokhari et al. 2016). Besides that, men-
thone, methyl acetate, isomenthone, limonene has Agrios G.N. (2005): Plant Pathology. 5th Ed. Amsterdam-
been reported as the dominant constituents in the Boston, Elsevier-Academic Press.
essential oil of M. arvensis (Singh et al. 2005; Bokha- Akhtar K.P., Matin M., Mirza J.H., Shakir A.S., Rafique M.
ri et al. 2016). The GC-MS analysis of the essential (1994): Some studies on the postharvest diseases of tomato
oil of M. arvensis shows the presence of similar fruits and their chemical control. Pakistan Journal of Phy-
compounds, however, variations in the percentage topathology, 6: 125–129.
of these compounds has been observed which could Alshaikh N., Perveen, K. (2017): Anti-candidal activity and
be due to the variation in the cultivars or cultivation chemical composition of essential oil of clove (Syzygium
conditions (Singh et al. 2005). aromaticum). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20:
The antifungal activity of the mentha essential 951–958.
oil was probably due to the synergistic effect of the Ara I., Bukhari N.A., Perveen K., Bakir M.A. (2012): Anti-
main constituents of the oil (Tian et al. 2012). The fungal actinomycetes from soil in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia:
most abundant compound detected in the men- Evaluation for their ability to control Alternaria blight on
tha essential oil was menthol, which is an aromatic tomato plant (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) grown in green
oxygenated monoterpene, the other chemical con- house pot trial. African Journal of Agricultural Research,
stituents that were identified were menthone, iso- 7: 2042–2050.
menthone, menthyl acetate, limonene, β-pinene Biermann B., Lindermann R.C. (1981): Quantifying ve-
which also have been reported for their antimicro- sicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza, proposed method towards
bial activity (Bokahri et al. 2016). Iscan et al. (2002) standardization. New Phytologist, 87: 63–67.
carried the bio-autography of the oil obtained from Bokhari N., Perveen K., Al Khulaifi M., Kumar A., Siddique I.
Mentha piperita Linnaeus and found that menthol (2016): In vitro antibacterial activity and chemical composi-
was responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Edris tion of essential oil of Mentha arvensis Linn. leaves. Journal
and Farrag (2003) observed that the vapours of men- of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19: 907–915.

195
 Original Paper Plant Protection Science, 56, 2020 (3): 191–196

https://doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-PPS

Chung K.R. (2012): Stress response and pathogenicity of the some plant essential oils against Alternaria solani the causal
necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. Sci- of tomato early blight. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical,
entifica (Cairo), 2012: 635431. doi: 10.6064/2012/635431. Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7: 998–1004.
Chutia M., Bhuyan P., Pathak M., Sarma T., Boruah, P. (2009): Nascimento F.R., Cardoso M.G., Sousa P.E., Lima R.K.,
Antifungal activity and chemical composition of Citrus Salgado A.P.S.P., Guimarães L.G.L. (2008): Efeito do óleo
reticulata blanco essential oil against phytopathogens essencial de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum c. Dc) e
from North East India. LWT-Food Science and Technol- do emulsificante Tween® 80 sobre o crescimento mice-
ogy, 42: 777–780. lial de Alternaria alternata (Fungi: Hyphomycetes). Acta
Clevenger J.F. (1928): Apparatus for the determination of Amazonica, 38: 503–508.
volatile oils. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Associa- Cavazos Arroyo J., Rosano Ortega G., El Kassis E.G., Pérez
tion, 17: 345. Arroyo B. (2016): Effect of emulsified oregano oil on Alter-
Edris A., Farrag E. (2003): Antifungal activity of peppermint naria alternata (in vitro tests) and on Lycopersicum escu-
and sweet basil essential oils and their major aroma con- lentum mill seedlings (in vivo tests). Journal of Agriculture
stituents on some plant pathogenic fungi from the vapor and Environmental Sciences, 5: 168–176.
phase. Nahrung-Food, 47: 117–121. Pino J.A., Rosado A., Fuentes V. (1996): Chemical composition
Feng W., Zheng X. (2007): Essential oils to control Alternaria of the essential oil of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Mal-
alternata in vitro and in vivo. Food Control, 18: 1126–1130. inv. from Cuba. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8: 685–686.
França K.R.S., Silva T.L., Cardoso T.A.L., Ugulino A.L.N., Sharma N., Triparthi A. (2006): Fungitoxicity of the essential
Rodrigues A.P.M., de Mendonça Júnior A.F. (2018): In vitro oil of Citrus sinensis on post-harvest pathogens. World
effect of essential oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita l.) Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22: 587–593.
on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata. Journal of Simmons E.G. (1992). Alternaria taxonomy: current status,
Experimental Agriculture International, 26: 1–8. viewpoint, challenge. In: Chelkowski, J., Visconti A. (eds):
Iscan G., Kirimer N., Kurkcuoglu M., Baser K., Demirci F. Alternaria - Biology, Plant Diseases and Metabolites. Topics in
(2002): Antimicrobial screening of Mentha piperita es- Secondary Metabolism Vol 3. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
sential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Elsevier SciencePublishers.
50: 3943–3946. Singh A.K., Raina V.K., Naqvi A.A., Patra N.K., Kumar B.,
Isman M. (2000): Plant essential oils for pest and disease Ram P., Khanuja S.P.S. (2005): Essential oil composition
management. Crop Protection, 19: 603–608. and chemo arrays of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L. f.
Jha S., Regmi S. (2018): Antifungal activity of plant essential Piperascens Malinvaud ex. Holmes) cultivars. Flavour and
oils against Fusarium oxysporum schlecht. and Aspergillus Fragrance Journal, 20: 302–305.
niger van tiegh. from papaya. International Journal of Cur- Singh J, Tripathi N.N. (1999): Inhibition of storage fungi of
rent Trends in Science and Technology, 8: 20196–20204. blackgram (Vigna mungo) by some essential oils. Flavour
Kumar A., Kudachikar V. (2017): Antifungal properties of es- and Fragrance Journal, 14: 1–4.
sential oils against anthracnose disease: A critical appraisal. Thawkar B.S. (2016): Phytochemical and pharmacological
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 125: 133–144. review of Mentha arvensis. International Journal of Green
Kuinkel S., Tiwari R.D., Bhattarai S. (2016): Antifungal activ- Pharmacy, 10: 71–76.
ity of essential oils against Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Tian J., Ban X., Zeng H., He J., Chen Y., Wang Y. (2012): The
Spauld. & H. Schrenk. European Journal of Pharmaceutical mechanism of antifungal action of essential oil from dill
and Medical Research, 3: 233–237. (Anethum graveolens L.) on Aspergillus flavus. PLoS ONE
Madjouko A.M., Tchameni S.N., Tchinda S.E., Jazet P.M.D., 7(1): e3014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030147
Kamsu P.N., Kamga V.A.M.S., Sameza M.L., Tchoumboug- Tiwari P. (2016): Recent advances and challenges in trichome
nang F., Menut C. (2019): Inhibitory effects of essential research and essential oil biosynthesis in Mentha arvensis L.
oils from Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum Industrial Crops Production, 82: 141–148.
on Colletotrichum musae: The causal agent of bananas Yang C., Hamel C., Vujanovic V., Gan, Y. (2011): Fungicide:
anthracnose. Journal of Phytopathology, 167: 257–264. modes of action and possible impact on non-target mi-
Mehmood T., Shafique S., Zaheer Z. (2014): Fungitoxic po- croorganisms. International Scholarly Research Network,
tential of Tagetes erectus for the management of Alternaria ISRN Ecology, 2011. doi:10.5402/2011/130289
alternata strains of tomato. Pakistan Journal of Botany,
46: 1047–1054. Received: September 19, 2019
Mona M.M., Ragab Ashour A.M.A., Abdel-Kader M.M., El-Mougy Accepted: March 10, 2020
N.S., Abdel-Aziz A. (2016): Fungicidal and fungistatic activity of Published online: May 22, 2020

196

View publication stats