CSC465 – Computer Networks

Spring 2004
The OSI Model
Dr. J. Harrison
and
TCP/IP
These slides are based on material from “TCP/IP Protocol Suite (2nd
Edition)” by Fourouzan
Protocol Suite
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OSI ISO Model

CONTENTS ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
• THE OSI MODEL
• LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL International Standards Organization
• TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• ADDRESSING Open System Interconnection
• TCP/IP VERSIONS

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Peer-to-Peer Processes
• Processes on each machine that communicates
at a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes
• Communication between machines is a peer-to-
OSI peer process using the protocols appropriate to a
Model given layer

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1
 OSI layers
Organization of the Layers
• Physical, Link & Network→ network support
– Address physical aspects of moving data from one
device to another
– Electrical specifications, physical connections,
physical addressing, transport timing, reliability
• Session, Presentation & Application → user
support
– Allow interoperability among unrelated software
systems
• Transport layer: links two subgroups
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Implementation of the Layers

• Well-defined interfaces and layer functions
provide modularity to a network (encapsulation)
• Lower OSI layers: Headers are added
– implemented using combination of hardware and to the data at layers
software 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2.
– Physical layer implemented mostly in hardware Trailers are usually
• Upper OSI layers added only at layer 2.
– implemented using software

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An exchange using the OSI model

2.2 LAYERS
IN
THE
OSI
MODEL

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2
 Physical Layer Physical Layer
• Coordinates the functions required to transmit a
bit stream over a physical medium
• Addresses mechanical and electrical
specifications of the interface and transmission
media
• Defines procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for
transmission to occur

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Physical Layer Topics Physical Layer Topics

• Defines characteristics of the interface between • Line configuration
the devices and the transmission media (also – Point-to-Point: dedicated link
defines type of media) – Multipoint: several devices share a link
• Representation of bits without interpretation. • Physical topology
Bits encoded electromagnetically or optically – how devices connect to form a network
(defines encoding: how 0’s and 1’s are changed – Examples: Ring, Star, Mesh, Bus
to signals) • Transmission mode
• Defines data transmission rate: duration of bit – simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
• Transmission synchronization

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Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

• Transforms the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link
• DLL makes physical layer seem error free to
upper layers

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3
 Data Link Layer Tasks Data Link Layer Tasks (con’t)
• Framing: converts streams of bits into • Error Control: includes mechanisms to detect
manageable data units (frames) and retransmit damaged or lost frames
• Physical addressing: If frames are to – Also prevents duplication of frames
distributed to different systems on the network, • Access Control
DLL adds a header to specify sender and/or – If a multipoint configuration (2 or more devices
receiver (if outside network, frames goes to share link), mechanism is needed to determine
connecting device) which device has control of the link at any given
time
• Flow control: If receiver is slower than sender,
flow control mechanism is applied

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Node-to-node delivery Network Layer

• Responsible for source-to-destination delivery
of data (packet) across multiple network links
• Ensures packet gets from point of origin to final
destination
• If two systems are connected to the same link,
network layer not usually necessary
• If two systems are attached to different links
(networks), there is often a need for the network
layer to accomplish source to destination
delivery
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Network Layer Network Layer Tasks

Logical Addressing
• Physical addressing performed by DLL handles
addressing “locally”
• If destination is on a different network, i.e.,
passes a network boundary, another addressing
system is necessary
• Network layer header adds logical addresses of
sender and receiver

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4
 End-to-end delivery
Network Layer Tasks (con’t)
Routing
• Networks and links are combined to form
networks of networks (called “internetworks”)
• The connecting devices direct packets to final
destination
• A function of the network layer is to provide
this mechanism

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Transport Layer Transport Layer (con’t)

• Responsible for source-to-destination (end-to- • Transport layer ensures that the whole message
end) delivery of the entire message. (set of packets) arrives completely and in order
• Whereas the network layer overseas end-to-end • Oversees error control and flow control at the
delivery of individual packets, it does not source-to-destination level
recognize any relationship between those
packets
• Network layer treats each packet as if belonging
to a separate message, regardless of whether or
not it actually does

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Transport Layer Transport Layer Tasks

Service Port Addressing
• device-to-device is restrictive because devices
(computers) support multiple processes that may
wish to communicate to processes on other
devices
• Transport layer (TL) must include a service-
point address
• The network layer ensures a packet reaches its
final destination
• The TL gets the entire message to the correct
process on that computer
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5
 Transport Layer Tasks (con’t)
Transport Layer Tasks (con’t) Connection Control
• TL can be either connectionless or connection-
Segmentation and Reassembly oriented
• Message is divided into transmittable • With a connection-oriented TL, the source and
segments, each with a sequence number destination devices work in a more tightly-
• TL reassembles message and identifies and coupled manner (virtual circuit).
replaces any packets lost in transmission • A connection is requested by the sender before
packets are sent.
• When all packets are sent, connection closes

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Transport Layer Tasks (con’t) Transport Layer Tasks (con’t)

Error Control
Flow Control • Like the DLL, the TL is responsible for error
• Like the DLL, the TL is responsible for flow control
control • TL error control is performed end-to-end rather
• TL flow control is performed end-to-end rather than across a single link
than across a single link • TL layer ensure that the entire message arrives at
the receiving TL without damage, loss or
duplication
• Correction is usually achieved through
retransmission
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OSI layers
Reliable end-to-end delivery of a message

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6
 Session Layer Session Layer
• Network Dialog Controller
• Allows two systems to enter into a dialog;
controls the mode (half/full duplex)
• Allows a process to add checkpoints
(synchronization points) into a data stream
• A failure during message transmission can be
recovered without complete retransmission of
message

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Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems
Tasks:
• Translation
– Resolves differences in character and numeric
representation via common transmitted format
• Encryption
• Compression
– important for audio, image and video
Note: encryption is available at lower OSI levels
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Figure 2-13

Application Layer Application Layer

• Enables the user, either directly or via
application software, to access the network
• Provides user interfaces and support for services
such:
– Mail Services (E-mail, IRC, IM
– Remote file access and transfer (FTP, HTTP)
– Directory services, e.g., DNS, Distributed DBs
– Network Virtual Terminal (Telnet)
– Malicious Software!

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7
 Summary of layers

2.3
TCP/IP
PROTOCOL
SUITE

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TCP/IP and OSI model

TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Developed prior to OSI model
g
• 5 layers instead of 7 (only defines protocols for 3)
• TCP “Application layer” subsumes OSI’s
“Presentation and Session layers”
• Transport Layer comprised of two protocols
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Network Layer → Internetworking Protocol (IP)
– Internet Control/Group Message Protocol
– (Reverse) Address Resolution Protocol
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(Inter)Network Layer (Inter)Network Layer

Internetworking Protocol (IP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Unreliable and connection less • ARP(IP_Address) → Physical_Address
• “Best effort”→ no error checking or tracking • RARP(Physical_Address) → IP_Address
• IP packets called datagrams Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Sent separately and can travel different routes
• Used for query and error reporting
• Can arrive out of sequence or be duplicated
Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
• IP does not keep track of routes and cannot
reorder datagrams • Assists with the management of multicasting
• Allows additional functionality to be added only
if necessary
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8
 Relation-
Addresses in TCP/IP
ship
of
layers
and
addresses
in TCP/IP

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Concept of Physical Addressing Example Physical Address

Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6

bytes) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits, with every 2 bytes
separated by a hyphen as shown below:

07-01-02-01-2C-4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address

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Concept of IP Example IP Address

Addressing
An Internet address (in IPv4) is 32 bits in
length, normally written as four decimal
numbers, with each number representing 1
byte. The numbers are separated by a dot.
Below is an example of such an address.

132.24.75.9
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9
Port addresses
TCP/IP Versions

Version 4 – current

Version 5 – superceded by IPv6

Version 6
• Starting to be deployed in US
• Already deployed in other countries

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