Objective

In this lecture, we will discuss the following:

1- Examples of iconic steel structures worldwide, the pros and

cons of steel structures, types of steel structures, and types of

connections in steel structures.

2- Introduction to Eurocode 3.
 Advantages

 Low self-weight and high strength-to-weight.

 High Stiffness.
 Suitable for mass production.
 Quick installation.
 High ductility.
 No formwork is required.
 Easy to transport.
 Easy to recycle.
 Allows off-site fabrication and on-site construction.
 Disadvantages

 Susceptible to corrosion and requires frequent treatment.

 High upfront cost.
 Requires highly skilled labor.
 Higher maintenance cost.
 Low fire resistance.
 Susceptible to fatigue when exposed to constantly changing
loads.
 Susceptible to brittle fracture when its ductility is lost.
 The application of steel structures

 Workshops with large lifting capacity cranes or with heavy work

 Long-span structure:
Halls, gymnasiums, exhibition halls, theatres, hangars, garages,
bridges.
 Tower mast structure:
TV towers, microwave towers, high voltage transmission line towers,
chemical exhaust towers, atmospheric monitoring towers, oil
drilling towers, and rocket launching towers.
 High-rise building.
China Steel Corporation Headquarters, Taiwan
The Sydney Opera House, Australia
The Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia
The Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA
GNPOC Tower, Khartoum-Sudan
Tuti Island Bridge, Khartoum-Sudan
 Connection Methods of Steel Structures
 Welding connections:
 Connection Methods of Steel Structures

 Bolted connections:
 Connection Methods of Steel Structures
 Riveting connections:
Eurocodes:
Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design
Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures
Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures
Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium structures
The parts of Eurocode 3 (EC3), or EN 1993

•Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.

•Part 2: Steel Bridges.

•Part 3: Towers, masts and chimneys

•Part 4: Silos, Tanks, and Pipelines.

•Part 5: Piling.

•Part 6: Crane-supporting structures.

The Sections of Eurocode 3 (EC3), or EN 1993
•Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
•Part 1-2 General rules - Structural fire design.
•Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and
sheeting.
•Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steels.
•Part 1-5: General rules - Plated structural elements.
•Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures.
•Part 1-7 Strength and stability of planar plated structures subject to out-of-plane
loading.
•Part 1-8: Design of joints.
•Part 1-9: Fatigue.
•Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness properties.
•Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension components.
•Part 1-12: General – High-strength steels.
 EN 1993 Eurocode 3 applies to the design of buildings and

other civil engineering works in steel.

 It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety

and serviceability of structures.

 The basis of their design and verification is given in EN 1990 –

Basis of Structural Design.

 EN Eurocode 3 is concerned with requirements for resistance,

serviceability, durability, and fire resistance of steel structures.

 Steel-frame buildings consist of a skeletal framework that
carries all the loads to which the building is subjected.
 Steel buildings are composed of distinct elements:
1. Beams and girders: members carrying lateral loads in bending
and shear.
2. Ties: members carrying axial loads in tension.
3. Struts, columns, or stanchions:
members carrying axial loads in compression. These members are
often subjected to bending moments as well as compression.
4. Trusses and lattice girders: framed members carrying lateral
loads. These are composed of struts and ties.
5- Purlins: beam members carrying roof sheeting.
6. Sheeting rails: beam members supporting wall cladding.
7. Bracing: diagonal struts and ties that, with columns and roof
trusses, form vertical and horizontal trusses to resist wind loads and
hence provide the stability of the building.
Multi-Storey Steel Building
Portal Frame
Portal Frame
Roof Truss
Structural Design:
The structural engineer examines various alternative framing
arrangements and may carry out preliminary designs to determine,
which is the most economical. This is termed the ‘conceptual
design stage’.
The problem in structural design consists of:
1. Estimation of loading.
2. Analysis of main frames, trusses or lattice girders, floor
systems, bracing, and connections to determine axial loads,
shears, and moments at critical points in all members.
3. Design the elements and connections using design data from
step 2.
4. Production of arrangement and detail drawings from the
designer’s sketches.
Design Methods:
Steel design may be based on three design theories:
1. Elastic design
2. Plastic design
3. Limit-state design
Elastic design:
 is the traditional method and is still commonly used in the
United States.
 Steel is almost perfectly elastic up to the yield point.
 Structures are analysed by elastic theory, and sections are
sized so that the permissible stresses are not exceeded.
 This method was used in the United Kingdom in
accordance with BS 449-2: 1967: The Use of Structural
Steel in Building.
Plastic theory:
 developed to take account of behaviour past the yield
point.
 is based on finding the load that causes the structure to
collapse.
 Then, the working load is the collapse load divided by a
load factor.
 This was permitted under BS 449.
Limit-state design:
(1) All separate conditions that make the structure unfit for
use are taken into account. These are the separate limit
states.
 The structure should not overturn under applied loads.
 Its members and joints should be strong enough to carry the
forces to which they are subjected.
 Other conditions such as excessive deflection of beams or
unacceptable vibration, though not causing collapse, should
not make the structure unfit for use.
Limit-state design:
(2) The design is based on the actual behaviour of materials
and the performance of structures and members in service.
 The strengths are calculated using plastic theory, and post-
buckling behaviour is taken into account.
 The effect of imperfections on design strength is also included.
 In cases such as brittle fracture, good practice must be
followed to ensure that damage or failure does not occur.
Limit-state design:
(3) Ideally, the design should be based on statistical
methods with a small probability of the structure reaching a
limit state.
 Loads and material strengths vary, and approximations are
used in design.
 Imperfections in fabrication and erection affect the strength in
service.
 Partial factors of safety are introduced to take account of all the
uncertainties in loads, materials strengths, etc.
Ultimate limit states:
The ultimate limit states include the following:
1. Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buckling
and transformation into a mechanism) .
2. Stability against overturning and sway.
3. Fracture due to fatigue.
4. Brittle fracture.
Serviceability limit states:
The serviceability limit states consist of the following:
1. Deflection.
2. Vibration (e.g. wind-induced oscillation).
3. Repairable damage due to fatigue.
4. Corrosion and durability.
Stability limit states:
1. Overturning.
The structure must not overturn or lift off its seat.
2. Sway.
a- Design to resist the applied horizontal loads.
b- The design for notional horizontal loads:
These are taken as 0.5% of the factored dead plus imposed load and are
to be applied at the roof and each floor level.
Working Loads:
1. Dead Loads.
Weights of floor slabs, roofs, walls, ceilings, partitions, finishes,
services, and self-weight of steel.

2. Imposed Loads.
People, furniture, equipment, stock, etc. on the floors of buildings, and
snow on roofs.

3. Wind Loads.
These loads depend on the location and building size.

4. Dynamic Loads.
These are caused mainly by cranes.
Questions