Solutions A.K. SAMAL, PGT(CHEM.

), KV NO-2, CRPF CAMPUS, BHUBANESWAR

Gas in solid  Solution of hydrogen in palladium
Solid Solutions
Liquid in solid  Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Mass %, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas
Temp. Vs Conc.
molarity depends on temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature.
At a constant temperature,the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase(p) is directly
proportional to the mole fraction(x) of gas in the solution.
. p = KH . x
Henry’s law. KH = Henry’s law constant ( greater the KH value means lower the solubility.)
OR
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to
the pressure of the gas
1.To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high
Application of Henry’s
pressure.
law.
2. To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium
Temp and Solubilty of Solubility of gas increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that
gas aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
Raoult’s law for volatile The partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional
liquids to its mole fraction p1 α x1 p1 = p10 x1; p2 = p20 x2
The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known
Ideal Solutions as ideal solutions. ( For ideal solution ΔmixH = 0, ΔmixV = 0)
Example : Solution of n-hexane and n-heptane,
Positive deviation : A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B,
Example - Mixtures of ethanol and acetone
Non-ideal Solutions
Negative deviations : Forces between A-A and B-B are weaker than those between A-B
Example- mixture of phenol + aniline. a mixture of chloroform +acetone
Mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temp.
Azeotropes minimum boiling azeotrope(positive deviation) eg- 95% aq ethanol
maximum boiling azeotrope(negative deviation) eg- 68% aq nitric acid
Colligative properties Depend on the number of solute particles not upon their nature.
𝒑𝟎−𝒑
Relative Lowering of = x2 p0 = vapour pressure of pure solvent p= vapour pressure of solution
𝒑𝟎
Vapour Pressure x2 = mole fraction of solute
Elevation of Boiling
ΔTb = Kb × m ΔTb = Tb – Tb0 , Kb = molal elevation constant
Point
m = molality
Depression of Freezing
ΔTf = Kf × m ΔTf = Tf0 – Tf , Kf = molal depression constant
Point
m = molality
Osmosis Solvent flows through the semi permeable membrane from pure solvent to the solution.
The extra pressure which must be applied on the solution side to just prevent the flow of
Osmotic pressure solvent towards solution through semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure of
the solution is called osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure(π) Π = CRT , C = molarity, R= Gas const. T = Temp(K)
Isotonic solutions Two solutions having same osmotic pressure, 0.9%(w/v) aq NaCl is isotonic with blood
Hypertonic Higher osmotic pressure than a particular soln
Hypotonic Lower osmotic pressure than a particular soln
The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is
Reverse Osmosis applied to the solution side. That is, now the pure solvent flows out of the solution
Application : Desalination of sea water
ratio of normal molar mass to experimentally determined molar mass or as the ratio of
van’t Hoff factor ( i )
observed colligative property to the calculated colligative property.
Value of van’t Hoff NaCl, KCl = 2 ; BaCl2 CaCl2 = 3 ; Na3PO4 = 4 ; Al2(SO4)3 , K4[Fe(CN)6] = 5
factor(i) CH3COOH ( in benzene) = ½
Relation of α and i for
partial 𝒊−𝟏 𝒊−𝟏
For dissociation : α = For Association α = 𝟏
dissocition/association 𝒏−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒏