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EL MODULE 1

The document provides an overview of communication systems, including the definition of communication, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the importance of modulation for transmitting low-frequency signals over long distances. It explains amplitude modulation (AM), its generation, and demodulation processes, specifically using a diode detector. Additionally, it highlights the drawbacks of the diode detector and the need for band-pass filtering to avoid noise and distortion.

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4 views3 pages

EL MODULE 1

The document provides an overview of communication systems, including the definition of communication, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the importance of modulation for transmitting low-frequency signals over long distances. It explains amplitude modulation (AM), its generation, and demodulation processes, specifically using a diode detector. Additionally, it highlights the drawbacks of the diode detector and the need for band-pass filtering to avoid noise and distortion.

Uploaded by

ajinep03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1

Communication System
Communication is the process of establishing connection or link between two points for information
exchange.

The electronics equipements which are used for communication purpose, are called communication
equipments. Different communication equipments when assembled together form a communication
system.

Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their
respective wavelengths and photon energies.

The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes (regions, bands or types):

• Radio waves - radio and television


• Microwaves - satellite communications and cooking food
• Infrared - Electrical heaters, cooking food and infrared cameras
• Visible light - Fibre optic communications
• Ultraviolet - Energy efficient lamps, sun tanning
• X-rays - Medical imaging and treatments
• Gamma rays - Medical imaging and treatments

Modulation

The process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier
signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height, or amplitude, and frequency.

This note is uploaded to BSC CS Calicut University study Notes


Need For Modulation

The message signals have a very low frequency due to which these signals cannot be transmitted over long
distances. Hence such low-frequency message signals are modulated over the high-frequency carrier signal
due to the following reasons:
• Practical Length of Antenna
• Narrow Banding of Signal
• Frequency Multiplexing
• Effective Power Radiated By Antenna

(MORE)

Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation is a process by which the wave signal is transmitted by modulating the amplitude of the
signal. It is often called AM and is commonly used in transmitting a piece of information through a radio carrier
wave. Amplitude modulation is mostly used in the form of electronic communication.

Modulation Index, m=M/A

A = the carrier amplitude.


M = the modulation amplitude and is the peak change in the RF amplitude from its un-modulated value

The modulation index of an amplitude modulated signal is defined as the measure or extent of amplitude
variation about an un-modulated carrier

Generation of AM

AM generation involves mixing of a carrier and an information signal. In low level modulation, the message
signal and carrier signal are modulated at low power levels and then amplified. The advantage of this technique
is that a small audio amplifier is sufficient to amplify the message signal.

Amplitude Demodulation
The process of extracting an original message signal from the modulated wave is known as detection or
demodulation. The circuit, which demodulates the modulated wave is known as the demodulator

This note is uploaded to BSC CS Calicut University study Notes


Diode Detector:

The diode detector is the simplest form of detector or demodulator used for AM demodulation – it detects the
AM signal envelope. The diode detector is the simplest and most basic form of amplitude modulation, AM signal
detector and it detects the envelope of the AM signal

The capacitor in the circuit above stores charge on the rising edge and releases it slowly through the resistor
when the input signal amplitude falls. The diode in series rectifies the incoming signal, allowing current flow only
when the positive input terminal is at a higher potential than the negative input termina

Drawbacks:
• The input to the detector must be band-pass filtered around the desired signal, or else the detector will
simultaneously demodulate several signals. The filtering can be done with a tunable filter or, more
practically, a superheterodyne receiver
• It is more susceptible to noise than a product detector
• If the signal is overmodulated(i.e. modulation index > 1), distortion will occur

This note is uploaded to BSC CS Calicut University study Notes

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