GRE VOCABULARY BIBLE

1. Knowledge and Intelligence

This category includes words related to mental capability, learning, and insight.

1. Cerebral (cérébral)
o Synonyms: Intellectual, Brainy, Analytical, Scholarly
o Antonyms: Emotional, Unintelligent, Physical
o Example: His cerebral approach to the problem impressed everyone.
2. Prescient (préscient)
o Synonyms: Foresighted, Prophetic, Clairvoyant, Visionary
o Antonyms: Shortsighted, Ignorant, Unaware
o Example: His prescient warning about the stock market saved many from losses.
3. Sagacious (sagace)
o Synonyms: Wise, Insightful, Prudent, Judicious
o Antonyms: Foolish, Ignorant, Unwise
o Example: Her sagacious advice helped him navigate the difficult situation.
4. Erudite (érudit)
o Synonyms: Scholarly, Learned, Knowledgeable, Intellectual
o Antonyms: Ignorant, Uneducated, Illiterate
o Example: The erudite professor’s lectures were filled with references to literature.
5. Astute (astucieux)
o Synonyms: Shrewd, Perceptive, Clever, Sharp
o Antonyms: Naive, Foolish, Unobservant
o Example: His astute business decisions helped the company grow rapidly.
6. Esoteric (ésotérique)
o Synonyms: Arcane, Obscure, Recondite, Cryptic
o Antonyms: Common, Simple, Accessible
o Example: The philosopher’s esoteric theories were understood by only a few.
7. Fecund (fécond)
o Synonyms: Productive, Prolific, Fruitful, Fertile
o Antonyms: Barren, Unproductive, Sterile
o Example: The writer’s fecund imagination led to many best-selling novels.
8. Ingenuous (ingénu)
o Synonyms: Naive, Innocent, Artless, Unsophisticated
o Antonyms: Devious, Cunning, Dishonest
o Example: Her ingenuous nature made her trust people too easily.
9. Pedantic (pédant)
o Synonyms: Didactic, Over-scrupulous, Fastidious, Academic
o Antonyms: Imprecise, Informal, Simple
o Example: His pedantic style of teaching focused too much on minor details.
10. Recondite (recondite)
o Synonyms: Obscure, Abstruse, Arcane, Esoteric
o Antonyms: Simple, Clear, Accessible
o Example: The recondite nature of the topic made it difficult for beginners to understand.
11. Connoisseur (connaisseur)
o Synonyms: Expert, Aficionado, Specialist, Savant

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 o Antonyms: Amateur, Novice, Neophyte
o Example: He was a connoisseur of fine art, having studied it for years.
12. Cogent (convaincant)
o Synonyms: Persuasive, Convincing, Logical, Compelling
o Antonyms: Unconvincing, Weak, Ineffective
o Example: The lawyer’s cogent arguments won the case for her client.
13. Compelling (convaincant)
o Synonyms: Persuasive, Convincing, Engaging, Forceful
o Antonyms: Weak, Unconvincing, Boring
o Example: The speaker gave a compelling presentation that engaged everyone.
14. Paradigmatic (paradigmatique)
o Synonyms: Model, Archetypal, Standard, Prototypical
o Antonyms: Atypical, Unconventional, Aberrant
o Example: His life was paradigmatic of the success many immigrants seek.
15. Incredulous (incrédule)
o Synonyms: Skeptical, Doubting, Unbelieving, Disbelieving
o Antonyms: Credulous, Gullible, Believing
o Example: She was incredulous when she heard the surprising news.

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2. Communication and Language

Words related to how people express themselves, whether through speech, writing, or deception.

1. Loquacious (loquace)
o Synonyms: Garrulous, Talkative, Voluble, Chatty
o Antonyms: Taciturn, Reticent, Silent
o Example: The loquacious speaker kept the audience engaged for hours.
2. Garrulous (bavard)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Verbose, Loquacious, Chatty
o Antonyms: Laconic, Quiet, Reserved
o Example: His garrulous nature made him the life of the party but irritated some people.
3. Taciturn (taciturne)
o Synonyms: Reticent, Reserved, Laconic, Silent
o Antonyms: Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious
o Example: The taciturn student rarely participated in class discussions.
4. Verbose (verbeux)
o Synonyms: Wordy, Garrulous, Prolix, Loquacious
o Antonyms: Succinct, Concise, Terse
o Example: His verbose writing style made the article longer than necessary.
5. Candid (candide)
o Synonyms: Frank, Honest, Blunt, Forthright
o Antonyms: Evasive, Dishonest, Secretive
o Example: She gave a candid account of the events that led to the incident.
6. Contrite (contrit)
o Synonyms: Remorseful, Apologetic, Regretful, Penitent
o Antonyms: Unrepentant, Defiant, Shameless
o Example: He felt contrite after realizing the impact of his harsh words.
7. Diatribe (diatribe)
o Synonyms: Tirade, Harangue, Rant, Polemic
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Commendation
o Example: The politician’s diatribe against his opponent was filled with anger.
8. Placate (apaiser)
o Synonyms: Pacify, Appease, Mollify, Soothe
o Antonyms: Agitate, Provoke, Enrage
o Example: The manager tried to placate the customers with discounts after the delay.
9. Equivocate (équivoquer)
o Synonyms: Prevaricate, Hedge, Be ambiguous, Avoid
o Antonyms: Be straightforward, Be clear, Clarify
o Example: The witness equivocated when asked about his involvement in the scandal.
10. Dissemble (dissimuler)
o Synonyms: Feign, Pretend, Conceal, Mislead
o Antonyms: Reveal, Disclose, Uncover
o Example: She tried to dissemble her nervousness before the interview.
11. Feign (feindre)
o Synonyms: Pretend, Simulate, Fake, Dissemble
o Antonyms: Be sincere, Reveal, Unveil

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 o Example: He feigned illness to avoid going to work.
12. Admonish (réprimander)
o Synonyms: Reprimand, Scold, Reprove, Warn
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud
o Example: The teacher admonished the student for being late to class.
13. Elicit (obtenir)
o Synonyms: Extract, Evoke, Draw out, Induce
o Antonyms: Suppress, Stifle, Repress
o Example: The reporter's questions were designed to elicit honest responses.
14. Deride (railler)
o Synonyms: Mock, Ridicule, Scoff at, Taunt
o Antonyms: Praise, Admire, Compliment
o Example: The critics derided the movie as a waste of time.
15. Profuse (profus)
o Synonyms: Abundant, Excessive, Copious, Lavish
o Antonyms: Scarce, Sparse, Insufficient
o Example: She offered profuse apologies for her late arrival.

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3. Strength, Persistence, and Determination

1. Robust (robuste)
o Synonyms: Strong, Vigorous, Sturdy, Hardy
o Antonyms: Weak, Fragile, Frail
o Example: The company’s robust business model allowed it to survive the economic
downturn.
2. Sedulous (assidu)
o Synonyms: Diligent, Industrious, Persistent, Meticulous
o Antonyms: Lazy, Negligent, Inattentive
o Example: The sedulous student worked tirelessly to achieve her goals.
3. Tenacious (tenace)
o Synonyms: Persistent, Determined, Dogged, Resolute
o Antonyms: Indecisive, Yielding, Irresolute
o Example: Her tenacious attitude helped her overcome many obstacles.
4. Audacious (audacieux)
o Synonyms: Bold, Daring, Fearless, Intrepid
o Antonyms: Timid, Cowardly, Meek
o Example: His audacious plan to start his own business surprised everyone.
5. Deft (adroit)
o Synonyms: Skillful, Nimble, Agile, Dexterous
o Antonyms: Clumsy, Awkward, Inept
o Example: The surgeon’s deft hands ensured the success of the delicate operation.
6. Meticulous (méticuleux)
o Synonyms: Precise, Careful, Thorough, Exact
o Antonyms: Careless, Sloppy, Inaccurate
o Example: Her meticulous attention to detail made her an excellent proofreader.
7. Alacrity (vivacité)
o Synonyms: Eagerness, Enthusiasm, Readiness, Willingness
o Antonyms: Reluctance, Hesitation, Lethargy
o Example: He accepted the job offer with alacrity, eager to start working.
8. Assiduous (assidu)
o Synonyms: Diligent, Hardworking, Persevering, Industrious
o Antonyms: Lazy, Careless, Indifferent
o Example: Her assiduous work on the project earned her a promotion.
9. Dogged (obstiné)
o Synonyms: Stubborn, Persistent, Tenacious, Determined
o Antonyms: Compliant, Flexible, Yielding
o Example: His dogged determination helped him win the championship.
10. Resolute (résolu)
o Synonyms: Determined, Unwavering, Steadfast, Tenacious
o Antonyms: Hesitant, Uncertain, Irresolute
o Example: She remained resolute in her decision, despite the challenges she faced.
11. Obstinate (obstiné)
o Synonyms: Stubborn, Inflexible, Tenacious, Unyielding
o Antonyms: Flexible, Compliant, Yielding

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 o Example: The obstinate child refused to change his mind, no matter how much they reasoned
with him.
12. Fervid (fervent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Enthusiastic, Zealous, Ardent
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: His fervid dedication to the cause inspired others to join the movement.
13. Intrepid (intrépide)
o Synonyms: Fearless, Brave, Courageous, Bold
o Antonyms: Timid, Cowardly, Fearful
o Example: The intrepid explorers ventured into uncharted territory.
14. Indefatigable (infatigable)
o Synonyms: Tireless, Unflagging, Persistent, Unyielding
o Antonyms: Lazy, Fatigued, Exhausted
o Example: The indefatigable activist continued to fight for justice despite the setbacks.
15. Resolute (résolu)
o Synonyms: Determined, Purposeful, Unwavering, Firm
o Antonyms: Irresolute, Weak-willed, Hesitant
o Example: She was resolute in her decision to pursue a career in medicine.

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4. Emotion and Behavior

Words describing various emotional states and behaviors, ranging from positive traits to negative tendencies.

1. Aloof (distant)
o Synonyms: Detached, Distant, Reserved, Indifferent
o Antonyms: Friendly, Sociable, Engaged
o Example: He remained aloof throughout the meeting, showing little interest.
2. Capricious (capricieux)
o Synonyms: Fickle, Unpredictable, Whimsical, Volatile
o Antonyms: Consistent, Steady, Predictable
o Example: Her capricious nature made her difficult to work with.
3. Benevolent (bienveillant)
o Synonyms: Kind, Charitable, Generous, Compassionate
o Antonyms: Malevolent, Cruel, Selfish
o Example: The benevolent organization donated millions to help the homeless.
4. Fervent (fervent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Enthusiastic, Ardent, Zealous
o Antonyms: Indifferent, Apathetic, Dispassionate
o Example: His fervent belief in the cause inspired others to join the movement.
5. Imperious (impérieux)
o Synonyms: Domineering, Authoritative, Overbearing, Commanding
o Antonyms: Submissive, Humble, Obedient
o Example: Her imperious attitude alienated many of her colleagues.
6. Misanthropic (misanthrope)
o Synonyms: Cynical, Distrustful, Reclusive, Antisocial
o Antonyms: Philanthropic, Sociable, Compassionate
o Example: The misanthropic recluse lived alone in the mountains.
7. Quixotic (quixotique)
o Synonyms: Idealistic, Impractical, Unrealistic, Romantic
o Antonyms: Practical, Realistic, Pragmatic
o Example: His quixotic quest to change the world was admirable but impossible to achieve.
8. Spendthrift (dépensier)
o Synonyms: Wasteful, Profligate, Extravagant, Imprudent
o Antonyms: Frugal, Thrifty, Economical
o Example: The spendthrift squandered his entire inheritance on luxury items.
9. Wary (méfiant)
o Synonyms: Cautious, Suspicious, Guarded, Leery
o Antonyms: Trusting, Careless, Reckless
o Example: She was wary of accepting help from strangers.
10. Timorous (craintif)
o Synonyms: Fearful, Shy, Cowardly, Apprehensive
o Antonyms: Brave, Confident, Bold
o Example: The timorous student was afraid to speak in front of the class.
11. Obsequious (obséquieux)
o Synonyms: Fawning, Submissive, Servile, Sycophantic
o Antonyms: Assertive, Independent, Defiant

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 o Example: His obsequious behavior towards his boss annoyed his coworkers.
12. Puerile (puéril)
o Synonyms: Childish, Immature, Juvenile, Silly
o Antonyms: Mature, Serious, Grown-up
o Example: His puerile sense of humor was inappropriate for the occasion.
13. Audacious (audacieux)
o Synonyms: Bold, Daring, Fearless, Intrepid
o Antonyms: Timid, Meek, Cautious
o Example: His audacious decision to speak out earned him both praise and criticism.
14. Garrulous (bavard)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Verbose, Chatty
o Antonyms: Reticent, Quiet, Taciturn
o Example: The garrulous neighbor talked for hours without stopping.
15. Taciturn (taciturne)
o Synonyms: Quiet, Reticent, Reserved, Silent
o Antonyms: Talkative, Garrulous, Loquacious
o Example: His taciturn nature made it difficult for people to get to know him.

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5. Morality and Ethics

1. Probity (probité)
o Synonyms: Integrity, Honesty, Uprightness, Rectitude
o Antonyms: Dishonesty, Corruption, Immorality
o Example: The judge was known for his probity and fairness in all decisions.
2. Scrupulous (scrupuleux)
o Synonyms: Meticulous, Ethical, Conscientious, Principled
o Antonyms: Careless, Unprincipled, Negligent
o Example: She was scrupulous in adhering to the company’s ethical guidelines.
3. Venal (vénal)
o Synonyms: Corrupt, Bribable, Dishonest, Deceitful
o Antonyms: Honest, Incorruptible, Upright
o Example: The venal politician accepted bribes to influence his decisions.
4. Sanction (sanctionner)
o Synonyms: Approve, Authorize, Endorse, Ratify
o Antonyms: Prohibit, Ban, Forbid
o Example: The committee sanctioned the new policy after much debate.
5. Mendacity (mendacité)
o Synonyms: Lying, Deception, Dishonesty, Falsehood
o Antonyms: Honesty, Truthfulness, Integrity
o Example: His mendacity made it difficult to trust anything he said.
6. Specious (spécieux)
o Synonyms: Misleading, Deceptive, Fallacious, Spurious
o Antonyms: Genuine, Honest, True
o Example: The argument seemed valid, but it was actually based on specious reasoning.
7. Spurious (fallacieux)
o Synonyms: False, Fake, Deceptive, Specious
o Antonyms: Authentic, Genuine, Real
o Example: The spurious document was quickly identified as a forgery.
8. Dissemble (dissimuler)
o Synonyms: Pretend, Conceal, Feign, Mislead
o Antonyms: Reveal, Disclose, Be honest
o Example: He tried to dissemble his intentions behind a facade of friendliness.
9. Feigned (feint)
o Synonyms: Pretended, Simulated, Insincere, Artificial
o Antonyms: Genuine, Sincere, Authentic
o Example: She feigned surprise when she was actually expecting the news.
10. Artless (sans artifice)
o Synonyms: Honest, Sincere, Naive, Innocent
o Antonyms: Deceptive, Artful, Insincere
o Example: His artless charm made him a favorite among his peers.
11. Obsequious (obséquieux)
o Synonyms: Fawning, Submissive, Servile, Sycophantic
o Antonyms: Assertive, Independent, Defiant
o Example: His obsequious behavior towards his boss irritated his colleagues.
12. Rectitude (rectitude)
o Synonyms: Morality, Virtue, Honesty, Integrity

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 o Antonyms: Corruption, Dishonesty, Immorality
o Example: Her rectitude in business dealings made her highly respected.
13. Unprincipled (sans principes)
o Synonyms: Dishonest, Corrupt, Immoral, Deceitful
o Antonyms: Ethical, Honest, Principled
o Example: The unprincipled lawyer manipulated the law for his own benefit.
14. Philistine (philistine)
o Synonyms: Uncultured, Unrefined, Materialistic, Narrow-minded
o Antonyms: Cultured, Sophisticated, Intellectual
o Example: The philistine businessman cared only about profits and showed no interest in the
arts.
15. Moralistic (moraliste)
o Synonyms: Preachy, Sententious, Judgmental, Self-righteous
o Antonyms: Immoral, Amoral, Permissive
o Example: His moralistic speeches on ethics became tiresome to the audience.

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6. Conflict and Opposition

Words that describe struggle, disagreement, and competition between individuals or ideas.

1. Antipathy (antipathie)
o Synonyms: Dislike, Aversion, Hostility, Animosity
o Antonyms: Affection, Fondness, Liking
o Example: There was clear antipathy between the two rivals.
2. Contend (lutter)
o Synonyms: Argue, Compete, Struggle, Battle
o Antonyms: Agree, Concede, Comply
o Example: The two teams contended fiercely for the championship.
3. Contradict (contredire)
o Synonyms: Deny, Dispute, Oppose, Refute
o Antonyms: Agree, Affirm, Support
o Example: His testimony contradicted the statement he gave earlier.
4. Intransigent (intransigeant)
o Synonyms: Stubborn, Uncompromising, Unyielding, Obstinate
o Antonyms: Flexible, Compliant, Yielding
o Example: His intransigent attitude made it difficult to reach a compromise.
5. Truculent (truculent)
o Synonyms: Aggressive, Defiant, Hostile, Belligerent
o Antonyms: Gentle, Peaceful, Friendly
o Example: His truculent behavior made negotiations impossible.
6. Polemical (polémique)
o Synonyms: Controversial, Argumentative, Contentious, Combative
o Antonyms: Agreeable, Uncontroversial, Conciliatory
o Example: The polemical article sparked heated debates among the readers.
7. Belie (démentir)
o Synonyms: Contradict, Misrepresent, Disguise, Refute
o Antonyms: Confirm, Support, Verify
o Example: His cheerful manner belied the sadness he was feeling.
8. Calumny (calomnie)
o Synonyms: Slander, Defamation, Lie, Smear
o Antonyms: Praise, Flattery, Compliment
o Example: The article was filled with calumny, aiming to tarnish the politician’s reputation.
9. Acrimonious (acrimonieux)
o Synonyms: Bitter, Spiteful, Hostile, Caustic
o Antonyms: Harmonious, Cordial, Amicable
o Example: Their acrimonious divorce proceedings made headlines.
10. Craven (lâche)
o Synonyms: Cowardly, Timid, Spineless, Fearful
o Antonyms: Brave, Courageous, Bold
o Example: His craven decision to abandon his comrades shocked everyone.
11. Deride (railler)
o Synonyms: Mock, Ridicule, Scoff at, Taunt
o Antonyms: Praise, Admire, Compliment

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 o Example: The critics derided the film as a complete failure.
12. Disdain (mépris)
o Synonyms: Contempt, Scorn, Disrespect, Disregard
o Antonyms: Respect, Admiration, Approval
o Example: She expressed disdain for the company’s unethical practices.
13. Enmity (animosité)
o Synonyms: Hostility, Hatred, Antagonism, Animosity
o Antonyms: Friendship, Affection, Amity
o Example: There was a long-standing enmity between the two families.
14. Repudiate (répudier)
o Synonyms: Reject, Deny, Disavow, Renounce
o Antonyms: Accept, Embrace, Acknowledge
o Example: He repudiated the accusations against him, claiming innocence.
15. Abjure (abjurer)
o Synonyms: Renounce, Reject, Disavow, Forswear
o Antonyms: Accept, Embrace, Adhere
o Example: She abjured her former beliefs after learning the truth.

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7. Change and Flexibility

Words related to change, adaptability, and transformation.

1. Malleable (malléable)
o Synonyms: Pliable, Adaptable, Flexible, Ductile
o Antonyms: Rigid, Stiff, Inflexible
o Example: The malleable material was perfect for creating sculptures.
2. Plastic (malléable)
o Synonyms: Malleable, Flexible, Pliable, Adaptable
o Antonyms: Rigid, Stiff, Inflexible
o Example: The brain is plastic and capable of adapting to new experiences.
3. Proliferate (proliférer)
o Synonyms: Multiply, Increase, Spread, Expand
o Antonyms: Diminish, Decrease, Lessen
o Example: Technology has proliferated rapidly in the last decade.
4. Mutable (mutable)
o Synonyms: Changeable, Variable, Inconstant, Alterable
o Antonyms: Immutable, Fixed, Stable
o Example: Fashion trends are mutable, constantly evolving from season to season.
5. Transitory (transitoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Short-lived, Fleeting, Ephemeral
o Antonyms: Permanent, Long-lasting, Enduring
o Example: The transitory nature of the job market requires flexibility.
6. Ephemeral (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Fleeting, Short-lived, Temporary, Transient
o Antonyms: Permanent, Enduring, Lasting
o Example: The beauty of the sunset was ephemeral, gone in minutes.
7. Transient (transitoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Short-term, Passing, Fleeting
o Antonyms: Permanent, Lasting, Enduring
o Example: The transient population moved frequently due to seasonal work.
8. Fickle (capricieux)
o Synonyms: Capricious, Changeable, Unpredictable, Volatile
o Antonyms: Constant, Steady, Consistent
o Example: His fickle nature made it difficult to rely on his decisions.
9. Capricious (capricieux)
o Synonyms: Fickle, Whimsical, Unpredictable, Impulsive
o Antonyms: Steady, Predictable, Stable
o Example: Her capricious moods made her difficult to work with.
10. Amorphous (amorphe)
o Synonyms: Shapeless, Formless, Undefined, Indeterminate
o Antonyms: Defined, Structured, Distinct
o Example: The project’s amorphous goals made it difficult to measure progress.
11. Volatile (volatile)
o Synonyms: Unstable, Explosive, Changeable, Erratic
o Antonyms: Stable, Calm, Steady
o Example: The volatile political situation made investors nervous.

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12. Mercurial (mercuriel)
o Synonyms: Fickle, Capricious, Unpredictable, Changeable
o Antonyms: Steady, Consistent, Predictable
o Example: Her mercurial temperament made it hard to predict how she would react.
13. Mutate (muter)
o Synonyms: Change, Transform, Alter, Evolve
o Antonyms: Remain the same, Persist, Stabilize
o Example: The virus was able to mutate and become resistant to the medication.

14. Recast (remodeler)

o Synonyms: Reshape, Revise, Alter, Modify
o Antonyms: Preserve, Keep, Maintain

 Example: The director recast the lead role after the actor left the production.

15. Innovate (innover)

o Synonyms: Invent, Modernize, Create, Develop
o Antonyms: Stagnate, Imitate, Preserve
o Example: The company strives to innovate and offer new solutions to old problems.

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8. Time: Temporariness and Permanence

Words related to the concept of time, whether something is temporary, fleeting, or enduring.

1. Ephemeral (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Short-lived, Transitory, Fleeting, Momentary
o Antonyms: Permanent, Long-lasting, Enduring
o Example: The ephemeral nature of the performance made it all the more special.
2. Transient (transitoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Brief, Passing, Fleeting
o Antonyms: Permanent, Long-lasting, Stable
o Example: The transient workers stayed only for the harvest season.
3. Transitory (transitoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Short-lived, Brief, Fleeting
o Antonyms: Permanent, Long-lasting, Eternal
o Example: His transitory joy faded once reality set in.
4. Evanescent (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Vanishing, Fading, Brief, Temporary
o Antonyms: Permanent, Enduring, Lasting
o Example: The evanescent rainbow disappeared as quickly as it appeared.
5. Immutable (immuable)
o Synonyms: Unchangeable, Fixed, Permanent, Invariable
o Antonyms: Changeable, Mutable, Variable
o Example: The rules of physics are immutable, regardless of context.
6. Perpetual (perpétuel)
o Synonyms: Eternal, Never-ending, Constant, Unceasing
o Antonyms: Temporary, Transient, Fleeting
o Example: The perpetual motion of the Earth around the Sun never ceases.
7. Enduring (durable)
o Synonyms: Lasting, Persistent, Permanent, Abiding
o Antonyms: Temporary, Transitory, Short-lived
o Example: Their enduring friendship has lasted through thick and thin.
8. Perennial (pérenne)
o Synonyms: Lasting, Enduring, Long-lasting, Continual
o Antonyms: Temporary, Short-lived, Fleeting
o Example: The perennial flowers bloom year after year without fail.
9. Indelible (indélébile)
o Synonyms: Unforgettable, Permanent, Lasting, Enduring
o Antonyms: Forgettable, Temporary, Erasable
o Example: The indelible memories of their adventures stayed with him forever.
10. Endemic (endémique)
o Synonyms: Native, Local, Widespread, Permanent
o Antonyms: Foreign, Temporary, Alien
o Example: Malaria is endemic to certain tropical regions of the world.
11. Perpetuate (perpétuer)
o Synonyms: Maintain, Preserve, Prolong, Continue
o Antonyms: Stop, Halt, Abolish
o Example: The traditions have been perpetuated for generations.

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12. Sporadic (sporadique)
o Synonyms: Occasional, Irregular, Infrequent, Intermittent
o Antonyms: Regular, Frequent, Constant
o Example: The sporadic thunderstorms interrupted an otherwise sunny day.
13. Momentary (momentané)
o Synonyms: Brief, Fleeting, Temporary, Transient
o Antonyms: Lasting, Enduring, Long-lasting
o Example: The victory brought only momentary happiness before reality set in.
14. Intermittent (intermittent)
o Synonyms: Sporadic, Periodic, Irregular, Occasional
o Antonyms: Continuous, Constant, Regular
o Example: The power outages were intermittent throughout the week.
15. Provisional (provisoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Interim, Conditional, Short-term
o Antonyms: Permanent, Definite, Final
o Example: The provisional agreement allowed both sides to negotiate further.

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9. Clarity and Opacity

1. Lucid (lucide)
o Synonyms: Clear, Intelligible, Coherent, Transparent
o Antonyms: Confusing, Unclear, Obscure
o Example: The professor provided a lucid explanation of a complex topic.
2. Opaque (opaque)
o Synonyms: Obscure, Unclear, Nontransparent, Murky
o Antonyms: Transparent, Clear, Lucid
o Example: The instructions were so opaque that no one understood what to do.
3. Elucidate (élucider)
o Synonyms: Clarify, Explain, Illuminate, Expound
o Antonyms: Confuse, Obscure, Muddle
o Example: The teacher elucidated the difficult concept with additional examples.
4. Obfuscate (obscurcir)
o Synonyms: Confuse, Complicate, Cloud, Befuddle
o Antonyms: Clarify, Elucidate, Simplify
o Example: The politician tried to obfuscate the truth during the interview.
5. Pellucid (pellucide)
o Synonyms: Transparent, Clear, Lucid, Easy to understand
o Antonyms: Opaque, Confusing, Murky
o Example: The pellucid water of the lake revealed the fish swimming beneath the surface.
6. Translucent (translucide)
o Synonyms: Semi-transparent, Clear, See-through, Lucid
o Antonyms: Opaque, Solid, Nontransparent
o Example: The translucent curtains let in light while still providing privacy.
7. Convoluted (compliqué)
o Synonyms: Complicated, Complex, Intricate, Involved
o Antonyms: Simple, Straightforward, Clear
o Example: The convoluted plot of the movie left many viewers confused.
8. Recondite (recondite)
o Synonyms: Obscure, Abstruse, Arcane, Esoteric
o Antonyms: Simple, Clear, Accessible
o Example: The recondite nature of the theory made it difficult for most people to grasp.
9. Esoteric (ésotérique)
o Synonyms: Arcane, Obscure, Recondite, Cryptic
o Antonyms: Common, Simple, Understandable
o Example: The esoteric knowledge of ancient rituals was known only to a few.
10. Abstruse (abstrus)
o Synonyms: Obscure, Difficult, Recondite, Incomprehensible
o Antonyms: Clear, Simple, Accessible
o Example: The abstruse mathematical concepts challenged even the brightest students.
11. Inexplicable (inexplicable)
o Synonyms: Unexplainable, Mysterious, Puzzling, Incomprehensible
o Antonyms: Clear, Understandable, Comprehensible
o Example: The sudden disappearance of the artifact was inexplicable.
12. Ambiguous (ambigu)
o Synonyms: Unclear, Vague, Indefinite, Cryptic

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 Antonyms: Clear, Definite, Explicit
 Example: His ambiguous response left us unsure of his true feelings.

13. Arcane (arcane)

o Synonyms: Mysterious, Obscure, Esoteric, Hidden
o Antonyms: Common, Known, Accessible
o Example: The arcane language of the ancient text was understood by only a handful of
scholars.
14. Cryptic (cryptique)
o Synonyms: Mysterious, Puzzling, Obscure, Enigmatic
o Antonyms: Clear, Obvious, Transparent
o Example: The cryptic message left by the hacker puzzled investigators.
15. Enigmatic (énigmatique)
o Synonyms: Mysterious, Puzzling, Cryptic, Obscure
o Antonyms: Clear, Obvious, Straightforward
o Example: The enigmatic smile of the Mona Lisa has fascinated art lovers for centuries.

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10. Deceit and Trickery

Words that describe dishonest behavior, misleading others, or tricking people.

1. Chicanery (supercherie)
o Synonyms: Trickery, Deception, Duplicity, Subterfuge
o Antonyms: Honesty, Candor, Sincerity
o Example: The politician’s chicanery during the election campaign was eventually exposed.
2. Feign (feindre)
o Synonyms: Pretend, Simulate, Fake, Dissemble
o Antonyms: Be sincere, Reveal, Unveil
o Example: He feigned surprise when he was actually expecting the news.
3. Specious (spécieux)
o Synonyms: Misleading, Deceptive, False, Spurious
o Antonyms: Genuine, Honest, True
o Example: The specious argument appeared logical but was based on faulty reasoning.
4. Spurious (fallacieux)
o Synonyms: False, Fake, Deceptive, Specious
o Antonyms: Authentic, Genuine, True
o Example: The spurious claims made by the advertiser misled many customers.
5. Dissemble (dissimuler)
o Synonyms: Conceal, Pretend, Feign, Mislead
o Antonyms: Reveal, Expose, Disclose
o Example: She tried to dissemble her true feelings, but her nervousness was obvious.
6. Duplicitous (fourbe)
o Synonyms: Deceitful, Dishonest, Two-faced, Double-dealing
o Antonyms: Honest, Sincere, Truthful
o Example: The duplicitous businessman was caught cheating his clients.
7. Mendacious (mensonger)
o Synonyms: Lying, Deceitful, False, Dishonest
o Antonyms: Truthful, Honest, Sincere
o Example: The mendacious reporter fabricated stories to boost readership.
8. Prevaricate (prévariquer)
o Synonyms: Lie, Evade, Mislead, Hedge
o Antonyms: Tell the truth, Be straightforward, Clarify
o Example: The witness continued to prevaricate, avoiding the lawyer’s direct questions.
9. Subterfuge (subterfuge)
o Synonyms: Deception, Trickery, Evasion, Artifice
o Antonyms: Honesty, Candor, Transparency
o Example: The criminal used subterfuge to escape from the police.
10. Artifice (artifice)
o Synonyms: Trickery, Deception, Cunning, Craft
o Antonyms: Sincerity, Honesty, Candor
o Example: His speech was full of artifice, designed to mislead the audience.
11. Guile (ruse)
o Synonyms: Deceit, Cunning, Duplicity, Trickery
o Antonyms: Honesty, Frankness, Candor
o Example: He used guile to manipulate people into doing what he wanted.

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12. Devious (déloyal)
o Synonyms: Cunning, Dishonest, Underhanded, Deceitful
o Antonyms: Honest, Direct, Forthright
o Example: The devious plan to sabotage the competition was eventually discovered.
13. Duplicity (duplicité)
o Synonyms: Deceit, Dishonesty, Double-dealing, Fraudulence
o Antonyms: Honesty, Transparency, Truthfulness
o Example: The duplicity of the official’s actions shocked the public.
14. Furtive (furtif)
o Synonyms: Sneaky, Secretive, Stealthy, Clandestine
o Antonyms: Open, Honest, Overt
o Example: His furtive glance at the test paper gave him away to the teacher.
15. Skullduggery (manigance)
o Synonyms: Trickery, Deceit, Fraud, Underhandedness
o Antonyms: Honesty, Integrity, Fairness
o Example: The politician was involved in skullduggery to manipulate the election results.

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11. Support and Reinforcement

1. Bolster (soutenir)
o Synonyms: Strengthen, Support, Reinforce, Buttress
o Antonyms: Undermine, Weaken, Diminish
o Example: The government introduced new policies to bolster the economy.
2. Buttress (contrefort)
o Synonyms: Support, Strengthen, Reinforce, Prop up
o Antonyms: Weaken, Undermine, Dismantle
o Example: The company’s reputation was buttressed by years of good service.
3. Prop (étayer)
o Synonyms: Support, Reinforce, Hold up, Bolster
o Antonyms: Weaken, Collapse, Undermine
o Example: They used wooden beams to prop up the roof of the old building.
4. Advocate (défenseur)
o Synonyms: Supporter, Proponent, Champion, Defender
o Antonyms: Opponent, Critic, Adversary
o Example: He has been a strong advocate for healthcare reform.
5. Champion (champion)
o Synonyms: Advocate, Defend, Support, Promote
o Antonyms: Oppose, Criticize, Undermine
o Example: She championed the rights of women in the workplace.
6. Bolster (renforcer)
o Synonyms: Strengthen, Support, Buttress, Fortify
o Antonyms: Weaken, Undermine, Impair
o Example: The community came together to bolster the local economy after the disaster.
7. Fortify (fortifier)
o Synonyms: Strengthen, Reinforce, Bolster, Secure
o Antonyms: Weaken, Erode, Diminish
o Example: The town was fortified against enemy attacks.
8. Sustain (soutenir)
o Synonyms: Support, Maintain, Endure, Uphold
o Antonyms: Undermine, Weaken, Neglect
o Example: The athlete’s rigorous training regimen helped him sustain his high performance
level.
9. Support (soutenir)
o Synonyms: Aid, Assist, Help, Back up
o Antonyms: Oppose, Obstruct, Hinder
o Example: The charity supports low-income families with housing assistance.
10. Corroborate (corroborer)
o Synonyms: Confirm, Support, Verify, Substantiate
o Antonyms: Contradict, Refute, Deny
o Example: The witness's testimony corroborated the defendant’s alibi.
11. Uphold (soutenir)
o Synonyms: Maintain, Support, Confirm, Defend
o Antonyms: Overturn, Abandon, Undermine
o Example: The court upheld the ruling of the lower court.
12. Countenance (cautionner)
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 o Synonyms: Endorse, Approve, Support, Permit
o Antonyms: Disapprove, Condemn, Oppose
o Example: The company did not countenance unethical behavior from its employees.
13. Encourage (encourager)
o Synonyms: Inspire, Support, Motivate, Boost
o Antonyms: Discourage, Deter, Dissuade
o Example: His teacher encouraged him to pursue a career in science.
14. Espouse (épouser)
o Synonyms: Support, Adopt, Embrace, Advocate
o Antonyms: Reject, Abandon, Oppose
o Example: She espoused the environmental cause and actively participated in conservation
efforts.
15. Substantiate (étayer)
o Synonyms: Prove, Validate, Confirm, Support
o Antonyms: Disprove, Refute, Deny
o Example: The scientist was able to substantiate his theory with extensive research.

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12. Excess and Overabundance

Words that describe excessive amounts or actions, often implying too much of something.

1. Profuse (profus)
o Synonyms: Abundant, Excessive, Copious, Lavish
o Antonyms: Scarce, Sparse, Meager
o Example: She offered profuse apologies after arriving late.
2. Prolific (prolifique)
o Synonyms: Productive, Fruitful, Fertile, Abundant
o Antonyms: Unproductive, Barren, Sterile
o Example: The prolific author wrote over 30 novels in her lifetime.
3. Prodigal (prodigue)
o Synonyms: Wasteful, Extravagant, Lavish, Spendthrift
o Antonyms: Frugal, Thrifty, Economical
o Example: The prodigal son returned home after squandering his inheritance.
4. Lavish (somptueux)
o Synonyms: Extravagant, Luxurious, Prodigal, Profuse
o Antonyms: Meager, Frugal, Economical
o Example: The king’s lavish banquet featured exotic foods from around the world.
5. Exorbitant (exorbitant)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Overpriced, Inflated, Outrageous
o Antonyms: Reasonable, Moderate, Affordable
o Example: The exorbitant price of the designer handbag shocked many customers.
6. Superfluous (superflu)
o Synonyms: Unnecessary, Excessive, Redundant, Surplus
o Antonyms: Necessary, Essential, Required
o Example: His explanation was superfluous and added nothing new to the discussion.
7. Surfeit (excès)
o Synonyms: Excess, Overabundance, Glut, Surplus
o Antonyms: Lack, Scarcity, Shortage
o Example: The surfeit of food at the feast went to waste.
8. Excessive (excessif)
o Synonyms: Overabundant, Superfluous, Extreme, Inordinate
o Antonyms: Moderate, Sufficient, Limited
o Example: His excessive spending habits led to his financial downfall.
9. Extravagant (extravagant)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Lavish, Wasteful, Profligate
o Antonyms: Economical, Frugal, Modest
o Example: Their extravagant lifestyle included frequent trips to luxury resorts.
10. Glut (surabondance)
o Synonyms: Surplus, Overabundance, Excess, Oversupply
o Antonyms: Shortage, Scarcity, Lack
o Example: The market was flooded with a glut of cheap imports.
11. Profligate (profligé)
o Synonyms: Wasteful, Reckless, Spendthrift, Extravagant
o Antonyms: Thrifty, Frugal, Economical

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 o Example: The profligate prince spent his fortune on extravagant parties.
12. Luxuriant (luxuriant)
o Synonyms: Lush, Abundant, Rich, Prolific
o Antonyms: Sparse, Barren, Meager
o Example: The luxuriant growth of vegetation in the rainforest was breathtaking.
13. Immoderate (immodéré)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Extreme, Over-the-top, Unrestrained
o Antonyms: Moderate, Restrained, Reasonable
o Example: His immoderate consumption of alcohol was damaging his health.
14. Overindulgent (excessif)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Immoderate, Unrestrained, Extravagant
o Antonyms: Restrained, Moderate, Conservative
o Example: The overindulgent parents gave their children everything they wanted.
15. Inordinate (démesuré)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Immoderate, Exorbitant, Unreasonable
o Antonyms: Reasonable, Limited, Moderate
o Example: His inordinate ambition led him to take on more than he could handle.

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13. Lack and Scarcity

Words describing a deficiency or shortage of something.

1. Paucity (pénurie)
o Synonyms: Scarcity, Dearth, Shortage, Deficiency
o Antonyms: Abundance, Surplus, Excess
o Example: The paucity of information made it difficult to complete the research.
2. Dearth (pénurie)
o Synonyms: Lack, Scarcity, Shortage, Insufficiency
o Antonyms: Abundance, Plenty, Surplus
o Example: There was a dearth of medical supplies during the pandemic.
3. Meager (médiocre)
o Synonyms: Insufficient, Scanty, Paltry, Sparse
o Antonyms: Plentiful, Ample, Abundant
o Example: The meager rations were barely enough to sustain the soldiers.
4. Scant (insuffisant)
o Synonyms: Limited, Insufficient, Bare, Inadequate
o Antonyms: Abundant, Plentiful, Generous
o Example: The scant resources available made survival difficult.
5. Deficient (déficient)
o Synonyms: Insufficient, Inadequate, Lacking, Scarce
o Antonyms: Adequate, Sufficient, Ample
o Example: The diet was deficient in vitamins, leading to health issues.
6. Sparse (clairsemé)
o Synonyms: Thin, Scant, Inadequate, Scarce
o Antonyms: Dense, Abundant, Plentiful
o Example: The vegetation in the desert was sparse, with only a few plants surviving.
7. Impoverished (appauvri)
o Synonyms: Destitute, Poor, Needy, Deprived
o Antonyms: Wealthy, Prosperous, Affluent
o Example: The impoverished village relied on foreign aid to survive.
8. Insufficient (insuffisant)
o Synonyms: Inadequate, Deficient, Scant, Meager
o Antonyms: Sufficient, Ample, Plentiful
o Example: The funds were insufficient to cover the cost of the repairs.
9. Exiguous (exigu)
o Synonyms: Meager, Scanty, Insufficient, Sparse
o Antonyms: Ample, Plentiful, Abundant
o Example: The exiguous income barely covered their basic living expenses.
10. Lackluster (terne)
o Synonyms: Dull, Uninspired, Lifeless, Deficient
o Antonyms: Bright, Lively, Enthusiastic
o Example: The lackluster performance disappointed the audience.
11. Penurious (pénurie)
o Synonyms: Impoverished, Destitute, Needy, Poor
o Antonyms: Wealthy, Affluent, Prosperous
o Example: The penurious conditions in the slums were shocking.

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12. Scanty (maigre)
o Synonyms: Meager, Insufficient, Sparse, Paltry
o Antonyms: Plentiful, Ample, Generous
o Example: The scanty amount of food left everyone still hungry.
13. Destitute (démuni)
o Synonyms: Impoverished, Penniless, Deprived, Needy
o Antonyms: Affluent, Wealthy, Rich
o Example: The destitute family struggled to find enough food to eat.
14. Inadequate (inadéquat)
o Synonyms: Insufficient, Deficient, Scanty, Meager
o Antonyms: Adequate, Sufficient, Ample
o Example: The facilities were inadequate for hosting such a large event.
15. Paltry (dérisoire)
o Synonyms: Insignificant, Meager, Trivial, Scanty
o Antonyms: Considerable, Substantial, Significant
o Example: The paltry salary was not enough to live comfortably in the city.

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14. Size and Magnitude

Words that describe size, scope, or the importance of something, whether large or small.

1. Copious (copieux)
o Synonyms: Abundant, Plentiful, Ample, Bountiful
o Antonyms: Scanty, Meager, Sparse
o Example: The copious amounts of data made the analysis more comprehensive.
2. Ample (ample)
o Synonyms: Plentiful, Sufficient, Copious, Abundant
o Antonyms: Insufficient, Scant, Meager
o Example: The room provided ample space for the event.
3. Prodigious (prodigieux)
o Synonyms: Enormous, Immense, Vast, Tremendous
o Antonyms: Small, Insignificant, Tiny
o Example: The prodigious talent of the young musician amazed the audience.
4. Enormous (énorme)
o Synonyms: Huge, Immense, Gigantic, Vast
o Antonyms: Tiny, Small, Petite
o Example: The enormous statue towered over the city square.
5. Immense (immense)
o Synonyms: Huge, Enormous, Massive, Vast
o Antonyms: Small, Tiny, Petite
o Example: The immense popularity of the singer led to sold-out concerts worldwide.
6. Vast (vaste)
o Synonyms: Expansive, Huge, Immense, Extensive
o Antonyms: Limited, Small, Tiny
o Example: The vast desert stretched as far as the eye could see.
7. Tremendous (énorme)
o Synonyms: Enormous, Immense, Huge, Massive
o Antonyms: Small, Tiny, Insignificant
o Example: The tremendous growth of the company impressed investors.
8. Monumental (monumental)
o Synonyms: Huge, Massive, Immense, Enormous
o Antonyms: Small, Minor, Insignificant
o Example: The monumental effort required to complete the project was worth the result.
9. Paltry (dérisoire)
o Synonyms: Meager, Insignificant, Trivial, Negligible
o Antonyms: Significant, Substantial, Considerable
o Example: The paltry amount of money raised wasn’t enough to cover the costs.
10. Minuscule (minuscule)
o Synonyms: Tiny, Minute, Small, Microscopic
o Antonyms: Huge, Vast, Enormous
o Example: The minuscule details in the painting were almost invisible to the naked eye.
11. Inordinate (démesuré)
o Synonyms: Excessive, Immoderate, Unreasonable, Extreme
o Antonyms: Moderate, Reasonable, Limited

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 o Example: The inordinate amount of time spent on trivial issues delayed the project.
12. Diminutive (minuscule)
o Synonyms: Small, Petite, Tiny, Miniature
o Antonyms: Large, Huge, Enormous
o Example: The diminutive figure of the dancer moved gracefully across the stage.
13. Gigantic (gigantesque)
o Synonyms: Enormous, Immense, Colossal, Massive
o Antonyms: Tiny, Small, Minuscule
o Example: The gigantic waves crashed against the shore during the storm.
14. Colossal (colossal)
o Synonyms: Enormous, Massive, Huge, Gigantic
o Antonyms: Small, Petite, Tiny
o Example: The colossal statue was a wonder to behold.
15. Infinitesimal (infinitésimal)
o Synonyms: Tiny, Minuscule, Microscopic, Minute
o Antonyms: Vast, Enormous, Gigantic
o Example: The scientist studied infinitesimal particles using a powerful microscope.

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15. Movement and Speed

Words that describe different kinds of motion, speed, and pace, whether fast or slow.

1. Cursory (superficiel)
o Synonyms: Hasty, Perfunctory, Superficial, Brief
o Antonyms: Thorough, Detailed, Comprehensive
o Example: His cursory glance at the report missed several important errors.
2. Daunting (intimidant)
o Synonyms: Intimidating, Overwhelming, Formidable, Frightening
o Antonyms: Encouraging, Inviting, Comforting
o Example: The task of climbing the mountain seemed daunting at first.
3. Dilatory (dilatoire)
o Synonyms: Slow, Tardy, Procrastinating, Delaying
o Antonyms: Prompt, Quick, Expeditious
o Example: The dilatory response to the emergency led to preventable damage.
4. Expedite (accélérer)
o Synonyms: Accelerate, Hasten, Quicken, Rush
o Antonyms: Delay, Slow, Hinder
o Example: The company implemented new software to expedite the shipping process.
5. Impetuous (impétueux)
o Synonyms: Rash, Hasty, Impulsive, Reckless
o Antonyms: Cautious, Deliberate, Considered
o Example: His impetuous decision to quit his job left him in financial trouble.
6. Sluggish (lent)
o Synonyms: Slow, Lethargic, Inactive, Unresponsive
o Antonyms: Quick, Lively, Energetic
o Example: The sluggish economy took years to recover from the recession.
7. Torrid (torride)
o Synonyms: Rapid, Heated, Intense, Fast
o Antonyms: Slow, Cool, Calm
o Example: The team worked at a torrid pace to finish the project before the deadline.
8. Tardy (retardé)
o Synonyms: Late, Delayed, Slow, Unpunctual
o Antonyms: Early, Prompt, On-time
o Example: His tardy arrival to the meeting upset his boss.
9. Swift (rapide)
o Synonyms: Fast, Quick, Rapid, Speedy
o Antonyms: Slow, Deliberate, Sluggish
o Example: The swift response of the firefighters prevented further damage.
10. Plodding (lourd)
o Synonyms: Slow, Laborious, Drudging, Tedious
o Antonyms: Fast, Quick, Agile
o Example: The plodding pace of the lecture made it difficult to stay awake.
11. Alacrity (vivacité)
o Synonyms: Eagerness, Willingness, Speed, Enthusiasm
o Antonyms: Reluctance, Hesitation, Lethargy
o Example: She accepted the new job offer with alacrity.

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12. Brisk (vif)
o Synonyms: Quick, Lively, Energetic, Vigorous
o Antonyms: Sluggish, Slow, Lethargic
o Example: They took a brisk walk around the park to enjoy the fresh air.
13. Torpedo (torpiller)
o Synonyms: Speed, Rush, Hasten, Propel
o Antonyms: Slow, Delay, Hinder
o Example: The plan was torpedoed by unforeseen complications.
14. Gallop (galoper)
o Synonyms: Rush, Sprint, Dash, Race
o Antonyms: Walk, Stroll, Saunter
o Example: The horse galloped across the field with amazing speed.
15. Hasten (hâter)
o Synonyms: Hurry, Speed up, Accelerate, Expedite
o Antonyms: Delay, Slow, Procrastinate
o Example: He hastened to finish the project before the deadline.

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16. Judgment and Decision-Making

Words describing how decisions are made, from careful deliberation to impulsive choices.

1. Prudent (prudent)
o Synonyms: Wise, Cautious, Sensible, Judicious
o Antonyms: Reckless, Foolish, Impulsive
o Example: It was prudent of him to save money for emergencies.
2. Circumspect (circonspect)
o Synonyms: Cautious, Careful, Prudent, Judicious
o Antonyms: Reckless, Careless, Impetuous
o Example: Her circumspect approach to negotiations ensured no rash decisions were made.
3. Judicious (judicieux)
o Synonyms: Wise, Prudent, Thoughtful, Sensible
o Antonyms: Foolish, Reckless, Imprudent
o Example: The judge made a judicious decision after carefully considering all the evidence.
4. Imprudent (imprudent)
o Synonyms: Reckless, Foolish, Rash, Unwise
o Antonyms: Prudent, Cautious, Wise
o Example: His imprudent investment decisions led to significant financial losses.
5. Decisive (décisif)
o Synonyms: Resolute, Determined, Firm, Conclusive
o Antonyms: Indecisive, Hesitant, Uncertain
o Example: The leader made a decisive decision to cut spending and save the company.
6. Indecisive (indécis)
o Synonyms: Hesitant, Uncertain, Tentative, Vacillating
o Antonyms: Decisive, Resolute, Determined
o Example: He was indecisive about which college to attend, weighing each option carefully.
7. Resolute (résolu)
o Synonyms: Determined, Firm, Unwavering, Steadfast
o Antonyms: Indecisive, Wavering, Hesitant
o Example: She was resolute in her decision to pursue a medical career, despite the challenges.
8. Astute (astucieux)
o Synonyms: Shrewd, Sharp, Perceptive, Clever
o Antonyms: Foolish, Naive, Ignorant
o Example: His astute business decisions led to his company's success.
9. Impulsive (impulsif)
o Synonyms: Reckless, Spontaneous, Hasty, Unconsidered
o Antonyms: Deliberate, Cautious, Thoughtful
o Example: His impulsive decision to buy the car left him with buyer's remorse.
10. Canny (rusé)
o Synonyms: Shrewd, Clever, Astute, Crafty
o Antonyms: Foolish, Naive, Unwise
o Example: The canny investor knew when to buy and when to sell for maximum profit.
11. Ponderous (lourd)
o Synonyms: Slow, Clumsy, Labored, Tedious
o Antonyms: Light, Quick, Graceful

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 o Example: His ponderous approach to problem-solving slowed down the entire team.
12. Pensive (pensif)
o Synonyms: Thoughtful, Reflective, Meditative, Contemplative
o Antonyms: Thoughtless, Careless, Unreflective
o Example: She sat in a pensive mood, considering her next steps carefully.
13. Vacillate (vaciller)
o Synonyms: Waver, Hesitate, Fluctuate, Dither
o Antonyms: Decide, Resolve, Settle
o Example: He vacillated between two job offers, unable to make up his mind.
14. Scrutinize (scruter)
o Synonyms: Examine, Inspect, Study, Analyze
o Antonyms: Ignore, Glance, Overlook
o Example: The scientist scrutinized the data before drawing any conclusions.
15. Wary (méfiant)
o Synonyms: Cautious, Suspicious, Guarded, Leery
o Antonyms: Trusting, Careless, Reckless
o Example: She was wary of signing the contract without reading the fine print.

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17. Emotion and Feelings

1. Aloof (distant)
o Synonyms: Detached, Uninvolved, Indifferent, Remote
o Antonyms: Engaged, Friendly, Sociable
o Example: She remained aloof during the meeting, not participating in any discussions.
2. Fervid (fervent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Ardent, Zealous, Enthusiastic
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: His fervid speech about social justice inspired many people.
3. Apathy (apathie)
o Synonyms: Indifference, Unconcern, Lethargy, Disinterest
o Antonyms: Passion, Enthusiasm, Concern
o Example: The voters’ apathy resulted in a low turnout at the polls.
4. Ardent (ardent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Fervent, Zealous, Enthusiastic
o Antonyms: Indifferent, Apathetic, Uninterested
o Example: She is an ardent supporter of human rights and works tirelessly for the cause.
5. Misanthropic (misanthrope)
o Synonyms: Cynical, Distrustful, Reclusive, Antisocial
o Antonyms: Philanthropic, Sociable, Friendly
o Example: The misanthropic recluse lived far away from society, preferring isolation.
6. Placid (placide)
o Synonyms: Calm, Tranquil, Serene, Peaceful
o Antonyms: Agitated, Turbulent, Chaotic
o Example: The placid lake was the perfect place for a peaceful afternoon.
7. Sanguine (sanguin)
o Synonyms: Optimistic, Cheerful, Confident, Positive
o Antonyms: Pessimistic, Doubtful, Negative
o Example: Despite the challenges, she remained sanguine about the project's success.
8. Diffident (timide)
o Synonyms: Shy, Bashful, Timid, Reserved
o Antonyms: Confident, Assertive, Bold
o Example: The diffident student hesitated to raise his hand during class discussions.
9. Zealous (zélé)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Fervent, Enthusiastic, Eager
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: The zealous advocate worked day and night for the cause.
10. Timorous (craintif)
o Synonyms: Fearful, Shy, Apprehensive, Cowardly
o Antonyms: Bold, Confident, Brave
o Example: The timorous child hid behind his mother when meeting new people.
11. Mawkish (pleurnichard)
o Synonyms: Sentimental, Sappy, Overemotional, Saccharine
o Antonyms: Unsentimental, Unemotional, Stoic
o Example: The movie was so mawkish that it was difficult to take seriously.
12. Lament (lamenter)
o Synonyms: Mourn, Grieve, Bemoan, Deplore

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 o Antonyms: Celebrate, Rejoice, Cheer

 Example: He lamented the loss of his childhood home, which had been destroyed in the fire.

13. Wistful (mélancolique)

o Synonyms: Longing, Nostalgic, Yearning, Melancholic
o Antonyms: Uncaring, Unsentimental, Indifferent
o Example: She gazed wistfully at the old photographs, remembering better times.
14. Buoyant (flottant)
o Synonyms: Cheerful, Upbeat, Optimistic, Lighthearted
o Antonyms: Gloomy, Depressed, Pessimistic
o Example: His buoyant personality made him popular among his colleagues.
15. Droll (drôle)
o Synonyms: Amusing, Witty, Comical, Funny
o Antonyms: Serious, Grave, Solemn
o Example: The comedian's droll sense of humor had the entire audience in stitches.
16. Irascible (irascible)
o Synonyms: Irritable, Quick-tempered, Grumpy, Testy
o Antonyms: Calm, Easygoing, Good-natured
o Example: The irascible old man was known for yelling at the neighborhood kids.
17. Morose (morose)
o Synonyms: Gloomy, Sullen, Melancholy, Depressed
o Antonyms: Cheerful, Happy, Sanguine
o Example: After hearing the bad news, he became morose and refused to speak to anyone.
18. Ebullient (exubérant)
o Synonyms: Enthusiastic, Exuberant, Cheerful, Lively
o Antonyms: Depressed, Pessimistic, Downcast
o Example: The ebullient crowd celebrated long into the night.
19. Pensive (pensif)
o Synonyms: Thoughtful, Contemplative, Reflective, Musing
o Antonyms: Careless, Unreflective, Unthinking
o Example: She sat in a pensive mood, lost in her thoughts.
20. Garrulous (bavard)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty, Verbose
o Antonyms: Quiet, Reticent, Taciturn
o Example: The garrulous neighbor talked for hours without realizing how much time had
passed.

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18. Disapproval and Criticism

Words describing negative judgment, disapproval, or harsh critique.

1. Censure (blâme)
o Synonyms: Condemn, Criticize, Reprimand, Rebuke
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Approve
o Example: The employee was censured for repeatedly failing to meet deadlines.
2. Castigate (châtier)
o Synonyms: Reprimand, Scold, Chastise, Criticize
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Reward
o Example: The teacher castigated the student for cheating on the exam.
3. Decry (dénoncer)
o Synonyms: Denounce, Condemn, Criticize, Disparage
o Antonyms: Praise, Applaud, Endorse
o Example: Activists decried the government’s decision to cut funding for education.
4. Denigrate (dénigrer)
o Synonyms: Defame, Belittle, Criticize, Slander
o Antonyms: Praise, Glorify, Exalt
o Example: She denigrated his accomplishments out of jealousy.
5. Diatribe (diatribe)
o Synonyms: Tirade, Harangue, Rant, Criticism
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Commendation
o Example: The politician launched into a diatribe against his opponents during the debate.
6. Rebuke (réprimander)
o Synonyms: Reprimand, Scold, Criticize, Reproach
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud
o Example: The manager rebuked the employee for consistently arriving late to work.
7. Reprimand (réprimande)
o Synonyms: Scold, Rebuke, Chastise, Admonish
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud
o Example: He received a reprimand from his boss for failing to complete the task on time.
8. Revile (injurier)
o Synonyms: Criticize, Scold, Berate, Vilify
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Honor
o Example: The singer was reviled by the press after his controversial remarks.
9. Slander (calomnie)
o Synonyms: Defame, Libel, Malign, Smear
o Antonyms: Praise, Honor, Commend
o Example: The tabloid was sued for slandering the actor’s reputation.
10. Vituperate (vitupérer)
o Synonyms: Criticize, Scold, Revile, Rebuke
o Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud
o Example: The boss vituperated his employees for their lack of dedication to the project.
11. Berate (réprimander)
o Synonyms: Scold, Rebuke, Chastise, Criticize
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Commend

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 o Example: The coach berated the players for their poor performance during the game.
12. Obloquy (opprobre)
o Synonyms: Abuse, Criticism, Vilification, Defamation
o Antonyms: Praise, Approval, Honor
o Example: The company faced public obloquy after the scandal was exposed.
13. Opprobrium (opprobre)
o Synonyms: Disgrace, Condemnation, Shame, Reproach
o Antonyms: Praise, Honor, Respect
o Example: His actions brought opprobrium upon his family.
14. Reproach (reproche)
o Synonyms: Criticize, Scold, Blame, Rebuke
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Applaud
o Example: The teacher reproached the student for not turning in his assignment on time.
15. Aspersion (calomnie)
o Synonyms: Slander, Defamation, Criticism, Vilification
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Approval
o Example: The politician cast aspersions on his opponent’s character during the debate.

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19. Agreement and Harmony

1. Concord (concorde)
o Synonyms: Agreement, Harmony, Unity, Accord
o Antonyms: Discord, Conflict, Disagreement
o Example: After days of negotiation, the two sides finally reached concord.
2. Amicable (amical)
o Synonyms: Friendly, Agreeable, Cordial, Harmonious
o Antonyms: Hostile, Unfriendly, Antagonistic
o Example: They settled their differences in an amicable manner without going to court.
3. Congenial (convenable)
o Synonyms: Friendly, Pleasant, Agreeable, Cordial
o Antonyms: Disagreeable, Unpleasant, Unfriendly
o Example: The workplace was a congenial environment where everyone felt at ease.
4. Unanimous (unanime)
o Synonyms: Agreed, United, Consensual, Undivided
o Antonyms: Divided, Split, Contested
o Example: The board members were unanimous in their decision to approve the project.
5. Accord (accord)
o Synonyms: Agreement, Harmony, Concord, Consensus
o Antonyms: Discord, Disagreement, Conflict
o Example: The countries signed a peace accord after years of conflict.
6. Concur (être d'accord)
o Synonyms: Agree, Consent, Harmonize, Coincide
o Antonyms: Disagree, Oppose, Conflict
o Example: The experts concurred that the new policy would benefit the economy.
7. Harmonious (harmonieux)
o Synonyms: Peaceful, Agreeable, Congenial, Friendly
o Antonyms: Discordant, Conflicted, Hostile
o Example: The project team worked in a harmonious atmosphere of cooperation.
8. Comity (courtoisie)
o Synonyms: Courtesy, Civility, Harmony, Mutual respect
o Antonyms: Hostility, Conflict, Disrespect
o Example: Despite their differences, there was a sense of comity among the diplomats.
9. Reconcile (réconcilier)
o Synonyms: Settle, Resolve, Harmonize, Reunite
o Antonyms: Alienate, Estrange, Separate
o Example: They managed to reconcile their differences after a long discussion.
10. Consensual (consensuel)
o Synonyms: Agreed upon, Mutual, Harmonious, United
o Antonyms: Divisive, Controversial, Disputed
o Example: The contract was the result of a consensual agreement between the parties.
11. Cohesive (cohésif)
o Synonyms: United, Integrated, Unified, Consistent
o Antonyms: Fragmented, Disjointed, Divided
o Example: The team presented a cohesive plan for the new project.
12. Sympathetic (sympathique)
o Synonyms: Compassionate, Supportive, Agreeable, Understanding

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 Antonyms: Unsympathetic, Callous, Indifferent
 Example: She was sympathetic to her friend’s troubles and offered to help.

13. Cordial (cordial)

o Synonyms: Friendly, Warm, Amiable, Affable
o Antonyms: Cold, Unfriendly, Hostile
o Example: They had a cordial conversation, despite their opposing views.
14. Consonant (consonant)
o Synonyms: Harmonious, Agreeing, Compatible, Consistent
o Antonyms: Dissonant, Incompatible, Conflicting
o Example: Their actions were consonant with the company’s mission and values.
15. Rapport (rapport)
o Synonyms: Relationship, Connection, Bond, Understanding
o Antonyms: Alienation, Disconnection, Estrangement
o Example: The teacher worked hard to establish a rapport with her students.

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20. Disagreement and Conflict

Words describing discord, opposition, and struggles between people or ideas.

1. Discord (discorde)
o Synonyms: Disagreement, Conflict, Disunity, Disharmony
o Antonyms: Harmony, Accord, Agreement
o Example: There was discord among the members of the committee about how to proceed.
2. Contention (contention)
o Synonyms: Disagreement, Argument, Dispute, Conflict
o Antonyms: Agreement, Accord, Harmony
o Example: The main point of contention was how to allocate the resources.
3. Dissent (désaccord)
o Synonyms: Disagreement, Opposition, Protest, Conflict
o Antonyms: Agreement, Consent, Accord
o Example: The judge’s dissent from the majority opinion was noted in the record.
4. Fractious (frondeur)
o Synonyms: Unruly, Quarrelsome, Irritable, Disruptive
o Antonyms: Peaceable, Agreeable, Cooperative
o Example: The fractious group members had difficulty agreeing on anything.
5. Polarize (polariser)
o Synonyms: Divide, Separate, Alienate, Split
o Antonyms: Unite, Reconcile, Harmonize
o Example: The issue of climate change tends to polarize political debates.
6. Belie (démentir)
o Synonyms: Contradict, Disprove, Misrepresent, Refute
o Antonyms: Confirm, Validate, Support
o Example: His calm demeanor belied the panic he felt inside.
7. Contravene (contreviner)
o Synonyms: Violate, Breach, Transgress, Disregard
o Antonyms: Obey, Follow, Uphold
o Example: The company contravened environmental regulations and faced heavy fines.
8. Antagonistic (antagoniste)
o Synonyms: Hostile, Opposed, Confrontational, Inimical
o Antonyms: Friendly, Supportive, Cooperative
o Example: Their antagonistic behavior made it difficult to reach a compromise.
9. Inimical (inimical)
o Synonyms: Hostile, Unfriendly, Adverse, Opposed
o Antonyms: Friendly, Supportive, Beneficial
o Example: The new regulations were seen as inimical to small businesses.
10. Belligerent (belliqueux)
o Synonyms: Aggressive, Hostile, Antagonistic, Pugnacious
o Antonyms: Peaceful, Amiable, Friendly
o Example: His belligerent attitude made him difficult to work with.
11. Discrepant (discrepant)
o Synonyms: Inconsistent, Conflicting, Differing, Contradictory
o Antonyms: Consistent, Agreeing, Harmonious

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 o Example: The witness’s statement was discrepant from the evidence presented in court.
12. Estranged (aliéné)
o Synonyms: Alienated, Separated, Isolated, Detached
o Antonyms: Reconciled, Close, Connected
o Example: After years of estrangement, they finally reunited and resolved their differences.
13. Implacable (implacable)
o Synonyms: Unyielding, Inexorable, Relentless, Stubborn
o Antonyms: Yielding, Flexible, Merciful
o Example: The implacable enemy refused to negotiate despite multiple attempts for peace.
14. Oppose (s'opposer à)
o Synonyms: Resist, Disagree with, Challenge, Confront
o Antonyms: Support, Endorse, Approve
o Example: The senator opposed the new tax policy, citing its negative impact on the middle
class.
15. Schism (schisme)
o Synonyms: Division, Split, Rift, Break
o Antonyms: Unity, Agreement, Concord
o Example: The schism within the organization led to the formation of two opposing factions.

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21. Cause and Effect

1. Engender (engendrer)
o Synonyms: Cause, Produce, Create, Lead to
o Antonyms: Prevent, Deter, Hinder
o Example: The new policy engendered much debate among the staff.
2. Catalyst (catalyseur)
o Synonyms: Stimulus, Spur, Incitement, Impetus
o Antonyms: Hindrance, Obstacle, Deterrent
o Example: The invention of the internet acted as a catalyst for the digital revolution.
3. Induce (induire)
o Synonyms: Cause, Bring about, Trigger, Generate
o Antonyms: Prevent, Dissuade, Deter
o Example: The medication induced sleep in less than an hour.
4. Mitigate (atténuer)
o Synonyms: Lessen, Alleviate, Diminish, Moderate
o Antonyms: Aggravate, Intensify, Exacerbate
o Example: The new policies were designed to mitigate the negative effects of the economic
downturn.
5. Precipitate (précipiter)
o Synonyms: Cause, Trigger, Accelerate, Expedite
o Antonyms: Delay, Hinder, Slow
o Example: The announcement precipitated a sharp drop in the stock market.
6. Forbear (s'abstenir)
o Synonyms: Refrain, Abstain, Avoid, Withhold
o Antonyms: Act, Engage, Indulge
o Example: He forbore from making any comments until he had all the facts.
7. Foster (favoriser)
o Synonyms: Encourage, Promote, Nurture, Cultivate
o Antonyms: Hinder, Discourage, Suppress
o Example: The school fosters creativity and independent thinking among its students.
8. Spawn (engendrer)
o Synonyms: Produce, Generate, Create, Lead to
o Antonyms: Destroy, End, Stop
o Example: The movie’s success spawned a sequel and a merchandising empire.
9. Derive (dériver)
o Synonyms: Obtain, Gain, Receive, Originate
o Antonyms: Lose, Give up, Forego
o Example: The word "democracy" derives from Greek roots.
10. Incite (inciter)
o Synonyms: Provoke, Agitate, Stir up, Instigate
o Antonyms: Deter, Discourage, Suppress
o Example: The speech was intended to incite the crowd to action.
11. Incur (encourir)
o Synonyms: Bring upon, Cause, Suffer, Experience
o Antonyms: Avoid, Evade, Shun
o Example: He incurred significant debt after investing in the failed business.
12. Obviate (obvier à)
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 o Synonyms: Prevent, Avoid, Eliminate, Preclude
o Antonyms: Permit, Allow, Encourage
o Example: The new medical treatment obviates the need for surgery in some cases.
13. Propagate (propager)
o Synonyms: Spread, Disseminate, Broadcast, Distribute
o Antonyms: Contain, Suppress, Limit
o Example: The virus propagated rapidly through the population.
14. Conducive (propice)
o Synonyms: Favorable, Beneficial, Helpful, Supportive
o Antonyms: Inhibitive, Detrimental, Obstructive
o Example: A quiet environment is conducive to studying effectively.
15. Provoke (provoquer)
o Synonyms: Trigger, Incite, Cause, Stimulate
o Antonyms: Soothe, Pacify, Calm
o Example: His controversial statements provoked an angry response from the audience.

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22. Truth and Deception

Words describing honesty, dishonesty, and the distinction between truth and lies.

1. Veracity (véracité)
o Synonyms: Truthfulness, Accuracy, Honesty, Integrity
o Antonyms: Falsehood, Deception, Dishonesty
o Example: The veracity of the witness's testimony was questioned during the trial.
2. Feigned (feint)
o Synonyms: Pretended, Simulated, Fake, Insincere
o Antonyms: Genuine, Sincere, Authentic
o Example: She feigned interest in the conversation to avoid offending her colleague.
3. Mendacious (mensonger)
o Synonyms: Lying, Dishonest, Untruthful, Deceptive
o Antonyms: Honest, Truthful, Forthright
o Example: The mendacious politician was known for twisting the truth to suit his agenda.
4. Specious (spécieux)
o Synonyms: Misleading, Deceptive, False, Spurious
o Antonyms: Genuine, True, Honest
o Example: His argument seemed convincing, but it was ultimately specious and unsupported
by facts.
5. Prevaricate (prévariquer)
o Synonyms: Lie, Mislead, Evade, Deceive
o Antonyms: Tell the truth, Be honest, Clarify
o Example: The witness continued to prevaricate, avoiding giving a direct answer.
6. Candor (franchise)
o Synonyms: Honesty, Openness, Frankness, Truthfulness
o Antonyms: Deception, Dishonesty, Insincerity
o Example: His candor about his past mistakes made him seem more trustworthy.
7. Forthright (franc)
o Synonyms: Honest, Direct, Straightforward, Candid
o Antonyms: Deceptive, Evasive, Dishonest
o Example: She was forthright in her response, not hiding any of the facts.
8. Guileless (sans ruse)
o Synonyms: Honest, Sincere, Innocent, Naive
o Antonyms: Deceptive, Cunning, Dishonest
o Example: His guileless nature made him an easy target for manipulative people.
9. Disingenuous (fourbe)
o Synonyms: Insincere, Deceitful, Dishonest, Untruthful
o Antonyms: Honest, Genuine, Forthright
o Example: Her disingenuous apology did little to resolve the conflict.
10. Duplicitous (fourbe)
o Synonyms: Deceitful, Dishonest, Two-faced, Double-dealing
o Antonyms: Honest, Transparent, Sincere
o Example: The duplicitous manager told one story to his employees and another to his boss.
11. Sincere (sincère)
o Synonyms: Genuine, Honest, Real, Authentic
o Antonyms: Insincere, Fake, Deceptive

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 o Example: She offered a sincere apology for her mistake, and it was accepted graciously.
12. Veritable (véritable)
o Synonyms: True, Real, Authentic, Genuine
o Antonyms: False, Fake, Phony
o Example: The building was a veritable fortress, nearly impossible to breach.
13. Artless (sans artifice)
o Synonyms: Honest, Innocent, Naive, Guileless
o Antonyms: Deceptive, Cunning, Dishonest
o Example: The child’s artless honesty was refreshing to hear.
14. Ingenuous (ingénu)
o Synonyms: Naive, Innocent, Honest, Artless
o Antonyms: Deceptive, Dishonest, Cunning
o Example: Her ingenuous smile made it difficult to believe she could ever lie.
15. Legitimate (légitime)
o Synonyms: Lawful, Valid, Genuine, Authentic
o Antonyms: Illegitimate, Fake, Fraudulent
o Example: The company had legitimate concerns about the safety of its employees.

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23. Knowledge and Understanding

1. Erudite (érudit)
o Synonyms: Scholarly, Learned, Knowledgeable, Well-read
o Antonyms: Ignorant, Uninformed, Uneducated
o Example: The professor’s erudite lectures were packed with historical insights.
2. Cognizant (au courant)
o Synonyms: Aware, Informed, Conscious, Perceptive
o Antonyms: Unaware, Ignorant, Oblivious
o Example: The judge was cognizant of the new laws when making her ruling.
3. Astute (astucieux)
o Synonyms: Shrewd, Clever, Perceptive, Insightful
o Antonyms: Foolish, Naive, Unwise
o Example: His astute observations helped solve the mystery.
4. Pedantic (pédant)
o Synonyms: Scholarly, Overly formal, Bookish, Nit-picking
o Antonyms: Informal, Simple, Easygoing
o Example: Her pedantic approach to grammar often annoyed her friends.
5. Incisive (incisif)
o Synonyms: Sharp, Insightful, Clear, Penetrating
o Antonyms: Dull, Confused, Incoherent
o Example: The lawyer’s incisive questioning revealed the truth behind the case.
6. Perspicacious (perspicace)
o Synonyms: Insightful, Perceptive, Discerning, Astute
o Antonyms: Dull, Unobservant, Stupid
o Example: Her perspicacious analysis of the market helped the company make a smart
investment.
7. Esoteric (ésotérique)
o Synonyms: Arcane, Obscure, Recondite, Cryptic
o Antonyms: Simple, Common, Clear
o Example: The professor’s lectures were filled with esoteric references that most students
didn’t understand.
8. Recondite (recondite)
o Synonyms: Obscure, Abstruse, Arcane, Complex
o Antonyms: Simple, Clear, Straightforward
o Example: The recondite nature of the topic made it difficult for most people to follow.
9. Sagacious (sagace)
o Synonyms: Wise, Perceptive, Judicious, Astute
o Antonyms: Foolish, Ignorant, Unwise
o Example: The sagacious leader made decisions that benefited the entire community.
10. Acumen (perspicacité)
o Synonyms: Insight, Shrewdness, Intelligence, Perception
o Antonyms: Ignorance, Stupidity, Dullness
o Example: Her business acumen helped the company thrive during tough times.
11. Connoisseur (connaisseur)
o Synonyms: Expert, Specialist, Authority, Aficionado
o Antonyms: Novice, Amateur, Beginner
o Example: The chef was a connoisseur of fine wines and often hosted tasting events.

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12. Instructive (instructif)
o Synonyms: Educational, Informative, Enlightening, Didactic
o Antonyms: Misleading, Confusing, Unhelpful
o Example: The book was instructive, providing clear examples of how to solve the problem.
13. Didactic (didactique)
o Synonyms: Instructive, Educational, Informative, Pedagogic
o Antonyms: Uninstructive, Superficial, Non-educational
o Example: The didactic nature of the lesson ensured that the students thoroughly understood
the material.
14. Enlighten (éclairer)
o Synonyms: Educate, Inform, Instruct, Illuminate
o Antonyms: Mislead, Confuse, Obscure
o Example: The speaker sought to enlighten the audience about the importance of sustainability.
15. Illuminate (illuminer)
o Synonyms: Clarify, Explain, Elucidate, Enlighten
o Antonyms: Obscure, Confuse, Muddle

 Example: The teacher’s explanation helped illuminate the complex math problem for the students.

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24. Power and Control

Words describing authority, influence, and dominance over situations or people.

1. Imperious (impérieux)
o Synonyms: Domineering, Authoritative, Commanding, Overbearing
o Antonyms: Submissive, Humble, Obedient
o Example: His imperious manner made it difficult for others to express their opinions.
2. Omnipotent (omnipotent)
o Synonyms: All-powerful, Supreme, Almighty, Invincible
o Antonyms: Powerless, Weak, Vulnerable
o Example: The dictator ruled the country with an omnipotent hand, allowing no dissent.
3. Autonomous (autonome)
o Synonyms: Independent, Self-governing, Sovereign, Self-reliant
o Antonyms: Dependent, Subordinate, Controlled
o Example: The region fought for years to become an autonomous state, free from central
control.
4. Hegemony (hégémonie)
o Synonyms: Dominance, Leadership, Authority, Control
o Antonyms: Subservience, Weakness, Inferiority
o Example: The country’s cultural hegemony has spread across the globe through its media and
entertainment industries.
5. Despot (despote)
o Synonyms: Tyrant, Dictator, Autocrat, Oppressor
o Antonyms: Democrat, Liberator, Humanitarian
o Example: The despot ruled with an iron fist, silencing all opposition.
6. Subjugate (soumettre)
o Synonyms: Dominate, Conquer, Control, Vanquish
o Antonyms: Liberate, Free, Release
o Example: The empire sought to subjugate neighboring territories through military force.
7. Dominant (dominant)
o Synonyms: Controlling, Predominant, Authoritative, Commanding
o Antonyms: Subordinate, Minor, Secondary
o Example: The dominant force in the market quickly eliminated all competition.
8. Authoritarian (autoritaire)
o Synonyms: Dictatorial, Autocratic, Oppressive, Strict
o Antonyms: Democratic, Permissive, Lenient
o Example: The authoritarian regime imposed harsh laws and controlled all aspects of citizens'
lives.
9. Subservient (subordonné)
o Synonyms: Obedient, Submissive, Compliant, Docile
o Antonyms: Independent, Defiant, Rebellious
o Example: She refused to be subservient to her controlling boss and eventually quit her job.
10. Pervasive (pervasif)
o Synonyms: Widespread, All-encompassing, Prevalent, Ubiquitous
o Antonyms: Limited, Restricted, Rare

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 o Example: The influence of social media is pervasive in modern society, affecting nearly every
aspect of life.
11. Usurp (usurper)
o Synonyms: Seize, Take over, Appropriate, Commandeer
o Antonyms: Relinquish, Surrender, Abdicate
o Example: The general attempted to usurp power from the ruling government.
12. Coerce (contraindre)
o Synonyms: Force, Compel, Pressure, Intimidate
o Antonyms: Persuade, Convince, Entice
o Example: The suspects were coerced into confessing under duress.
13. Predominant (prédominant)
o Synonyms: Dominant, Primary, Chief, Main
o Antonyms: Minor, Secondary, Subordinate
o Example: English is the predominant language spoken in the country.
14. Ascendancy (ascendance)
o Synonyms: Dominance, Superiority, Control, Supremacy
o Antonyms: Subordination, Decline, Inferiority
o Example: The political party gained ascendancy after winning the majority of seats in
parliament.
15. Sovereign (souverain)
o Synonyms: Independent, Autonomous, Supreme, Self-ruling
o Antonyms: Dependent, Subjugated, Subordinate
o Example: The nation gained its sovereignty after years of fighting for independence.

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25. Wealth and Poverty

1. Affluent (affluent)
o Synonyms: Wealthy, Rich, Prosperous, Well-off
o Antonyms: Poor, Impoverished, Destitute
o Example: The affluent neighborhood was known for its luxurious mansions and high-end
shops.
2. Opulent (opulent)
o Synonyms: Luxurious, Lavish, Wealthy, Affluent
o Antonyms: Poor, Destitute, Simple
o Example: The opulent palace was adorned with gold and fine art.
3. Impecunious (sans le sou)
o Synonyms: Penniless, Poor, Destitute, Indigent
o Antonyms: Wealthy, Affluent, Rich
o Example: The impecunious student struggled to pay for his college textbooks.
4. Destitute (démuni)
o Synonyms: Impoverished, Penniless, Needy, Poor
o Antonyms: Affluent, Wealthy, Rich
o Example: The charity helps destitute families by providing them with food and shelter.
5. Penury (pénurie)
o Synonyms: Poverty, Destitution, Impoverishment, Neediness
o Antonyms: Wealth, Affluence, Prosperity
o Example: After the economic crash, many found themselves in a state of penury.
6. Indigent (indigent)
o Synonyms: Poor, Destitute, Impoverished, Penniless
o Antonyms: Wealthy, Affluent, Well-off
o Example: The indigent population relied heavily on government assistance programs.
7. Miserly (avare)
o Synonyms: Stingy, Parsimonious, Cheap, Penny-pinching
o Antonyms: Generous, Lavish, Extravagant
o Example: The miserly man refused to donate even a small amount to charity.
8. Avaricious (avare)
o Synonyms: Greedy, Covetous, Rapacious, Grasping
o Antonyms: Generous, Altruistic, Charitable
o Example: The avaricious CEO was only concerned with increasing his personal wealth.
9. Frugal (frugal)
o Synonyms: Thrifty, Economical, Sparing, Prudent
o Antonyms: Extravagant, Wasteful, Profligate
o Example: They lived a frugal lifestyle, saving most of their earnings for retirement.
10. Profligate (dépensier)
o Synonyms: Wasteful, Extravagant, Spendthrift, Lavish
o Antonyms: Thrifty, Frugal, Economical
o Example: His profligate spending habits led him into deep debt.
11. Spendthrift (dépensier)
o Synonyms: Wasteful, Extravagant, Profligate, Imprudent
o Antonyms: Frugal, Thrifty, Economical
o Example: The spendthrift quickly ran through his inheritance on luxury items.
12. Opulence (opulence)
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 o Synonyms: Wealth, Richness, Luxury, Affluence
o Antonyms: Poverty, Destitution, Frugality
o Example: The opulence of the banquet was evident in the expensive decorations and gourmet
food.
13. Lavish (somptueux)
o Synonyms: Luxurious, Extravagant, Generous, Opulent
o Antonyms: Frugal, Thrifty, Economical
o Example: The host lavished his guests with gourmet food and fine wine.
14. Parsimonious (parcimonieux)
o Synonyms: Stingy, Miserly, Frugal, Tightfisted
o Antonyms: Generous, Lavish, Extravagant
o Example: The parsimonious man refused to spend money unless absolutely necessary.
15. Altruistic (altruiste)
o Synonyms: Generous, Selfless, Charitable, Benevolent
o Antonyms: Selfish, Greedy, Avaricious
o Example: Her altruistic nature drove her to spend her weekends volunteering at the local
shelter.
16. Magnanimous (magnanime)
o Synonyms: Generous, Charitable, Benevolent, Kind
o Antonyms: Selfish, Greedy, Stingy
o Example: Despite the betrayal, he remained magnanimous and forgave his enemies.
17. Benevolent (bienveillant)
o Synonyms: Kind, Charitable, Generous, Altruistic
o Antonyms: Malevolent, Selfish, Stingy
o Example: The benevolent foundation donated millions to support education.
18. Munificent (munificent)
o Synonyms: Generous, Lavish, Benevolent, Bountiful
o Antonyms: Stingy, Miserly, Frugal
o Example: The munificent donation helped fund the construction of a new school.
19. Stingy (avare)
o Synonyms: Miserly, Parsimonious, Cheap, Tightfisted
o Antonyms: Generous, Lavish, Extravagant
o Example: The stingy landlord refused to repair the heating system, even during winter.
20. Rapacious (rapace)
o Synonyms: Greedy, Avaricious, Covetous, Grasping
o Antonyms: Generous, Altruistic, Selfless
o Example: The rapacious business practices of the company earned it a bad reputation.

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26. Strength and Weakness

Words related to power, endurance, and resilience, as well as frailty and vulnerability.

1. Robust (robuste)
o Synonyms: Strong, Sturdy, Vigorous, Resilient
o Antonyms: Weak, Frail, Fragile
o Example: The athlete maintained a robust physique through regular exercise and a healthy
diet.
2. Feeble (faible)
o Synonyms: Weak, Frail, Infirm, Fragile
o Antonyms: Strong, Robust, Vigorous
o Example: The feeble old man could barely lift his head from the pillow.
3. Resilient (résilient)
o Synonyms: Strong, Hardy, Tough, Adaptable
o Antonyms: Fragile, Weak, Vulnerable
o Example: After facing numerous challenges, she remained resilient and continued to pursue
her goals.
4. Vigorous (vigoureux)
o Synonyms: Energetic, Strong, Robust, Spirited
o Antonyms: Feeble, Weak, Frail
o Example: His vigorous efforts to reform the company earned him respect among his peers.
5. Stalwart (vigoureux)
o Synonyms: Strong, Loyal, Faithful, Resolute
o Antonyms: Weak, Unreliable, Fickle
o Example: The stalwart defenders held the castle against the invaders.
6. Invincible (invincible)
o Synonyms: Unbeatable, Indestructible, Unassailable, Impregnable
o Antonyms: Vulnerable, Defeatable, Fragile
o Example: With the new technological advancements, the army felt invincible in battle.
7. Tenacious (tenace)
o Synonyms: Persistent, Determined, Stubborn, Resolute
o Antonyms: Yielding, Weak, Irresolute
o Example: She was tenacious in her efforts to secure a promotion, never giving up despite
setbacks.
8. Decrepit (décrépit)
o Synonyms: Feeble, Weak, Frail, Dilapidated
o Antonyms: Sturdy, Robust, Strong
o Example: The decrepit building was long overdue for renovation.
9. Fragile (fragile)
o Synonyms: Weak, Delicate, Brittle, Frail
o Antonyms: Strong, Sturdy, Resilient
o Example: The fragile vase shattered into pieces when it fell from the shelf.
10. Staunch (ferme)
o Synonyms: Loyal, Faithful, Resolute, Steadfast
o Antonyms: Disloyal, Weak, Unsteady
o Example: He was a staunch supporter of the cause, never wavering in his beliefs.

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11. Indomitable (indomptable)
o Synonyms: Unconquerable, Invincible, Unyielding, Strong
o Antonyms: Defeatable, Vulnerable, Weak
o Example: Her indomitable spirit allowed her to overcome every obstacle in her path.
12. Flimsy (fragile)
o Synonyms: Weak, Fragile, Delicate, Insubstantial
o Antonyms: Strong, Sturdy, Durable
o Example: The flimsy argument presented by the defense was easily torn apart by the
prosecution.
13. Vulnerable (vulnérable)
o Synonyms: Weak, Exposed, Defenseless, Susceptible
o Antonyms: Invulnerable, Strong, Protected
o Example: The castle was vulnerable to attack after its defenses were weakened by the storm.
14. Potent (puissant)
o Synonyms: Powerful, Strong, Effective, Forceful
o Antonyms: Weak, Ineffective, Feeble

 Example: The potent medicine relieved his symptoms within hours.

15. Infirm (infirme)

o Synonyms: Feeble, Weak, Frail, Ailing
o Antonyms: Strong, Healthy, Robust
o Example: The infirm patient needed constant care due to his advanced age.

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27. Appearance and Quality

1. Aesthetic (esthétique)
o Synonyms: Artistic, Attractive, Beautiful, Pleasing
o Antonyms: Unattractive, Unappealing, Plain
o Example: The aesthetic design of the building made it a popular tourist attraction.
2. Amorphous (amorphe)
o Synonyms: Shapeless, Formless, Undefined, Vague
o Antonyms: Defined, Structured, Clear
o Example: The cloud of smoke appeared amorphous, with no distinct shape.
3. Limpid (limpide)
o Synonyms: Clear, Transparent, Lucid, Unclouded
o Antonyms: Cloudy, Murky, Opaque
o Example: The limpid waters of the lake allowed us to see all the way to the bottom.
4. Opaque (opaque)
o Synonyms: Nontransparent, Cloudy, Murky, Obscure
o Antonyms: Transparent, Clear, Lucid
o Example: The frosted glass was opaque, blocking the view from the outside.
5. Flamboyant (flamboyant)
o Synonyms: Showy, Flashy, Ostentatious, Extravagant
o Antonyms: Modest, Simple, Plain
o Example: His flamboyant style of dress made him the center of attention at the party.
6. Pellucid (pellucide)
o Synonyms: Transparent, Clear, Lucid, Easy to understand
o Antonyms: Opaque, Confusing, Cloudy
o Example: Her pellucid explanation helped everyone understand the complex concept.
7. Pristine (immaculé)
o Synonyms: Untouched, Unspoiled, Pure, Clean
o Antonyms: Dirty, Tainted, Polluted
o Example: The beach was in pristine condition, with clear water and white sand.
8. Squalid (sordide)
o Synonyms: Filthy, Dirty, Foul, Neglected
o Antonyms: Clean, Pristine, Tidy
o Example: The squalid living conditions in the slums shocked the tourists.
9. Tawdry (clinquant)
o Synonyms: Gaudy, Cheap, Flashy, Showy
o Antonyms: Tasteful, Elegant, Refined
o Example: The jewelry was so tawdry that it looked like it came from a cheap market.
10. Exquisite (exquis)
o Synonyms: Beautiful, Delicate, Elegant, Refined
o Antonyms: Ugly, Unattractive, Crude
o Example: The artist’s attention to detail made the painting truly exquisite.
11. Baroque (baroque)
o Synonyms: Ornate, Elaborate, Decorative, Lavish
o Antonyms: Simple, Plain, Unadorned
o Example: The baroque architecture of the palace impressed visitors with its grandeur.
12. Prosaic (prosaïque)
o Synonyms: Ordinary, Mundane, Dull, Unimaginative

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 o Antonyms: Imaginative, Creative, Interesting
o Example: His prosaic writing style made the novel difficult to engage with.
13. Fanciful (fantaisiste)
o Synonyms: Imaginative, Whimsical, Unrealistic, Fantastic
o Antonyms: Realistic, Practical, Pragmatic
o Example: The child’s fanciful drawings depicted dragons and castles in the sky.
14. Ornate (orné)
o Synonyms: Elaborate, Fancy, Decorated, Embellished
o Antonyms: Plain, Simple, Unadorned
o Example: The ornate furniture in the palace was hand-carved and intricately designed.
15. Gauche (maladroit)
o Synonyms: Awkward, Clumsy, Inept, Unpolished
o Antonyms: Graceful, Elegant, Polished
o Example: His gauche manners at the formal dinner embarrassed everyone at the table.
16. Vapid (insipide)
o Synonyms: Dull, Boring, Uninteresting, Lifeless
o Antonyms: Exciting, Lively, Interesting
o Example: The conversation was so vapid that I struggled to stay awake.
17. Evanescent (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Fleeting, Brief, Short-lived, Temporary
o Antonyms: Permanent, Enduring, Lasting
o Example: The evanescent beauty of the sunset left everyone in awe, but it quickly faded.
18. Florid (florissant)
o Synonyms: Ornate, Overly decorated, Elaborate, Flamboyant
o Antonyms: Plain, Simple, Subdued
o Example: His florid speech was filled with unnecessary embellishments.
19. Banal (banal)
o Synonyms: Commonplace, Trite, Overused, Unoriginal
o Antonyms: Original, Unique, Fresh
o Example: The movie’s plot was so banal that it felt like a rehash of every romantic comedy.
20. Picturesque (pittoresque)
o Synonyms: Scenic, Charming, Attractive, Beautiful
o Antonyms: Unattractive, Plain, Dull
o Example: The picturesque village nestled in the mountains attracted tourists from all over the
world.

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28. Logic and Reasoning

1. Cogent (convaincant)
o Synonyms: Convincing, Persuasive, Compelling, Forceful
o Antonyms: Weak, Unconvincing, Ineffective
o Example: His cogent argument persuaded the jury to reconsider the evidence.
2. Specious (spécieux)
o Synonyms: Misleading, Deceptive, False, Spurious
o Antonyms: Valid, Genuine, True
o Example: The salesman's specious reasoning convinced many customers to buy the faulty
product.
3. Convoluted (convoluté)
o Synonyms: Complex, Complicated, Intricate, Involved
o Antonyms: Simple, Straightforward, Clear
o Example: The convoluted explanation left everyone more confused than before.
4. Tenuous (ténu)
o Synonyms: Weak, Flimsy, Fragile, Insubstantial
o Antonyms: Strong, Convincing, Substantial
o Example: His tenuous connection to the case didn’t convince the jury of his guilt.
5. Discern (discerner)
o Synonyms: Perceive, Detect, Recognize, Distinguish
o Antonyms: Ignore, Overlook, Miss
o Example: It was difficult to discern the truth from all the conflicting testimonies.
6. Extrapolate (extrapoler)
o Synonyms: Infer, Deduce, Predict, Estimate
o Antonyms: Misunderstand, Misconceive, Disregard
o Example: Scientists can extrapolate future trends based on the current data.
7. Deduce (déduire)
o Synonyms: Conclude, Infer, Derive, Reason
o Antonyms: Guess, Speculate, Assume
o Example: From the clues at the scene, the detective was able to deduce what had happened.
8. Abstract (abstrait)
o Synonyms: Theoretical, Conceptual, Intangible, Philosophical
o Antonyms: Concrete, Tangible, Real
o Example: The professor’s abstract theories were difficult to apply to real-world problems.
9. Incoherent (incohérent)
o Synonyms: Confused, Illogical, Unclear, Disjointed
o Antonyms: Coherent, Clear, Logical
o Example: His incoherent rambling made it impossible to follow his argument.
10. Corroborate (corroborer)
o Synonyms: Confirm, Support, Verify, Authenticate
o Antonyms: Contradict, Disprove, Refute
o Example: The witness’s testimony corroborated the defendant’s alibi.
11. Irrational (irrationnel)
o Synonyms: Illogical, Unreasonable, Absurd, Unfounded
o Antonyms: Rational, Logical, Sensible
o Example: His fear of flying is completely irrational, given how safe air travel is.
12. Valid (valide)
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 o Synonyms: Sound, Legitimate, Well-founded, Convincing
o Antonyms: Invalid, Unsound, Baseless
o Example: The contract is only valid if both parties sign it.
13. Empirical (empirique)
o Synonyms: Observational, Experimental, Factual, Practical
o Antonyms: Theoretical, Hypothetical, Speculative
o Example: The scientist relied on empirical evidence to support her theory.
14. Rational (rationnel)
o Synonyms: Logical, Reasonable, Sensible, Coherent

 Antonyms: Irrational, Illogical, Unreasonable

 Example: His rational explanation helped clear up the confusion surrounding the issue.

15. Fathom (comprendre)

 Synonyms: Understand, Grasp, Comprehend, Discern

 Antonyms: Misunderstand, Misinterpret, Confuse
 Example: I couldn’t fathom why he made such a reckless decision.

16. Sophistry (sophisme)

 Synonyms: Deception, Fallacy, Misleading argument, Specious reasoning

 Antonyms: Truth, Honesty, Sound reasoning
 Example: The lawyer’s argument was full of sophistry designed to mislead the jury.

17. Conjecture (conjecture)

 Synonyms: Speculation, Guess, Hypothesis, Supposition

 Antonyms: Fact, Certainty, Proof
 Example: His conclusions were based on conjecture rather than hard evidence.

18. Postulate (postulat)

 Synonyms: Assume, Hypothesize, Theorize, Presume

 Antonyms: Disprove, Refute, Contradict
 Example: The physicist postulated the existence of a new particle to explain the phenomenon.

19. Analyze (analyser)

 Synonyms: Examine, Investigate, Study, Evaluate

 Antonyms: Ignore, Neglect, Overlook
 Example: The researcher analyzed the data to identify any significant patterns.

20. Inductive (inductif)

 Synonyms: Generalizing, Deriving, Inferring, Reasoning

 Antonyms: Deductive, Speculative, Hypothetical
 Example: Inductive reasoning is used to draw general conclusions from specific observations.

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29. Time and Duration

1. Ephemeral (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Short-lived, Transitory, Temporary, Fleeting
o Antonyms: Permanent, Enduring, Lasting
o Example: The ephemeral beauty of the sunset left the crowd in awe.
2. Transient (transitoire)
o Synonyms: Temporary, Brief, Short-lived, Momentary
o Antonyms: Permanent, Enduring, Long-lasting
o Example: The transient nature of her job meant that she was constantly on the move.
3. Evanescent (éphémère)
o Synonyms: Vanishing, Fading, Fleeting, Transient
o Antonyms: Lasting, Permanent, Enduring
o Example: The evanescent glow of the fireworks quickly faded into the night sky.
4. Perennial (pérenne)
o Synonyms: Enduring, Lasting, Persistent, Constant
o Antonyms: Temporary, Transient, Short-lived
o Example: The perennial plants in the garden bloom year after year.
5. Intermittent (intermittent)
o Synonyms: Sporadic, Irregular, Occasional, Periodic
o Antonyms: Continuous, Uninterrupted, Constant
o Example: The rain was intermittent, falling heavily for a while before stopping completely.
6. Protracted (prolongé)
o Synonyms: Lengthy, Extended, Prolonged, Drawn-out
o Antonyms: Short, Brief, Transient
o Example: The protracted negotiations lasted for several months before a deal was finally
reached.
7. Incessant (incessant)
o Synonyms: Unceasing, Constant, Continuous, Persistent
o Antonyms: Sporadic, Intermittent, Occasional
o Example: The incessant noise from the construction site made it hard to concentrate.
8. Enduring (durable)
o Synonyms: Lasting, Permanent, Long-lasting, Stable
o Antonyms: Temporary, Ephemeral, Transient
o Example: The couple shared an enduring love that lasted through all of life’s challenges.
9. Momentary (momentané)
o Synonyms: Brief, Fleeting, Short-lived, Transitory
o Antonyms: Lasting, Enduring, Permanent
o Example: There was a momentary pause in the conversation before someone changed the
subject.
10. Abiding (durable)
o Synonyms: Lasting, Enduring, Permanent, Long-lasting
o Antonyms: Fleeting, Temporary, Short-lived
o Example: His abiding interest in literature lasted throughout his life.
11. Contemporary (contemporain)
o Synonyms: Modern, Current, Present-day, Up-to-date
o Antonyms: Ancient, Old-fashioned, Outdated

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 o Example: The building’s contemporary design stands in contrast to the historical architecture
around it.
12. Antiquated (ancien)
o Synonyms: Outdated, Obsolete, Archaic, Old-fashioned

 Antonyms: Modern, Contemporary, Current

 Example: The antiquated laws had not been updated in decades and were no longer relevant.

13. Timeless (intemporel)

 Synonyms: Eternal, Ageless, Classic, Enduring

 Antonyms: Temporary, Outdated, Ephemeral
 Example: The timeless beauty of the art made it relevant through centuries.

14. Temporal (temporel)

 Synonyms: Worldly, Secular, Transient, Time-related

 Antonyms: Eternal, Lasting, Enduring
 Example: He focused on temporal matters, ignoring the spiritual aspects of life.

15. Imminent (imminent)

 Synonyms: Impending, Approaching, Forthcoming, Near

 Antonyms: Distant, Remote, Delayed
 Example: The dark clouds signaled that a storm was imminent.

16. Obsolete (obsolète)

 Synonyms: Outdated, Antiquated, Outmoded, Defunct

 Antonyms: Modern, Current, Contemporary
 Example: The old technology became obsolete when newer, faster models were introduced.

17. Provisional (provisoire)

 Synonyms: Temporary, Interim, Short-term, Conditional

 Antonyms: Permanent, Definite, Lasting
 Example: The provisional government was set up until elections could be held.

18. Perpetual (perpétuel)

 Synonyms: Never-ending, Continuous, Eternal, Unceasing

 Antonyms: Temporary, Intermittent, Transient
 Example: The city seemed to be in a state of perpetual motion, never slowing down.

19. Epoch (époque)

 Synonyms: Era, Age, Period, Time

 Antonyms: Instant, Moment, Phase
 Example: The invention of the steam engine marked a new epoch in industrial development.

20. Centennial (centenaire)

o Synonyms: Hundredth anniversary, Century-long, Hundred-year event

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o Antonyms: Millennial, Annual
o Example: The centennial celebration of the town's founding was a grand affair.

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30. Emotion and Attitude

1. Aloof (distant)
o Synonyms: Detached, Uninvolved, Indifferent, Remote
o Antonyms: Engaged, Friendly, Sociable
o Example: She remained aloof during the meeting, not participating in any discussions.
2. Fervid (fervent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Ardent, Zealous, Enthusiastic
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: His fervid speech about social justice inspired many people.
3. Apathy (apathie)
o Synonyms: Indifference, Unconcern, Lethargy, Disinterest
o Antonyms: Passion, Enthusiasm, Concern
o Example: The voters’ apathy resulted in a low turnout at the polls.
4. Ardent (ardent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Fervent, Zealous, Enthusiastic
o Antonyms: Indifferent, Apathetic, Uninterested
o Example: She is an ardent supporter of human rights and works tirelessly for the cause.
5. Misanthropic (misanthrope)
o Synonyms: Cynical, Distrustful, Reclusive, Antisocial
o Antonyms: Philanthropic, Sociable, Friendly
o Example: The misanthropic recluse lived far away from society, preferring isolation.
6. Placid (placide)
o Synonyms: Calm, Tranquil, Serene, Peaceful
o Antonyms: Agitated, Turbulent, Chaotic
o Example: The placid lake was the perfect place for a peaceful afternoon.
7. Sanguine (sanguin)
o Synonyms: Optimistic, Cheerful, Confident, Positive
o Antonyms: Pessimistic, Doubtful, Negative
o Example: Despite the challenges, she remained sanguine about the project's success.
8. Diffident (timide)
o Synonyms: Shy, Bashful, Timid, Reserved
o Antonyms: Confident, Assertive, Bold
o Example: The diffident student hesitated to raise his hand during class discussions.
9. Zealous (zélé)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Fervent, Enthusiastic, Eager
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: The zealous advocate worked day and night for the cause.
10. Timorous (craintif)
o Synonyms: Fearful, Shy, Apprehensive, Cowardly
o Antonyms: Bold, Confident, Brave
o Example: The timorous child hid behind his mother when meeting new people.
11. Mawkish (pleurnichard)
o Synonyms: Sentimental, Sappy, Overemotional, Saccharine
o Antonyms: Unsentimental, Unemotional, Stoic
o Example: The movie was so mawkish that it was difficult to take seriously.
12. Lament (lamenter)
o Synonyms: Mourn, Grieve, Bemoan, Deplore

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 o Antonyms: Celebrate, Rejoice, Cheer

 Example: He lamented the loss of his childhood home, which had been destroyed in the fire.

13. Wistful (mélancolique)

o Synonyms: Longing, Nostalgic, Yearning, Melancholic
o Antonyms: Uncaring, Unsentimental, Indifferent
o Example: She gazed wistfully at the old photographs, remembering better times.
14. Buoyant (flottant)
o Synonyms: Cheerful, Upbeat, Optimistic, Lighthearted
o Antonyms: Gloomy, Depressed, Pessimistic
o Example: His buoyant personality made him popular among his colleagues.
15. Droll (drôle)
o Synonyms: Amusing, Witty, Comical, Funny
o Antonyms: Serious, Grave, Solemn
o Example: The comedian's droll sense of humor had the entire audience in stitches.
16. Irascible (irascible)
o Synonyms: Irritable, Quick-tempered, Grumpy, Testy
o Antonyms: Calm, Easygoing, Good-natured
o Example: The irascible old man was known for yelling at the neighborhood kids.
17. Morose (morose)
o Synonyms: Gloomy, Sullen, Melancholy, Depressed
o Antonyms: Cheerful, Happy, Sanguine
o Example: After hearing the bad news, he became morose and refused to speak to anyone.
18. Ebullient (exubérant)
o Synonyms: Enthusiastic, Exuberant, Cheerful, Lively
o Antonyms: Depressed, Pessimistic, Downcast
o Example: The ebullient crowd celebrated long into the night.
19. Pensive (pensif)
o Synonyms: Thoughtful, Contemplative, Reflective, Musing
o Antonyms: Careless, Unreflective, Unthinking
o Example: She sat in a pensive mood, lost in her thoughts.
20. Garrulous (bavard)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty, Verbose
o Antonyms: Quiet, Reticent, Taciturn
o Example: The garrulous neighbor talked for hours without realizing how much time had
passed.

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31. Speech and Communication

1. Loquacious (loquace)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Garrulous, Chatty, Verbose
o Antonyms: Taciturn, Quiet, Reticent
o Example: The loquacious guest kept the dinner party entertained with his endless stories.
2. Taciturn (taciturne)
o Synonyms: Quiet, Reserved, Reticent, Uncommunicative
o Antonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty
o Example: The taciturn boy rarely spoke in class, preferring to keep to himself.
3. Garrulous (bavard)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty, Verbose
o Antonyms: Reticent, Taciturn, Quiet
o Example: The garrulous tour guide never stopped talking about every little detail.
4. Verbose (verbeux)
o Synonyms: Wordy, Loquacious, Garrulous, Long-winded
o Antonyms: Concise, Succinct, Laconic
o Example: His verbose explanation made a simple concept seem unnecessarily complicated.
5. Laconic (laconique)
o Synonyms: Concise, Terse, Brief, Succinct
o Antonyms: Verbose, Wordy, Long-winded
o Example: Her laconic reply suggested she wasn’t in the mood to talk.
6. Articulate (articuler)
o Synonyms: Expressive, Eloquent, Fluent, Clear
o Antonyms: Inarticulate, Mumbled, Unclear
o Example: The speaker was able to articulate her ideas clearly and confidently.
7. Eloquent (éloquent)
o Synonyms: Persuasive, Fluent, Expressive, Articulate
o Antonyms: Inarticulate, Muddled, Unclear
o Example: The lawyer’s eloquent closing argument convinced the jury to acquit the defendant.
8. Terse (laconique)
o Synonyms: Brief, Concise, Laconic, Succinct
o Antonyms: Wordy, Verbose, Long-winded
o Example: His terse response indicated that he was not interested in continuing the
conversation.
9. Reticent (réticent)
o Synonyms: Reserved, Taciturn, Quiet, Introverted
o Antonyms: Talkative, Outgoing, Garrulous
o Example: She was reticent about sharing details of her personal life with strangers.
10. Circumlocution (circonlocution)
o Synonyms: Wordiness, Evasion, Redundancy, Verbosity
o Antonyms: Directness, Conciseness, Brevity
o Example: His circumlocution during the interview frustrated the panel, as they just wanted
clear answers.
11. Inarticulate (inarticulé)
o Synonyms: Mumbled, Unclear, Indistinct, Tongue-tied
o Antonyms: Eloquent, Articulate, Fluent

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 o Example: His nervousness made him inarticulate, and he struggled to express his ideas
clearly.
12. Harangue (harangue)
o Synonyms: Tirade, Diatribe, Rant, Lecture
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Conversation
o Example: The politician launched into a long harangue against his opponents.
13. Diatribe (diatribe)
o Synonyms: Tirade, Harangue, Rant, Attack
o Antonyms: Praise, Compliment, Endorsement
o Example: The diatribe from the activist shocked the audience with its intensity.
14. Candid (candide)
o Synonyms: Honest, Frank, Direct, Open
o Antonyms: Evasive, Dishonest, Deceitful
o Example: Her candid opinion about the company’s problems was appreciated by her
colleagues.
15. Voluble (volubile)
o Synonyms: Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty, Fluent
o Antonyms: Reticent, Quiet, Taciturn
o Example: The voluble radio host kept the show engaging with his lively commentary.
16. Bluster (fanfaronnade)
o Synonyms: Boast, Brag, Rant, Swagger
o Antonyms: Humble, Quiet, Modest
o Example: His bluster about winning the competition annoyed everyone, especially since he
hadn’t started training.
17. Polemical (polémique)
o Synonyms: Controversial, Argumentative, Combative, Contentious
o Antonyms: Non-confrontational, Agreeable, Peaceable
o Example: The author’s polemical article sparked fierce debate in the media.
18. Grandiloquent (grandiloquent)
o Synonyms: Pompous, Pretentious, Overblown, Bombastic
o Antonyms: Simple, Plain, Humble
o Example: His grandiloquent speech was filled with unnecessarily complicated language.
19. Bombastic (grandiloquent)
o Synonyms: Pompous, Overblown, Grandiose, Pretentious
o Antonyms: Understated, Simple, Modest
o Example: The politician’s bombastic statements were meant to impress the crowd, but they
lacked substance.
20. Verbose (verbeux)
o Synonyms: Wordy, Garrulous, Loquacious, Long-winded
o Antonyms: Concise, Brief, Laconic

 Example: The verbose explanation could have been much shorter if he had just gotten to the point.

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32. Deception and Misleading Behavior

1. Chicanery (supercherie)
o Synonyms: Trickery, Deception, Duplicity, Subterfuge
o Antonyms: Honesty, Candor, Truthfulness
o Example: The politician was accused of using chicanery to win votes.
2. Specious (spécieux)
o Synonyms: Misleading, Deceptive, False, Spurious
o Antonyms: Genuine, Authentic, True
o Example: The specious argument seemed valid at first but fell apart under scrutiny.
3. Duplicitous (fourbe)
o Synonyms: Deceitful, Dishonest, Two-faced, Underhanded
o Antonyms: Honest, Transparent, Sincere
o Example: The duplicitous merchant overcharged customers while pretending to offer
discounts.
4. Spurious (fallacieux)
o Synonyms: False, Counterfeit, Fake, Bogus
o Antonyms: Genuine, Authentic, True
o Example: The spurious report caused widespread confusion before it was debunked.
5. Subterfuge (subterfuge)
o Synonyms: Trickery, Deception, Evasion, Ruse
o Antonyms: Candor, Openness, Sincerity
o Example: They resorted to subterfuge to avoid paying taxes.
6. Feign (feindre)
o Synonyms: Pretend, Fake, Simulate, Bluff
o Antonyms: Reveal, Expose, Be honest
o Example: She feigned illness to avoid going to school.
7. Prevaricate (prévariquer)
o Synonyms: Lie, Mislead, Evade, Equivocate
o Antonyms: Tell the truth, Be honest, Clarify
o Example: When asked about the missing money, the employee began to prevaricate.
8. Dissemble (dissimuler)
o Synonyms: Conceal, Mislead, Pretend, Feign
o Antonyms: Reveal, Disclose, Unmask
o Example: She tried to dissemble her disappointment by smiling.
9. Subvert (subvertir)
o Synonyms: Undermine, Overthrow, Destabilize, Sabotage
o Antonyms: Support, Strengthen, Uphold
o Example: The rebels planned to subvert the government and seize power.

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33. Fear and Danger

1. Daunting (intimidant)
o Synonyms: Intimidating, Formidable, Frightening, Overwhelming
o Antonyms: Encouraging, Comforting, Inviting
o Example: The task seemed daunting at first, but with perseverance, it was completed.
2. Timorous (craintif)
o Synonyms: Fearful, Shy, Apprehensive, Cowardly
o Antonyms: Bold, Confident, Brave
o Example: The timorous child clung to his mother’s hand during the thunderstorm.
3. Craven (lâche)
o Synonyms: Cowardly, Timid, Spineless, Fearful
o Antonyms: Brave, Bold, Courageous
o Example: His craven refusal to stand up for his beliefs disappointed his friends.
4. Formidable (formidable)
o Synonyms: Intimidating, Daunting, Fearsome, Frightening
o Antonyms: Weak, Unthreatening, Feeble
o Example: The formidable challenge of climbing the mountain tested the hikers’ endurance.
5. Wary (méfiant)
o Synonyms: Cautious, Suspicious, Watchful, Careful
o Antonyms: Trusting, Carefree, Reckless
o Example: The wary investor carefully researched the company before committing any money.

34. Movement and Change

1. Burgeon (bourgeonner)
o Synonyms: Grow, Flourish, Expand, Thrive
o Antonyms: Shrink, Decline, Wither
o Example: The burgeoning tech industry created numerous job opportunities.
2. Ameliorate (améliorer)
o Synonyms: Improve, Enhance, Alleviate, Mitigate
o Antonyms: Worsen, Exacerbate, Aggravate
o Example: The new policies were implemented to ameliorate working conditions.
3. Mitigate (atténuer)
o Synonyms: Alleviate, Reduce, Lessen, Ease
o Antonyms: Aggravate, Intensify, Exacerbate
o Example: The doctor prescribed medication to mitigate the patient’s pain.
4. Vacillate (vaciller)
o Synonyms: Waver, Hesitate, Dither, Be indecisive
o Antonyms: Decide, Resolve, Determine
o Example: He vacillated between accepting the job offer and staying in his current position.
5. Fluctuate (fluctuer)
o Synonyms: Vary, Change, Oscillate, Waver

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o Antonyms: Stabilize, Remain steady, Be constant
o Example: The stock market fluctuates daily based on global economic events.

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35. Religious and Moral Concepts

1. Deify (diviniser)
o Synonyms: Worship, Idolize, Glorify, Reverence
o Antonyms: Demonize, Criticize, Vilify
o Example: In ancient cultures, rulers were often deified and treated as gods.
2. Sanction (sanctionner)
o Synonyms: Approve, Authorize, Endorse, Permit
o Antonyms: Prohibit, Forbid, Disapprove
o Example: The government decided to sanction the construction of the new dam.
3. Venerate (vénérer)
o Synonyms: Revere, Respect, Worship, Honor
o Antonyms: Disrespect, Dishonor, Scorn
o Example: The ancient artifacts were venerated by the indigenous people.
4. Ascetic (ascétique)
o Synonyms: Austere, Self-denying, Frugal, Abstemious
o Antonyms: Indulgent, Luxurious, Lavish
o Example: The monk led an ascetic life, rejecting all worldly pleasures.
5. Pious (pieux)
o Synonyms: Devout, Religious, Faithful, Reverent
o Antonyms: Irreverent, Impious, Unholy
o Example: Her pious devotion to her faith was admired by all who knew her.

36. Emotion and Sensation (Additional)

1. Fervid (fervent)
o Synonyms: Passionate, Ardent, Zealous, Enthusiastic
o Antonyms: Apathetic, Indifferent, Unenthusiastic
o Example: His fervid support for the cause was evident in everything he did.
2. Alacrity (vivacité)
o Synonyms: Eagerness, Willingness, Enthusiasm, Promptness
o Antonyms: Reluctance, Hesitation, Apathy
o Example: She accepted the invitation with alacrity, excited to attend the event.
3. Soporific (soporifique)
o Synonyms: Sleep-inducing, Sedative, Tranquilizing, Drowsy
o Antonyms: Stimulating, Energizing, Invigorating
o Example: The professor’s monotone voice had a soporific effect on the students.
4. Apathetic (apathique)
o Synonyms: Indifferent, Uninterested, Unconcerned, Lethargic
o Antonyms: Enthusiastic, Interested, Eager
o Example: The voters remained apathetic despite the high stakes of the election.

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