Class- IX: Artificial Intelligence (417)

Homework (A.I Reflection, Project cycle and Ethics)

Key terms-
1. Artificial Intelligence- It refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human
intelligence. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been
asked for intelligently.
2. Machine Learning- It enables machines to improve at tasks with experience. The machine
learns from its mistakes and takes them into consideration in the next execution. It improvises
itself using its own experiences.
3. Deep Learning- It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data.
In deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it into training
itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves.
4. Data features- It refers to the type of data you want to collect.
5. Data Privacy-Is is governing hoe data is collected, shared and used.
6. Data Security- It is protecting data from attackers (unauthorized access, corruption or theft
etc. who might want to misuse it.
7. Cyber security- It involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems,
networks, and data from harmful attacks.
8. Training Data-A subset required to train the model.
9. Testing Data- A subset required while testing the trained model.
10. Prediction- The output given by the machine after training and testing the data.
11. Reality- Real situation or real scenario.
12. Confusion matrix- It holds the result of prediction and reality.
13. ROC Curve- Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) is used to evaluate the model to find
out which algorithm makes the best prediction.
14. Overfitting- Models that use the training dataset during testing, will always results in
correct output. This is known as overfitting.
15. Bias- Partiality or preference for one over the other often comes from the collected data.
The bias in training data also appears in the results.

A. Short answer type questions-

Q.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?

Ans. When a machine mimics human intelligence, can solve real-world problems, improves on
its own from past experiences, can predict and make decisions of its own.

Q.2 Name the three domains of A.I.

Ans. Three domains of A.I based on different type of data used are-
1. Data Science
2. Natural language processing (NLP)
3. Computer Vision (C.V)

Q. 3. What is A.I Project cycle?

Ans.

It is step-by-step process that a person should follow to develop an AI Project to solve a

problem. AL project cycle provides us with an appropriate framework which can lead us to
achieve our goal.

A.I Project cycle mainly 5 stages-

1. Problem Scoping
2. Data Acquisition
3. Data Exploration
4. Modelling
5. Evaluation

Q.4 What is problem scoping?

Ans. Identify a problem and having a vision to solve it, it is called problem scoping. Scoping a
problem is not that easy as we need to have a deeper understanding so that the picture
becomes clearer while we are working to solve it. So we use 4Ws canvas to understand the
problem in a better way.

Q.5 How problem statement template can be helpful?

Ans. When the 4Ws are completely filled there is a need to prepare a summary of these 4Ws.
This summary is known as the problem template which explains all the points in a single
template.

Q.6 What are system maps?

Ans. A system map is a diagrammatic representation of a set of things working together. It
focuses on the components and boundaries of a system. System map helps us to find
relationships between different elements of the problem which we have scoped. It helps to find
a solution to achieve the goal of our project.

Q.7 What are the symbols used in system maps.

i) ‘+’ it means both the elements are directly related to each other.
ii) ‘-‘ it means that both the elements are inversely related to each other.

Q.8 Why do we need to visualise data in data exploration stage of A.I project cycle?
Ans. i) Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
 ii) Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
iii) Communicate the same to others effectively. To visualise data, we can use various types
of visual representations.

Q.9 List down 5 visualization techniques-

Ans. i) Bar chart
ii) Histogram
iii) Line chart
iv) Scatter plot
v) Pie chart

Q.10 What is the purpose of data modeling in A.I project cycle?

Ans. Modelling is the process in which different models based on the visualized data can
be created and even checked for the advantages and disadvantages of the model.

Q.11 What is the main objective of evaluation?

Ans. The main objective of data evaluation is to test different models and choose the best
model. It is done on the basis of “Prediction” and “reality”.

Q.12 What is True Positive?

Ans. i) The predicted value matches the actual value.
ii) The actual value was positive and the model predicted a positive value.

Q.13 What is False Positive?

Ans. i) The predicted value was falsely predicted.
ii) The actual value was negative but the model predicted a positive value.

Q.14 Differentiate between moral and ethics.

Ans.

Q.15 What are the principles of AI Ethics affect the quality of AI solutions.
Ans. The 4 basic principles of AI Ethics those affect the quality of AI solutions are-
i) Human Rights
ii) Bias
iii) Privacy
iv) Inclusion

C. Long answer type questions-

Q.1 Explain 4Ws canvas in problem scoping.

Ans. The 4W's of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where and Why. These Ws helps in
identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.

1. Who - "Who" helps in analyzing the people who are getting affected directly or indirectly due
to a problem. We find out who are the ‘stakeholders’ to this problem?

Below are the questions that we need to discuss under this block.

a. Who are the stakeholders?

b. What do you know about them?

2. What - "What" part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the problem and
under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem you have selected actually
exists.

3. Where - "Where" does the problem arises, situation and the location.

4. Why - "Why" is the given problem worth solving?

Q.2 What is data acquisition?

Ans. Data Acquisition is the process of collecting accurate and reliable data to work with. Data
acquisition is the second step in the project cycle; we should ensure the data collected is
collected from authentic and reliable sources for effective Decision Making.
Biased Data will create Bias Decisions.
Data can be in the format of the text, video, images, audio, and so on and it can be collected
from various source like interest, journals, and newspapers and so on.

There are various ways in which you can collect data.

i) Surveys
ii) Web scraping
iii) Sensors
iv) Cameras
v) Observations
vi) API (Application program Interface)

Q.3 What are the different types of AI models?

Ans. The different types of AI model are-
i) Learning based approach- The machine is fed with data and the desired output to which the
machine designs its own algorithm (or set of rules) to match the data to the desired output fed
into the machine to train. The relationship or pattern in data is not defined by the developer.
ii) Rule based approach- It is based on the data and rules fed to the machine, where the
machine reacts accordingly to deliver the desired output. Rule-based learning follows the
relationship or patterns in data defined by the developer.
 CLASS-X: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417)
CH- AI Project Cycle and Ethical Frameworks for AI

Q.1. Explain domains of AI and its applications.

Ans: With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, it can be broadly categorized into three domains:

Statistical Data: Deals with collecting, organizing, and analyzing large datasets to find patterns and insights.
• Applications:
o Price comparison websites (e.g., PriceGrabber)
o Healthcare predictions
o Business decision-making

Computer Vision: Enables machines to understand and interpret visual information like images and videos.
• Applications:
o Face unlock in smartphones
o Self-driving cars
o Medical imaging (detecting diseases)

Natural Language Processing (NLP): Helps machines to understand, interpret, and respond to human
language.
• Applications:
o Chatbots (customer support)
o Email spam filtering
o Voice assistants (Siri, Alexa)

Q. 2. Which domain of AI mainly utilize in agricultural monitoring systems?

Ans: Computer vision is employed in agriculture for crop monitoring, pest detection, and yield estimation.
Drones with cameras capture aerial images of farmland, which are then analyzed to assess crop health and
optimize farming practices.

Q.3. Mention the factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our decision-making.

Ans: The factors that influence our decision-making are:

• Value of humans and non-humans: Considering the worth and rights of all beings.
• Religion: Aligning decisions with religious beliefs and teachings.
• Intuition and Values: Trusting gut feelings and personal moral values to judge what is right or wrong.

These factors often work together to shape our choices, consciously or unconsciously.
Q4. What is Framework?

Ans: Frameworks are a set of steps that help us in solving problems. It provides a step-by-step guide for
solving problems in an organized manner. Moreover, frameworks offer a structured approach to problem-
solving, ensuring that all relevant factors and considerations are taken into account. Example of a framework is
Project cycle.

Q.5. What is the necessity for Ethical Frameworks in AI development?

Ans: Ethical frameworks in AI development are necessary to ensure that AI systems are safe, fair, and respect
human rights. They help prevent harm, reduce bias, protect privacy, and maintain public trust by guiding
responsible design, use, and regulation of AI technologies.

Q.6. What is the difference between Training data and Testing data in an AI project cycle?

Ans: In data acquisition phase of project cycle, whatever data is collected that is categorized into two data sets,
Training and Testing data:

1. Training Data:
This is the data used to train the AI model. It helps the model learn patterns, relationships, and features
that are essential for making predictions or classifications.
2. Testing Data:
This data is used to evaluate the performance of the trained model. It is separate from the training data
and helps assess how well the model generalizes to new, unseen data.

In short, training data helps the model learn, while testing data helps assess its accuracy and effectiveness.

Q.7. Explain the stages of Project cycle and its importance.

Ans: , If we have to develop an AI project, the AI Project Cycle provides us with an appropriate framework
which can lead us towards the goal. The AI project cycle is the cyclical process followed to complete an AI
project. The AI Project Cycle mainly has 6 stages:

(i) Problem Scoping: Problem Scoping is the first and foundational stage of the AI Project Cycle. In this
stage, the problem that needs to be solved is identified and clearly defined.
The 4W Canvas is a valuable tool in problem scoping that helps in structuring the problem, making it
easier to approach and solve effectively.
(ii) Data Acquisition: Data Acquisition is the process of gathering the necessary data to solve the
problem identified in the first stage of project cycle. This data will be later used to train and test the AI
model.
(iii) Data Exploration: Data Exploration involves analyzing and understanding the collected data. The
goal is to identify patterns, relationships, and insights that will inform the model-building process.
 Steps Involved in Data Exploration:
➢ Data Cleaning: Remove or correct any errors or inconsistencies in the data.
➢ Data Visualization: Use graphs, charts, and other visual tools to see patterns in the data.

(iv) Modelling: Modelling is the stage where the AI system is built. In this stage, algorithms are used to
create a model that can make predictions or decisions based on the data.
(v) Evaluation: Evaluation is the final stage where the AI model’s performance is assessed to determine
its accuracy and effectiveness.
(vi) Deployment: Finally, after evaluation, the deployment stage is crucial for ensuring the successful
integration and operation of AI solutions in real-world environments, enabling them to deliver value
and impact to users and stakeholders.

Q.8. What is a problem statement template and its significance? Explain 4Ws problem canvas in an AI
project Cycle?

Ans: The problem statement template gives a clear idea about the basic framework required to achieve the
goal. It is the 4Ws canvas which segregates; who is affected, what is the problem, where does it arise and why
is it a problem?

It takes us straight to the goal in an AI Project cycle.

These Ws helps in identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.

• Who - "Who" part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected directly and
indirectly with the problem and who are called the Stake holders.
• What - "What" part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the problem and how do we
get to know what helps to get us know the evidence.
• Where - "Where" does the problem arises (context), situation and the location.
• Why - "Why" is the given problem worth solving and tells about benefits to the stakeholder
Example: Create a problem statement template for Pest management in a cotton field: